For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL31051 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Order Code RL31051 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Interstate Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste: 2001 Update July 19, 2001 James E. McCarthy Specialist in Environmental Policy Resources, Science, and Industry Division Congressional Research Service ~ The Library of Congress Interstate Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste: 2001 Update Summary This report, which replaces CRS Report RL30409, provides updated information on interstate shipment of municipal solid waste (MSW). Since the late 1980s, Congress has considered, but not enacted, numerous bills that would allow states to impose restrictions on interstate waste shipments, a step the Constitution prohibits in the absence of congressional authorization. Over this period, there has been a continuing interest in knowing how much waste is being shipped across state lines for disposal, and what states might be affected by proposed legislation. This report provides data useful in addressing these questions. Total interstate waste shipments continue to rise, due to the closure of older local landfills and the increasing consolidation of the waste management industry. Between our year 2000 survey (reporting largely 1998 data) and the current survey (generally reporting 1999 or 2000 data), reported interstate waste imports have increased by 3.6 million tons, about 13%. In the last seven years, reported imports have more than doubled, from 14.5 million tons in 1993 to 32.0 million tons in 2000. Pennsylvania remains, by far, the largest waste importer. The state received 9.8 million tons of municipal solid waste and 2.5 million tons of other non-hazardous waste from out of state in 2000, more than 30% of the national total for interstate shipments. Virginia, the second largest importer, received 60% less than the amount received by Pennsylvania. Michigan, the third largest importer, imported 2.8 million tons of MSW in fiscal year 2000, an increase of nearly one million tons over the previous year. Twenty states had increased imports in the current report ­ the largest increases occurring in Pennsylvania and Michigan. In all, eight states reported imports that exceeded one million tons. While waste imports increased overall, several states (including Indiana, Kansas, Mississippi, and New Hampshire) reported sharp declines in waste imports. New York remains the largest exporter of waste, with New Jersey and Illinois in second and third place. Exports from New York, already nearly 7 million tons per year, are expected to grow further because of the closure of New York City's Fresh Kills Landfill in March 2001. Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Total Shipments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 States Reporting Increased Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 States Reporting Decreased Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Major Exporters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Net Imports and Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Additional Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 List of Figures Figure 1. Imports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2000 or latest year, in tons . . . . . . 2 Figure 2. Exports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2000 or latest year, in tons . . . . . . 2 List of Tables Table 1. Imports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2000 or latest year (in tons) . . . . . . 3 Table 2. Exports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2000 or latest year (in tons) . . . . . . 4 Table 3. Net Imports/Exports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2000 or latest year (in tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Table 4. Amount and Destination of Exported MSW, and Amount and Sources of Imported MSW, by State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Interstate Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste: 2001 Update Introduction This report provides updated information on interstate shipment of municipal solid waste. Concerned about increased waste imports, some states have attempted to regulate this commerce; federal courts, however, have declared these state restrictions unconstitutional. If states are to have such authority, congressional action is required. Since the late 1980s, Congress has considered, but not enacted, numerous bills that would grant such authority.1 Over this period, there has been a continuing interest in knowing how much waste is being shipped across state lines for disposal, and what states might be affected by proposed legislation. This report provides data useful in addressing these questions. It updates information provided in earlier CRS reports.2 Not all states require reporting of waste imports, and very few track exports, so the available data are incomplete and in some cases represent estimates rather than actual measurements. From what is known, waste shipments appear to be concentrated among 25-30 states in the Northeast, Midwest, Southeast, and Pacific Coast regions (Figures 1 and 2). This report presents information gathered through telephone contacts with solid waste officials in those states, the District of Columbia, and the Canadian province of Ontario. Data obtained from these contacts are summarized in Tables 1, 2, and 3, and Figures 1 and 2. Table 4 presents additional information, including the names and telephone numbers of state contacts. 