For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL34557 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ¢ · ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress ¢ The 2008 enacted farm bill (Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008, P.L. 110-246) reauthorizes almost all existing conservation programs, modifies several programs, and creates various new conservation programs. A new Conservation Stewardship program replaces the existing Conservation Security Program and a new Agricultural Water Enhancement Program under the Environmental Quality Incentives Program is also authorized with mandatory funding. Other new programs include the Chesapeake Bay Watershed Program and a "Sodsaver" provision to help preserve native sod, including virgin prairie in the Prairie Pothole National Priority Area. Significant modifications to existing programs include a reduction of the maximum enrolled acreage under the Conservation Reserve Program to 32 million acres and an increase in the cap for the Wetlands Reserve Program to over 3 million acres. Other changes in the enacted bill include modifications to address eligibility requirements, program definitions, enrollment and payment limits, contract terms, evaluation and application ranking criteria, among other administrative issues. Eligibility is expanded for many programs and technical assistance under most programs is broadened to cover forested and managed lands, pollinator habitat and protection, and identified natural resource areas. Beginning, limited resource, and socially disadvantaged producers, specialty crop producers, and producers transitioning to organic production are also targeted for special consideration in many existing programs. Estimated new spending on the conservation title--not including estimated conservation-related revenue and cost-offset provisions in the bill--is projected to increase by $2.7 billion over 5 years and $4.0 billion over 10 years. Total mandatory spending for the conservation title is projected at $24.3 billion over 5 years (FY2008-FY2012) and $55.2 billion over 10 years (FY2008-FY2017). A comparison of conservation provisions in the enacted 2008 farm bill with existing law and the House and Senate farm bills is provided in the Appendix. This report will not be updated. Policy Questions and Issues Shaping the Conservation Title of the 2008 Farm Bill ..................... 1 Program Funding and Producer Payment Limits ...................................................................... 2 Geographic Emphasis................................................................................................................ 2 Program Complexity ................................................................................................................. 2 Delivery Effectiveness .............................................................................................................. 2 Regional and Multistate Conservation Efforts .......................................................................... 3 Program Evaluation................................................................................................................... 3 Program Changes in the Enacted 2008 Farm Bill (P.L. 110-246) .................................................. 3 Land Retirement and Easement Programs ................................................................................ 4 Conservation Reserve Program........................................................................................... 4 Wetlands Reserve Program ................................................................................................. 5 Grasslands Reserve Program (GRP) ................................................................................... 6 Farmland Protection Program (FPP)................................................................................... 6 Working Lands Conservation Programs.................................................................................... 6 Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) ........................................................... 7 Conservation Security (Stewardship) Program................................................................... 8 Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program (WHIP)..................................................................... 8 Other Programs ................................................................................................................... 9 Technical Assistance and Conservation Program Administration....................................... 9 Authorized Reports ........................................................................................................... 10 New Conservation Programs................................................................................................... 10 Chesapeake Bay Watershed Program................................................................................ 10 Voluntary Public Access and Habitat Incentives Program.................................................11 Sodsaver Provision.............................................................................................................11 Environmental Services Markets .......................................................................................11 Miscellaneous Conservation Provisions...................................................................................11 Response from Conservation Interest Groups .................................................................. 12 ¡ Appendix. Agricultural Conservation Provisions in the Enacted 2008 Farm Bill (P.L. 110- 246) Compared with Previous Law and the House- and Senate-Passed Bills (H.R. 2419) .......................................................................................................................................... 