1 Legislation on interstate shipment of waste has been introduced in every Congress since the 100th. In the 104th Congress, the Senate passed S. 534. The bill would have granted states authority to restrict new shipments of municipal solid waste from out of state, if requested by an affected local government. In the 103rd Congress, both the House and Senate passed interstate waste legislation (H.R. 4779 and S. 2345), but lack of agreement on common language prevented enactment. For a discussion of the issues addressed in these bills, see CRS Report RS20106, Interstate Waste Transport: Legislative Issues. 2 This report replaces Interstate Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste: 2000 Update, CRS Report RL30409. Earlier reports were Interstate Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste: 1998 Update, CRS Report 98-689; Interstate Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste: 1997 Update, CRS Report 97-349; Interstate Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste: 1996 Update, CRS Report 96-712; Interstate Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste: 1995 Update, CRS Report 95-570; and Interstate Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste, CRS Report 93-743. CRS-2 Figure 1. Imports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2000 or latest year, in tons Amounts in Tons 1,000,000 or greater 500,000 to 999,999 100,000 to 499,999 Less than 100,000 Figure 2. Exports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2000 or latest year, in tons CRS-3 Table 1. Imports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2000 or latest year (in tons) State Quantity Imported a Pennsylvania 9,764,147 b Virginia 3,891,320 c,d Michigan 2,840,338 Ohio 1,774,134 d, e Illinois 1,541,913 f Indiana 1,439,431 e Oregon 1,239,579 Wisconsin 1,067,926 g South Carolina 862,925 e New Jersey 836,154 Kentucky 626,920 Nevada 541,400 New York 539,000 e New Hampshire 538,700 h Georgia 515,604 h Iowa 485,000 e Mississippi 449,821 h Kansas 434,000 i Arizona 408,718 j Tennessee 297,081 k West Virginia 250,264 e Washington 243,292 e New Mexico 241,771 e, l Connecticut 239,842 Alabama 210,000 Missouri 183,042 e Maine 164,527 Nebraska 122,500 m Utah 66,000 e, n Maryland 62,246 e North Dakota 54,460 e Texas 46,611 h North Carolina 41,840 Montana 31,693 e Massachusetts 29,412 e Idaho 17,682 k California 11,069 a In addition, Pennsylvania received 2,473,843 tons of other waste (industrial waste, construction/demolition [C&D] waste, ash, asbestos, and sludge) from out of state at MSW landfills in 2000. b Virginia also imported 580,226 tons of other waste, mostly sludge, C&D, ash, and industrial waste in 2000. c 10/1/99 - 9/30/2000. d Converted from cubic yards using 3.3 cu. yds. = 1 ton. e 1999. f Indiana also imported 172,410 tons of non-municipal solid waste, primarily C&D and industrial waste in 2000. g 7/1/98 - 6/30/99. h 7/1/99 - 6/30/2000. i 4/1/99-3/31/2000. j 8/1/97 - 7/31/98. k 1998. l Connecticut import total does not include waste from New York that was received at a Connecticut transfer station and re-exported to other states for disposal. m Utah landfills also imported 299,000 tons of industrial waste. n Maryland also imported 469,944 tons of C&D waste. Source: CRS, based on telephone interviews with and data provided by state program officials. CRS-4 Table 2. Exports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2000 or latest year (in tons) State Quantity Exported a New York 6,807,167 New Jersey 4,158,060 Illinois 3,145,821 b Missouri 1,792,753 Maryland 1,791,103 Ontario, Canada 1,277,822 California 1,195,000 North Carolina 1,106,897 Ohio 1,039,876 Massachusetts 984,558 District of Columbia 978,900 c Indiana 908,418 Washington 832,421 Minnesota 619,592 d Connecticut 554,482 Pennsylvania 553,570 Texas 395,067 Iowa 380,000 West Virginia 305,257 Louisiana 300,000 Florida 289,613 Wisconsin 250,776 Georgia 250,000 Tennessee 151,229 Virginia 150,000 Rhode Island 146,950 Kentucky 94,171 Vermont 88,350 Michigan 85,210 Alabama 75,000 Idaho 65,530 New Hampshire 64,000 South Carolina 57,377 Arkansas 53,860 Maine 50,862 Kansas 43,000 Alaska 27,500 Delaware 24,618 Nebraska 18,203 Oregon 17,682 Colorado 15,000 Utah 1,000 a As reported by four importing states (Pennsylvania, Virginia, New Jersey, and Ohio). New York's data indicate exports of 5,610,000 tons. b About 40% of Missouri's exports are believed to be construction and demolition or industrial waste sent to MSW landfills. c As reported by four receiving states (Michigan, Kentucky, Ohio, and Illinois). Indiana reported 289,856 tons of exports, but noted that the amount was incomplete because it only counted exports from transfer stations. d As reported by receiving states, Connecticut exports may include waste that originated in New York State, but was managed at a Connecticut transfer station. Source: CRS, based on telephone interviews with and data provided by state program officials. In many cases, the amount is based on data compiled by receiving states. See Table 4 entries for additional information. CRS-5 Table 3. Net Imports/Exports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2000 or latest year (in tons) State Imports Exports Net Imports/Exports Pennsylvania 9,764,147 553,570 9,210,577 Virginia 3,891,320 150,000 3,741,320 Michigan 2,840,338 85,210 2,755,118 Oregon 1,239,579 17,682 1,221,897 Wisconsin 1,067,926 250,776 817,150 South Carolina 862,925 57,377 805,548 Ohio 1,774,134 1,039,876 734,258 Nevada 541,400 - 541,400 Kentucky 626,920 94,171 532,749 Indiana 1,439,431 908,418 531,013 New Hampshire 538,700 64,000 474,700 Mississippi 449,821 - 449,821 Arizona 408,718 - 408,718 Kansas 434,000 43,000 391,000 Georgia 515,604 250,000 265,604 New Mexico 241,771 - 241,771 Tennessee 297,081 151,229 145,852 Alabama 210,000 75,000 135,000 Maine 164,527 50,862 113,665 Iowa 485,000 380,000 105,000 Nebraska 122,500 18,203 104,297 Utah 66,000 1,000 65,000 North Dakota 54,460 - 54,460 Montana 31,693 - 31,693 Colorado - 15,000 -15,000 Delaware - 24,618 -24,618 Alaska - 27,500 -27,500 Idaho 17,682 65,530 -47,848 Arkansas - 53,860 -53,860 West Virginia 250,264 305,257 -54,993 Vermont - 88,350 -88,350 Rhode Island - 146,950 -146,950 Florida - 289,613 -289,613 Louisiana - 300,000 -300,000 Connecticut 239,842 554,482 -314,640 Texas 46,611 395,067 -348,456 Washington 243,292 832,421 -589,129 Minnesota - 619,592 -619,592 Massachusetts 29,412 984,558 -955,146 District of Columbia - 978,900 -978,900 North Carolina 41,840 1,106,897 -1,065,057 California 11,069 1,195,000 -1,183,931 Ontario, Canada - 1,277,822 -1,277,822 Illinois 1,541,913 3,145,821 -1,603,908 Missouri 183,042 1,792,753 -1,609,711 Maryland 62,246 1,791,103 -1,728,857 New Jersey 836,154 4,158,060 -3,321,906 New York 539,000 6,807,167 -6,268,167 Source: CRS, based on telephone interviews. Data subject to numerous qualifications: see notes from Tables 1, 2, and 4. CRS-6 Total Shipments The data show that total interstate waste shipments continue to rise: imports in the current survey totaled 32.0 million tons, 14.6% of the 220 million tons of municipal solid waste generated in the United States.3 Between our year 2000 report (reporting largely 1998 data) and the current survey (reporting generally 1999 and 2000 data), imports increased 3.6 million tons, about 13%. Since 1993, reported imports have more than doubled, from 14.5 million tons in 1993 to 32.0 million tons in the current survey. States Reporting Increased Imports Twenty states had increased imports of municipal waste in 2000, with the largest increases occurring in Pennsylvania and Michigan. The increases in these two states, 2.6 million tons and 1.1 million tons respectively, total more than the entire increase nationally. The other 48 states added together show a net decrease in waste imports of 0.1 million tons. The preponderance of these two states in the 2000 waste statistics demonstrates another element of the emerging picture of interstate waste shipment: 52% of total municipal waste imports are disposed in just three states: Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Michigan. Pennsylvania continues to be the largest waste importer, by far. Disposal facilities in the state received 9.8 million tons of MSW and 2.5 million tons of other nonhazardous waste from out of state in 2000. The amounts represented half of all solid waste disposed in the state and more than 30% of the national total for interstate shipments. After Pennsylvania, Virginia is the largest waste importer, with 3.9 million tons of MSW imports and 580,226 tons of other nonhazardous waste. Despite predictions that Virginia would receive increased imports as New York's Fresh Kills landfill phased out operations, waste imports to Virginia remained roughly the same in the 1998-2000 period. Michigan, the third largest waste importer in 2000, saw out-of-state waste disposed in the state grow by more than 1.1 million tons that year. Substantial amounts of waste come to Michigan from Illinois, Indiana, and other neighboring states, but the biggest source, accounting for about 45% of Michigan's out-of-state waste, is Ontario, Canada. Ontario's waste shipments are growing as the Toronto area awards new contracts for waste disposal and closes its two remaining landfills. 3 Because many of the larger importers now differentiate MSW from other non-hazardous waste imports, we compared total MSW imports to EPA's national estimate of MSW generation (220 million tons in the latest available year, 1998). State-reported waste generation, summarized in BioCycle magazine's annual survey, is substantially higher (340 million tons in 1998), but is likely to include other nonhazardous waste, provided it was disposed at MSW facilities. For state-reported data, see Jim Glenn, "The State of Garbage in America," BioCycle, April 1999, p. 60. CRS-7 At the beginning of 1999, Toronto area municipalities were managing about 2.8 million tons of waste annually, of which about 350,000 tons were shipped to Michigan. By early 2003, however, there will be virtually no local disposal capacity. Barring unforeseen developments, most of this waste is expected to be sent to Michigan for disposal. In other highlights: ! Eight states reported imports exceeding one million tons per year in the latest year, a figure unchanged from our previous survey, which reported 1998 data. ! Another 20 states had imports exceeding 100,000 tons. ! For the third year in a row, New Jersey is on the list of major