13 Author Contact Information .......................................................................................................... 36 T he Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (P.L. 110-246), the 2008 farm bill, reauthorizes almost all existing conservation programs, modifies several programs, and creates various new conservation programs. These changes address eligibility requirements, program definitions, enrollment and payment limits, contract terms, evaluation and application ranking criteria, among other administrative issues. In general, the conservation title includes specific changes that expand eligibility and delivery of technical assistance under most programs to cover more broadly, for example, forested and managed lands, pollinator habitat and protection, and identified natural resource areas, among other expansions. Producer coverage across most programs is also expanded to include beginning, limited resource, and socially disadvantaged producers; speciality crop producers; and producers transitioning to organic production. The enacted bill also creates new conservation programs to address emerging issues and priority resource areas, and also new subprograms under existing programs. Estimated new spending on the 2008 farm bill's conservation title--not including estimated conservation-related revenue and cost-offset provisions in the bill--is projected to increase by $2.7 billion over 5 years and $4.0 billion over 10 years. Total mandatory spending for the title is projected at $24.3 billion over 5 years (FY2008-FY2012) and $55.2 billion over 10 years (FY2008-FY2017). ¢ Agricultural conservation became a significant and visible policy focus in the Food Security Act of 1985. Since then, questions and concerns about conservation program funding, policy objectives, individual program effectiveness, comparative geographic emphasis, and the structure of federal assistance have been recurring issues in the debate shaping each successive omnibus farm bill.1 The 2008 farm bill is no exception. These long-standing issues arguably became even more apparent in this farm bill as they found their way into many individual program changes. This result may be a continuation of the more active profile taken by many conservation groups and their supporters in the 2002 farm bill. Unlike commodity programs, conservation program participation tends to be well represented by small and mid-size farming operations, according to the United States Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Economic Research Service. The programs also enjoy wider public support. In an environment of pronounced domestic budget constraint, however, conservation groups and producers found themselves competing with other farming interests for the necessary resources to expand and continue many conservation programs. Budget concerns aside, several other issues emerged in the debate leading to enactment of the 2008 farm bill: funding priorities and payment structure, geographic targeting, program complexity, the importance of large-scale conservation efforts, and measurement of costs and effectiveness. These general policy issues--in various forms--raised questions central to the deliberations and outcomes in the enacted conservation title of the farm bill. 1 Farmland conservation programs and initiatives initially were enacted as part of the 1985 farm bill (P.L. 99-198, Food Security Act of 1985), which also included for the first time a conservation title. These programs have been reauthorized, modified, and expanded, and several new programs have been created, particularly in subsequent omnibus farm bills. ¢ Among the questions raised were: Should payment limits be program-specific, or for some combination of conservation programs? Would the imposition of payment limits change patterns of participation and effectiveness of conservation programs? What are the potential differences in saving under different payment limit options? Where should savings be allocated? Should each conservation program have the same payment limit? How will funding levels affect the existing backlog of interest in program participation that cannot be met? Because agricultural production is concentrated in specific regions of the United States, agricultural conservation and environmental issues are not randomly distributed. Some areas and some natural resources reveal greater environmental impact from agricultural activities--actual and potential--than others. For example, pressures on farmland development from urban sprawl are more pronounced on the East and West Coasts. Although many areas of the United States have water quality/quantity concerns or air quality issues, the deterioration of certain watersheds and certain air sheds is more advanced in some places than in others. How is it determined where federal conservation spending would be most effective? Should certain locations (states, regions, or watersheds) be targeted? Does targeting particular producer groups provide an effective strategy in resource management? Should some types of agricultural production or resource concerns receive higher priority in evaluating applications? ¡¢ Members of Congress, conservation groups, the Administration, and individual producers raised questions about the desirability of proliferating conservation programs and the complexity of adhering to various regulations that govern the programs. Some producers might have some acreage under one program and other acreage under another program. On-farm wetland management may be regulated by one program, while the environmental management plan of retired acreage is under another program. The question arises whether there is avoidable duplication or other inefficiencies that significantly limit conservation and resource management effectiveness. Could existing programs be combined