importers, with 836,154 tons of MSW imports in 1999 (2000 data were not yet available). Imports in 1999 grew by more than 250,000 tons. The state is still a major exporter of waste, as well: according to New Jersey, MSW exports totaled 2.5 million tons in 1999, and receiving states estimate the total exports at more than 4 million tons in 2000. But the absence of flow control (local government requirements that waste within their jurisdiction be disposed at local facilities, which were overturned by the courts in the mid-1990s) has led waste-to- energy facilities in New Jersey to search for waste to replace local waste now being disposed elsewhere. As a result, large amounts of waste are entering New Jersey from New York. ! New York, the nation's largest waste exporter, also saw rapid growth in waste imports in 2000. The state imported 539,000 tons of waste in 2000, an increase from 130,000 in our previous survey. ! Other states reporting major increases in imports were Ohio, Georgia, South Carolina, and Kentucky. Ohio had a nearly 700,000 ton increase in MSW imports between 1998 and 2000, Georgia experienced a nearly 300,000 ton increase over the two years, and South Carolina and Kentucky both had increases in the 150,000 - 200,000 ton range. ! Although there are no comprehensive data, imports to transfer stations4 have become a political issue in some locations. Transfer stations are generally located in urban areas and are subject to less stringent regulation than disposal facilities. Heavy truck traffic and odors have aroused concerns in some neighboring communities. Both Connecticut and the District of Columbia report significant amounts of out-of-state waste imported to transfer stations, then exported to other states for disposal. New York City's plan to export waste to transfer stations in New Jersey has raised substantial controversy.5 4 Transfer stations receive waste from collection trucks, compact it, bale it, and load it on larger trucks for disposal elsewhere. 5 See, for example, "Garbage Plan Ignites Border Tensions," New York Times, December 3, 1998, p. A27. CRS-8 States Reporting Decreased Imports While waste imports increased overall, 14 states reported declines in waste imports. In half the cases, the declines were small, but seven others had declines exceeding 100,000 tons. Most notable were: Indiana, where waste imports have declined 742,000 tons since 1998; Kansas, which declined 366,000 tons and now imports about half the amount received in the mid-1990s; Mississippi, which declined about 350,000 tons, due to markedly lower shipments from New Orleans; and New Hampshire, where new permit conditions imposed on the state's largest landfill contributed to a state-wide reduction in imports of almost 280,000 tons. Major Exporters Eight states (New York, New Jersey, Illinois, Missouri, Maryland, California, North Carolina, and Ohio) exported more than one million tons of waste to facilities in other states in the latest reporting period, and six other states and the District of Columbia exported more than half a million tons. The Canadian province of Ontario also exported a substantial amount of municipal waste (1,277,000 tons) to Michigan. New York, New Jersey, and Illinois remained the largest exporters. Together these three states accounted for 46% of waste exports nationally. New York reported exports of 5.61 million tons of MSW in 2000, an increase of 29% in the 1998-2000 period. But receiving states report even higher totals, 6.82 million tons in 2000. Despite the already large amount, waste exports from New York are expected to grow further because of the March 2001 closure of New York City's Fresh Kills Landfill -- the city's last disposal facility. New Jersey's estimated exports, 4.16 million tons, have also grown dramatically. In New Jersey's case, the cause of increased exports is the overturning of the state's flow control law, which, until 1997, directed much of the state's waste to high-cost local facilities for disposal. The state law was overturned and the state exhausted its appeals in October 1997. Exports have since grown by nearly 2 million tons. Illinois' exports, at 3.15 million tons, declined in 2000, after several years of rapid growth: in 1998, they were about four times the amount reported for 1995.6 Most of the exports originate in Cook County (Chicago and its suburbs), which has a relative shortage of disposal capacity. Illinois as a whole reported a more than doubling of landfill capacity between 1995 and 2000. But Chicago is located near the border of both Indiana and Wisconsin; so increases in capacity elsewhere in Illinois may not affect disposal decisions in the metropolitan area. Maryland, California, and North Carolina all showed large increases in waste exports (around 500,000 tons each) in the reporting period. Each of the three appears to be an example of the growing regionalization of waste disposal markets, as waste flowed from them to large disposal facilities in adjoining states. 6 Illinois, like most states, does not report waste exports. This export estimate was derived from data provided by neighboring states. CRS-9 Net Imports and Exports Table 3 combines import and export data to rank the states by net amounts imported or exported. The table shows that 15 states (Pennsylvania, Virginia, Wisconsin, Ohio, Indiana, Georgia, Tennessee, and Iowa among the net importers, and West Virginia, Connecticut, Washington, Illinois, Missouri, New Jersey, and New York among net exporters) both export and import in excess of 100,000 tons of municipal solid waste. There are several factors at work here. In the larger states, there are sometimes differences in available disposal capacity in different regions within the state. Areas without capacity may be closer to landfills (or may at least find cheaper disposal options) in other states. A good example is Illinois: the Chicago area, which is close to two other states, exports significant amounts of waste out of state, despite Illinois being a large waste importer with available capacity in other parts of the state. As noted earlier, the movement of waste also represents the growing regionalization and consolidation of the waste industry. In 1999, the three largest firms (Waste Management, Allied Waste, and Republic Services) accounted for 81% of total revenues of the industry's 100 largest firms.7 These large firms offer integrated waste services, from collection to transfer station to disposal site, in many locations. Often, they ship waste to their own disposal facility across a border, rather than dispose of it at an in-state facility owned by a rival. As small landfills continue to close -- the number of U.S. landfills declined 51% between 1993 and 19998 -- this trend toward regionalization and consolidation is likely to continue. The amount of waste being shipped across state lines for disposal may rise in this process. Additional Information The remainder of this report consists of a table summarizing waste import and export data, by state. All 50 states and the District of Columbia are listed in alphabetical order, with data for the amount of waste exported, destination of exports, amount of waste imported, source of imports, and a state agency contact for additional information. 7 "The Seventh Annual Waste Age 100," Waste Age, September 2000, pp. 42-51. 8 "The State of Garbage in America," BioCycle, April 1994, p. 51, and April 2000, p. 36. CRS-10 Table 4. Amount and Destination of Exported MSW, and Amount and Sources of Imported MSW, by State Amount of Destination of Amount of Sources of State MSW Exported Exported Waste MSW Imported Imported Waste State Contact No reporting system. Mostly to Mississippi. 210,000 tons in 1998, Mostly from Georgia. John Narramore, Mississippi reported according to BioCycle AL Dept. of Environmental receiving about 75,000 tons magazine survey. Probably Management, Alabama of waste from Alabama in still about the same, (334) 271-7764 1999. Very small amounts according to the state. to Georgia and Tennessee. Alaska estimates exports at Washington None N.A. Glenn Miller, about 27,500 tons. Alaska Dept. of Alaska Environmental Conservation (907) 465-5153 Very little. There are a Nevada and New Mexico. 408,718 tons in the period Almost all from California, David Janke, couple of small flows in 4/1/99 - 3/31/2000. especially the San Diego Arizona Department of Arizona areas that are not accessible area. Environmental Quality, from the rest of the state. (602) 207-4173 53,860 tons reported by Missouri Arkansas does not measure N.A. Darlene Hale, Missouri in 2000. waste imports. The state is Arkansas Dept. of Pollution Arkansas not believed to be a major Control and Ecology, importer. (501) 682-0602 California does not have Primarily Nevada and 11,069 tons in 1998 (latest N.A. Tracy Harper, current data on waste Arizona. Smaller amounts to available). CA Integrated Waste exports. Four neighboring Washington and Oregon. Management Board, California states report 1,195,000 tons (916) 341-6292 in the most recent reporting period (1999 or 2000). CRS estimates exports at Primarily New Mexico. No tracking system. Small Kansas and Nebraska. Glenn Mallory, 15,000 tons. According to amounts may enter from CO Dept. of Public Health the state, the city of Durango Kansas and Nebraska. and Environment, exports its waste to New (303) 692-3445 Colorado Mexico. There are also small amounts crossing the Kansas and Nebraska borders. CRS-11 Amount of Destination of Amount of Sources of State MSW Exported Exported Waste MSW Imported Imported Waste State Contact 266,230 tons of MSW in Pennsylvania (428,494 tons) 239,842 tons in 1999. (Does About equally divided Judy Belaval, 1999, according to Ohio (125,988 tons). Some not include waste from New among Massachusetts, CT Dept. of Environmental Connecticut. Receiving to New Jersey, also. York that is managed at a Rhode Island, and New Protection, Connecticut states report a substantial Connecticut transfer station York. (860) 424-3237 increase in 2000, to 554,482 and re-exported for tons. disposal.) 24,618 tons in 2000, Almost all to Pennsylvania. MSW landfills in the state's N.A. Mike Apgar, according to Pennsylvania 3 counties are operated by a Delaware Dept. of Natural and Virginia. quasi-state authority and are Resources and prohibited from taking out- Environmental Control, of-state waste. A private (302) 739-3689 Delaware facility in the state imports close to 400,000 tons per year of "dry waste," primarily construction and demolition waste. 978,900 tons in 2000, 88% to Virginia; 12% to None for disposal. Maryland Sybil Hammond, according to Virginia and Pennsylvania. However, D.C. reported D.C. Dept. of Public Works, Pennsylvania. 