in certain ways? Would a consolidated effort targeting a few specific resource issues reduce the complexity? ¢ Along with the perceived complexity of agricultural conservation programs is the related issue of the effectiveness of program delivery. Does the conservation delivery capacity of USDA agencies need to be further supplemented through partnerships, relationships with other organizations, or expansion of the technical assistance provider system? What opportunities and problems would result if a large portion of staff in the responsible agencies retired in a short time period? Does USDA currently have the staff needed to administer conservation programs if they were all fully funded? How might more market-based solutions to resource conservation improve delivery efficiency and program effectiveness? Local planning and implementation of conservation programs through locally constituted councils is an important aspect of conservation management and a long-standing characteristic of U.S. local-federal relations. A significant question raised by conservation groups, however, is the extent to which conservation efforts would be more effective and more efficient if they took place at larger scales, for example, through regional or multistate resource planning and multistate conservation planning. Because the conservation programs are voluntary, concern was voiced that participation could decline if producers felt that conservation programs were more remote from local planning input. Using watersheds or river basin drainage areas as policy targets, for example, could reduce the planning control of any single area jurisdiction. The trade-off is seen in the efficiencies that potentially stem from pooling financial and planning resources and targeting particular resource issues affecting most if not all producers. The Chesapeake Bay region, the Great Lakes, and specific river basins with significant agricultural impacts are examples where larger scale planning may hold particular advantages. How effective are federal conservation programs in improving environmental management of natural resources? Evaluation is an essential part of effective conservation management. Yet, developing practical and reliable indicators that can be used across programs and with different producers and different resources has been a challenge. Policymakers and stakeholders generally agree that conservation measures have been effective in reducing the environmental impact of agricultural activities, but at what cost, in what locations, and under what specific circumstances are much more difficult questions to answer. The recognized importance of establishing valid indicators has been an ongoing issue in environmental management. Research has advanced considerably in the area, to the point that integrating those findings within the structure of current programs is viewed by many to be more feasible than it was in the past. The 2008 farm bill reauthorizes almost all current conservation programs, modifies several current programs, and creates various new conservation programs. The various conservation programs administered by USDA can be broadly grouped into land retirement and easement programs and so-called "working lands" programs. In general, land retirement and easement programs take land out of crop production and provide for program rental payments and cost- sharing to establish longer term conservation coverage, in order to convert the land back into forests, grasslands, or wetlands. Working lands programs provide technical and financial assistance to assist agricultural producers in improving natural resource conservation and management practices on their productive lands. The enacted 2008 farm bill also creates several new conservation programs under the bill's conservation and other titles. The following sections provide brief overviews of the Title II changes to agricultural conservation programs. Major land retirement and easement programs include the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), the Wetlands Reserve Program (WRP), the Grasslands Reserve Program (GRP), the Farmland Protection Program (FPP), among other programs. The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) is a voluntary program that allows producers to enter into 10-15 year contracts that provide annual rental payments and financial assistance to install certain conservation practices and maintain vegetative or tree covers. Its purpose is to conserve and improve soil, water, and wildlife resources by converting highly erodible and other environmentally sensitive acreage to a long-term vegetative cover. CRP is the largest conservation program in terms of total annual funding. It is administered by USDA's Farm Service Agency (FSA) and is funded through the Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC). CRP also has several subprograms, one of which is the Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP), that are designated to support state and federal partnerships through incentive payments for installing specific conservation practices that help protect environmentally sensitive land, decrease erosion, restore wildlife habitat, and safeguard ground and surface water.2 The enacted 2008 farm bill (Secs. 2101-2111) caps CRP enrollment at 32 million acres, down from its current cap of 39.2 million acres. The managers report on the conference agreement states this reduction is "not ... an indicator of declining or reduced support for CRP"; however, in other sections of the report USDA is encouraged to assist producers who are transitioning from land retirement to working lands conservation. The farm bill makes certain program changes, including allowing USDA to address state, regional, and national conservation initiatives; providing incentives for beginning and socially disadvantaged farmers/ranchers to purchase