348,500 tons of out-of-state (202) 673-6833 District of Columbia waste were handled at D.C. transfer stations in FY 1999, then shipped to Virginia for disposal. Florida has no reporting Georgia. Maybe a little, but disposal N.A. Peter Goren, system, but Georgia reported is generally less expensive Florida Dept. of receiving 289,613 tons from in Georgia, so there's not Environmental Protection, Florida in FY 2000. Waste much import. (850) 487-9532 is exported mostly from Florida border counties, according to Florida, and represents a small fraction of the 30 million tons of waste generated in the state. CRS-12 Amount of Destination of Amount of Sources of State MSW Exported Exported Waste MSW Imported Imported Waste State Contact CRS estimates 250,000 tons Mostly to Alabama. South 515,604 tons in the period 56% from Florida Scott Henson, in 2000, based on reports Carolina reported 57,377 7/1/99 - 6/30/2000, more 18% from South Carolina Georgia Dept. of Natural Georgia from Alabama and South tons of waste shipped to than double the amount two 5% from Tennessee Resources, Carolina. Georgia in 1999. years previously. 20% not specified. (404) 362-4888 Hawaii does not export N.A. Hawaii does not import N.A. Gary Siu, Hawaii MSW. MSW. Hawaii Dept. of Health, (808) 586-4244 65,530 tons in 1998. Washington, Oregon, and 17,682 tons in 1999, Oregon Dean Ellert, Montana. according to Oregon. ID Division of Idaho Environmental Quality, (208) 373-0416 3,145,821 tons in 2000, 1.5 million tons of MSW to 1,541,913 tons in 1999. 75% from Missouri, Ellen Gambach, according to five Indiana (CRS estimate based (Data converted from cubic 17% from Iowa, Illinois EPA neighboring States, a decline on Indiana data); 904,000 yards by CRS.) 4% from Indiana and (217) 782-9288 Illinois of 650,000 tons since 1998. tons to Wisconsin; 640,000 4% from Wisconsin. tons to Michigan. Small amounts elsewhere. Four receiving states, Michigan (553,762 tons), 1,439,431 tons of MSW in 95% from Illinois, Michelle Weddle, Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky, Ohio (158,764 tons), 2000, a decline of 742,000 3% from Michigan. IN Department of and Illinois, report receiving Kentucky (134,215 tons), tons in the past two years. Environmental a total of 908,418 tons from Illinois (61,677 tons). Indiana also imported Management, Indiana. Indiana reported 172,410 tons of other waste (317) 233-3834 exports of 289,856 tons in (principally C&D waste and 2000, but the state notes that "special" waste) in 2000, a Indiana this total does not provide a decline from 639,000 tons in complete picture of Indiana 1999. exports since it only includes waste exported by transfer stations. It does not include waste taken directly out of state by haulers. CRS-13 Amount of Destination of Amount of Sources of State MSW Exported Exported Waste MSW Imported Imported Waste State Contact Iowa reports 380,000 tons of About 2/3 goes to Illinois; 485,000 tons in FY 2000 Minnesota Tammie Krausman, exports in FY 2000 (7/1/99 - the remainder goes mostly to (7/1/99 - 6/30/2000). Iowa Dept. of Natural Iowa 6/30/2000). Nebraska and Missouri. Resources, (515) 281-8382 Kansas reported 43,000 tons Missouri and Oklahoma. 434,000 tons in FY 2000 Mostly from Missouri. Kent Foerster, of exports in FY 2000 (7/1/99 - 6/30/2000). Some from southeast Kansas Dept. of Health and Kansas (7/1/99-6/30/2000). Nebraska and Oklahoma. Environment (785) 296-1540 No reporting system for Indiana, 19,892 tons; 626,290 tons in 2000. 45% from Ohio, Derek Gould, exports, but 2 neighboring Ohio, 74,279. Tennessee 21% from Indiana, KY Department for states reported receiving and Illinois also receive 17% from W. Va., Environmental Protection Kentucky 94,171 tons from KY in waste from Kentucky. 16% from Tennessee. (502) 564-6716 x671 2000. Exports to Indiana declined by almost 90%. No reporting system for Mississippi. No tracking system. The N.A. Dennis Duszynski, exports, but Mississippi state is not believed to be a LA Dept. of Environmental Louisiana reports that it received waste importer. Quality, (225) 765-0249 300,000 tons of waste from Louisiana in 1999. 50,862 tons in 1999, plus 19,000 tons to New 164,527 tons of MSW in 74% from Massachusetts; George MacDonald, 40,412 tons of construction Brunswick (Canada); most 1999. the rest from New ME Department of Maine and demolition (C & D) of the rest to New Hampshire. Environmental Protection, waste. Hampshire. (207) 287-5759 Maryland reported 1,427,585 tons to Virginia; 62,246 tons in 1999. In Pennsylvania and West Frank Diller, 1,368,811 tons of MSW in 359,596 tons to addition, the state imported Virginia. C & D waste MD Department of the 1999, plus 145,866 tons of Pennsylvania. 469,944 tons of construction comes from 6 states. Environment, Maryland incinerator ash. Receiving and demolition waste. (410) 631-4143 states, which have reported data for 2000, reported receiving 1,791,103 tons. CRS-14 Amount of Destination of Amount of Sources of State MSW Exported Exported Waste MSW Imported Imported Waste State Contact 984,558 tons of MSW in 39% to New Hampshire; 29,412 tons of MSW in 73% from Connecticut, Brian Holdridge, 1999; Mass. also exported 17% to Virginia; 1999. 224,165 tons of other 17% from New Hampshire. Mass. Dept. of Massachusetts 215,000 tons of other waste 12% each to Ohio and waste (mostly ash and Environmental Protection, (mostly construction and Maine; construction and demolition (617) 292-5578 demolition). 10% to NY. waste). No tracking system for Ohio (54%) 2,840,338 tons, 10/1/99- Ontario, Canada (45%), Lynn Dumroese, exports, but two neigh- Indiana (46%). 9/30/2000, an increase of Illinois (23%), Michigan Dept. of Michigan boring states reported nearly 1,000,000 tons in the Indiana (20%), Environmental Quality, 85,210 tons from Michigan last year. (Data converted Ohio (7%), (517) 373-4738 in 2000. from cubic yards by CRS). Wisconsin (5%). 619,592 tons in 1999, a 38% Iowa (432,837 tons), Imports were less than 1,000 N.A. Jim Chiles, increase over 1998. Wisconsin (131,912 tons), tons. Minnesota Pollution Control Minnesota North Dakota (54,460 tons), Agency, South Dakota (383 tons). (651) 296-7273 May be small amounts to Tennessee and Arkansas. 449,821 tons in 1999. Louisiana accounted for Mark Williams, Tennessee and Arkansas. about 300,000 tons, Alabama Mississippi Department of Mississippi about 75,000 tons, and the Environmental Quality, rest comes mostly from the (601) 961-5171 Memphis, Tennessee area. 1,792,753 tons in 2000. Illinois (70%) and Kansas 183,042 tons in 2000 Illinois (54%) Dennis Hansen, About 40% of this is (28%) were the main (includes industrial and C & Arkansas (29%) Mo. Department of Natural Missouri estimated to be C & D waste destinations. D waste). Iowa (15%) Resources or industrial waste sent to (573) 751-5401 MSW landfills. Small amounts. North Dakota 31,693 tons in 2000. Mostly from Idaho. Smaller Pat Crowley, amounts from North Dakota MT Department of Health Montana and Wyoming (Yellowstone and Environmental Park). Sciences, (406) 444-5294 CRS-15 Amount of Destination of Amount of Sources of State MSW Exported Exported Waste MSW Imported Imported Waste State Contact Nebraska does not collect Kansas, Colorado, and Nebraska does not collect 98% from Iowa; the rest Keith Powell, annual data on waste Wyoming. annual data on waste from South Dakota. Nebraska Dept. of exports. A one-time survey imports, either. A one-time Environmental Quality, Nebraska reported 18,203 tons in survey reported 122,500 tons (402) 471-4210 1997. Probably hasn't been in 1997. Probably hasn't much change since then, been much change since according to the state. then, according to the state. None N.A. 541,400 tons in 2000, California. Minute amounts Les Gould, according to preliminary from Arizona and Utah. NV Division of Nevada state estimates. Environmental Protection, (775) 687-4670, ext. 3018 64,000 tons in 1999. Maine and Massachusetts. 538,700 tons in 1999, down Primarily Massachusetts. Pierce Rigrod, 34% from 1997. Imports are Small amounts from NH Department of New Hampshire expected to continue Vermont and Maine. Environmental Services, declining as a result of a (603) 271-3713 permit modification. 2,508,000 tons in 1999, a Mostly to Pennsylvania; 836,154 tons in 1999. Most New York (78%), Ray Worob, decrease of nearly 1,000,000 about 6% to Ohio. goes to the Essex County Pennsylvania (14%), NJ Department of tons compared to 1998. incinerator. Connecticut (6%). Environmental Protection, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and (609) 984-6903 New Jersey Virginia, which have data for the year 2000, report receiving 4,158,060 tons of MSW from New Jersey in 2000. No MSW exports. N.A. 241,771 tons in 1999, 80% Mostly from El Paso, Texas. John O'Connell, of which is MSW. The rest Small amounts from other New Mexico Environmental New Mexico is mostly maquiladora waste areas of Texas and Mexico. Department, from Mexican border areas. (505) 827-2385 CRS-16 Amount of Destination of Amount of Sources of State MSW Exported Exported Waste MSW Imported Imported Waste State Contact 5,610,000 tons in 2000, Primarily Pennsylvania (4.7 539,000 tons in 2000. May 441,000 tons came from Gerard Wagner, according to New York. million tons), Virginia (1 include industrial and C & D Massachusetts. Vermont, NY State Department of Four importing states report million tons), New Jersey waste. Connecticut, and New Environmental Conservation New York a total of 6,807,167 tons (648,000 tons), and Ohio Jersey were the other main (518) 402-8692 from New York. (466,000 tons). sources. 1,106,897 tons from July Mostly to South Carolina 41,840 tons, July 1999-June 96% from Virginia; the Paul Chrisman, 1999 to June 2000, a 10-fold and Virginia. 2000. remainder from South NC Dept. of Environment North Carolina increase since FY 1996. Carolina. and Natural Resources, (919) 733-0692 x254 Small amounts. South Dakota and Montana. The state has no reporting Minnesota Steve Tillotson. system, but Minnesota ND Dept. of Health, North Dakota reports 54,460 tons of MSW (701) 328-5166 exported to North Dakota in 1999. 