CRP land from retiring farmers; allowing certain types of managed haying and grazing and installation of wind turbines on enrolled lands (but at reduced rental rates); requiring that program participants manage lands according to a conservation plan; requiring USDA to survey annually the per-acre estimates of county cash rents paid to CRP contract holders; clarifying the status of alfalfa grown as part of a rotation practice; and establishing cost-sharing rates for certain types of conservation structures. The bill also amends the pilot program for wetland and buffer acres in CRP. Each state can enroll up to 100,000 acres up to a national maximum of one million acres. This maximum may be raised to 200,000 in each state following a review of the program. Eligible lands for the program include (1) wetlands that have been cropped three of the immediately preceding 10 crop years; (2) land on which a constructed wetland is to be developed to manage fertilizer runoff; and (3) land that has been devoted to commercial pond-raised aquaculture.3 Conditions under which managed haying and grazing on CRP acreage may occur have been modified. The farm bill allows managed harvesting and grazing in response to drought and 2 For more detailed information on CRP, see CRS Report RS21613, Conservation Reserve Program: Status and Current Issues, by Tadlock Cowan. 3 Acreage in CREP--a subprogram within CRP--and other continuous enrolled land would be excluded from the CRP county acreage cap (25%) in order to encourage greater program participation. routine grazing to control invasive species. Where routine harvesting is permitted, state technical committees are required to coordinate to ensure appropriate environmental management. In addition to managed harvesting, the installation of wind turbines on enrolled land is now permitted activity. Any of these permitted uses on CRP acreage will result in a rental payment reduction commensurate with the economic value of the authorized activity. The enacted farm bill permits 50% cost share payments on land used for hardwood trees, windbreaks, shelterbelts, and wildlife corridors for contracts entered into after November 1990. Contracts extend from a minimum of two years up to four years. Funding of $100 million also is authorized to cover cost sharing for the thinning of trees to improve the management of natural resources on the land. The 2008 farm bill modifies the criteria for evaluating CRP contract applications. Evaluation criteria include the extent to which a CRP contract application would improve soil resources, water quality, or wildlife habitat. The bill also allows the Secretary to establish different criteria in various states or regions that lead to improvements in soil quality or wildlife habitat. Preference in new CRP contracts will be given to land owners and operators who are residents of the county or a contiguous county in which the land is located. The farm bill also establishes incentives to increase the participation of beginning and socially disadvantaged farmers and ranchers. It authorizes CRP contract modifications to assist these producers in leasing or purchasing land under a CRP contract from a retired or retiring farm owner or operator. The provision authorizes $25 million for assistance in making these land transfers. Other enacted modifications to CRP include redefining the Chesapeake Bay region as a priority area without limiting the region to the states of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. While the new program apples to all watersheds draining into the Chesapeake Bay, the Susquehanna, Shenandoah, Potomac, and Patuxent Rivers will get funding priority. A provision in the Trade and Tax Provisions Title (Section 15301) will permit retired or disabled farmers and ranchers to exclude CRP payments from self-employment taxes beginning January 2008.4 The Wetlands Reserve Program (WRP) provides long-term technical and financial assistance to landowners with the opportunity to protect, restore, and enhance wetlands on their property, and to establish wildlife practices and protection. It is a voluntary program administered by USDA's Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). The enacted 2008 farm bill (Secs. 2201-2210) increases the WRP maximum enrollment cap to over 3.014 million acres (up from an existing cap of 2.275 million acres), and expands eligible lands to include certain types of private and tribal wetlands, croplands, and grasslands, as well as lands that meet the habitat needs of specific wildlife species. The farm bill authorizes a new Wetlands Reserve Enhancement Program, to establish agreements with states similar to that for CREP, which includes a Reserved Rights Pilot program to explore whether reserving grazing rights is compatible within WRP. The bill makes certain program changes, including changing the 4 For additional information on CRP's tax status, see CRS Report, CRS Report RL34457, Conservation Reserve Program Payments: Self-Employment Income, Rental Income, or Something Else?, by Carol A. Pettit. payment schedule for easements; limiting wetland restoration payments; specifying criteria for ranking program applications; requiring that USDA conduct an annual survey of the Prairie Pothole Region starting with FY2008; and requiring USDA to submit a report to Congress on long-term conservation easements under the program. GRP is a voluntary program administered by USDA's Farm Services Agency (FSA) that helps landowners restore and protect grassland, rangeland, pastureland, and shrubland and provides assistance for rehabilitating grasslands. The enacted 2008 farm bill (Sec. 2403) adopts a new acreage enrollment goal of an additional 1.22 million acres by 2012, with 40% of funds for rental contracts (10-, 15-, and 20-year duration) and 60% for permanent easements. Requirements for cooperative agreements