1,039,876 tons in 1999, a Primarily to Michigan and 1,774,134 tons received at New York (26%), Andrew Booker, 17% increase from 1998, Kentucky. Lesser amounts MSW landfills in 2000, a Pennsylvania (24%), Ohio Environmental and nearly triple the amount to Indiana, West Virginia, 63% increase over 1997, but New Jersey (13%), Protection Agency, Ohio in 1993. and Pennsylvania. a decline of 50% from the Indiana (9%). (614) 728-5355 peak in 1989. May include Smaller amounts from 28 some C & D and industrial other states. waste. Oklahoma does not require N.A. Landfills in Oklahoma are N.A. John Roberts, reporting, and does not not required to report waste Oklahoma Dept. of Oklahoma believe it exports more than imports, but "there's not all Environmental Quality, incidental amounts from that much" import. (405) 702-5100 small towns near the border. Michigan reports receiving Michigan None. N.A. Bruce Pope, 1,277,822 tons of waste Ontario Ministry of Ontario, Canada from Ontario, 10/1/99 - Environment and Energy, 9/30/2000, an increase of (416) 325-4420 80% in the last year. CRS-17 Amount of Destination of Amount of Sources of State MSW Exported Exported Waste MSW Imported Imported Waste State Contact 17,682 tons in 1999. Idaho 1,239,579 tons in 1999. Mostly from Washington. Judy Henderson, About 6% from California. OR Dept. of Environmental Oregon Quality, (503) 229-5521 553,570 tons in 2000, 77% to Ohio, 9,764,147 tons of MSW in 48% from New York, Sally Lohman, according to neighboring 22% to New Jersey, 2000, plus 2,473,843 tons of 40% from New Jersey, PA Department of states. 1% to Virginia. industrial waste, C&D 4% from Connecticut, Environmental Protection, waste, ash, sludge and 4% from Maryland, (717) 787-7382 asbestos. MSW imports 2% from Massachusetts, Pennsylvania increased about 1.8 million 1% from D.C. tons in 2000, and have more than doubled since 1993, when Pennsylvania was already, by far, the largest net importer. 146,950 tons in 1999. Connecticut and No imports. N.A. Robert Schmidt, Massachusetts were the RI Department of principal export Environmental Rhode Island destinations. Some waste Management, also goes to Pennsylvania (401) 222-2797 x7260 and Ohio. Not a major exporter: Georgia 862,925 tons, 7/1/98 - Mostly from North Carolina; Celeste Duckett, according to the state, 6/30/99, an increase of some from Georgia. SC Dept. of Health and South Carolina 57,377 tons of MSW were nearly 30%. Environmental Control, exported in FY 1999 (7/1/98 (803) 896-4226 - 6/30/99). The state does not track North Dakota, Nebraska, The state does not track N.A. Jim Wente, exports, but believes small and Wyoming. imports. SD Dept. of Environment South Dakota amounts are exported from and Natural Resources, some border communities. (605) 773-3153 Neighboring states reported Kentucky (97,178 tons) Latest data, for FY 1998 34% from Virginia, Buddy Kelly, 151,229 tons of MSW from Georgia (26,547 tons) (8/1/97 - 7/31/98), showed 32% from Indiana, TN Dept. of Environment Tennessee Tennessee. Virginia (27,504 tons). imports of 297,081 tons, an 30% from Kentucky. and Conservation increase of 79% from the (615) 532-0150 previous year. CRS-18 Amount of Destination of Amount of Sources of State MSW Exported Exported Waste MSW Imported Imported Waste State Contact The state assumes that little 99% of the total went to Texas imported 46,611 tons 10,362 tons from Mexico; Lynne Haase, has changed since 1998, New Mexico, 1% to of MSW in 1999. the remainder from 7 states. Texas Natural Resource when 395,067 tons were Louisiana. Conservation Commission, Texas exported. New Mexico (512) 239-6088 reports lesser amounts received. About 1,000 tons of MSW Nevada. 66,000 tons in 2000. The N.A. Jeff Emmons, goes from Wendover, Utah, state also imported 299,000 Utah Dept. of to Wendover, Nevada. tons of non-hazardous Environmental Quality Utah There may also be some industrial waste. (801) 538-6748 small amount of exports from Indian reservations. 88,350 tons in 1999. Primarily New Hampshire No imports. N.A. Julie Hackbarth, and New York. VT Dept. of Environmental Vermont Conservation, (802) 241-3446 No export reporting system. Tennessee and North 3,891,320 tons in 2000, plus 37% from Maryland, Kathy Frahm, Based on reports from Carolina. an additional 580,226 tons 27% from New York, VA Department of Virginia surrounding states, CRS of non-MSW. Imports 22% from the District of Environmental Quality, estimates 150,000 tons of declined more than 200,000 Columbia, (804) 698-4376 exports. tons in 2000. 12% from North Carolina. 832,421 tons in 1999. Oregon 243,292 tons in 1999. About 60% from California; Ellen Caywood, the rest from Canada, Washington Dept. of Washington Oregon, Idaho, and Alaska. Ecology (360) 407-6132 No tracking system. Kentucky (40%), 250,264 tons in 1998, about N.A. Bill Rheinlander, Kentucky, Ohio, Ohio (30%) the same as in 1997, but a WV Division of West Virginia Pennsylvania, and Virginia Pennsylvania (17%), 69% decline from its peak in Environmental Protection, reported 305,257 tons from Virginia (13%). 1992. (304) 558-4253 WV. 250,776 tons in 1999, Michigan (187,825 tons) 1,067,926 tons in 2000. 85% from Illinois, Wayne Ringquist, according to three Illinois (61,677 tons) 15% from Minnesota. WI Dept. of Natural Wisconsin neighboring states. Indiana (1,274 tons). Resources (608) 267-7557 CRS-19 Amount of Destination of Amount of Sources of State MSW Exported Exported Waste MSW Imported Imported Waste State Contact No tracking system. A N.A. The state does not track N.A. Bob Doctor, couple of communities in waste imports. Very little WY Department of very remote areas may ship waste is believed to be Environmental Quality, Wyoming waste out of or into the state, imported. (307) 473-3468 but very little waste is believed to be exported. N.A. = not available Source: CRS, based on telephone interviews with and data provided by state program officials. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL31051