similar to those under the Farmland Protection Program are also authorized for GRP easements. The farm bill modifies the terms and conditions of GRP contracts and easements to permit fire presuppression and the addition of grazing-related activities, such as fencing and livestock watering. Priority for enrollment is also given to certain expiring CRP lands, and tribal lands are made eligible. The bill does not include a Grassland Reserve Enhancement provision, as proposed in the House. FFP is a voluntary program administered by USDA's NRCS that provides matching funds to help purchase development rights for eligible farmlands to keep productive farm and ranchland in agricultural uses. USDA partners with state, tribal, or local governments and nongovernmental organizations to acquire conservation easements or other interests in land from landowners, and provides up to 50% of the fair market easement value of the conservation easement. The enacted 2008 farm bill changes the program's purpose from protecting topsoil to protecting the land's agricultural use by limiting nonagricultural uses and including lands that promote state and local farmland protection (Sec. 2401). The federal share of easement costs are capped at 50%, with the land owner contributing 25% of the costs. The program is also restructured to emphasize longer term and renewable cooperative agreements. The bill also makes other technical changes to the program covering the program's administrative requirements, appraisal methodology, and terms and conditions, among other issues. It does not rename the program the Farm and Ranchland Protection Program, as the program is often referred to by USDA.5 The bill provides additional budget authority for FPP of $743 million. Major working lands programs include the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP), the (renamed) Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP), the Agricultural Management Assistance (AMA) program, and the Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program (WHIP), among others. 5 The program was authorized as FPP in the 2002 farm bill, and the name has not been changed in statute. EQIP and CSP are the two largest working lands programs, and received additional budget authority over five years under the 2008 farm bill of $3.4 billion for EQIP and $1.1. billion for CSP. The enacted farm bill did not include a Senate proposal that would have closely coordinated CSP and EQIP under the so-called Comprehensive Stewardship Incentives Program. ¢ EQIP is administered by USDA's NRCS and provides technical and cost-share assistance to farmers and ranchers for promoting agricultural production and environmental quality by supporting the installation or implementation of structural and management practices on eligible agricultural land. EQIP includes a number of subprograms, including the Colorado River Basin Salinity Control, Conservation Innovation Grants, the Ground and Surface Water Conservation Program, and the Klamath River Basin. The enacted 2008 farm bill (Secs. 2501-2510) expands the program to cover practices that enhance soil, surface and ground water, air quality, and conserve energy; it also covers grazing land, forestland, wetlands, and other types of land and natural resources that support wildlife. In evaluating applications, cost-effectiveness and comprehensive treatment of resource issues are given priority. The bill sets aside 5% of the EQIP spending for beginning farmers and ranchers and 5% for socially disadvantaged farmers and ranchers, providing up to 90% of the costs of implementing an EQIP plan for these farmers. It also provides payments to assist tribal or native corporation members, and producers transitioning to organic production. The 2008 farm bill lowers the EQIP payment limit to $300,000 (down from $450,000) in any 6- year period per entity, except in cases of special environmental significance including projects involving methane digesters, as determined by USDA. Projects with organic production benefits are capped at $20,000 annually or $80,000 in any six-year period. The enacted bill retains the requirement that 60% of funds be made available for cost-sharing to livestock producers, including an incentive payments for producers who develop a comprehensive nutrient management plan. The bill reserves $37.5 million of annual EQIP funds for the Conservation Innovation Grants program and modifies the grants to cover air quality concerns associated with agriculture (including greenhouse gas emissions). It also replaces the Ground and Surface Water Conservation Program within EQIP with a new Agricultural Water Enhancement Program (AWEP) to address water quality and quantity concerns on agricultural land, highlighting certain priority areas and providing additional mandatory funds for the program. The manager's report accompanying the farm bill suggests priority areas under the programs to include the Eastern Snake Plain Aquifer region, Puget Sound, the Ogallala Aquifer, the Sacramento River watershed, the Upper Mississippi River Basin, the Red River of the North Basin, and the Everglades. AWEP prioritizes assistance to areas experiencing significant drought. The bill provides a total of $280 million through FY2012 for AWEP activities. Funding for EQIP is authorized at $1.2 billion (FY2008), $1.337 billion (FY2009), $1.45 billion (FY2010), $1.588 billion (FY2011), and $1.75 billion (FY2012). ¢ The pre-existing Conservation Security Program is a voluntary program administered by NRCS that provides financial and technical assistance to promote the conservation and improvement of soil, water, air, energy, plant and animal life, and other conservation purposes on tribal and private working lands.6 However, the 2008 farm bill (Sec. 2301) phases this program out (except for existing contracts) and replaces it with a new and renamed Conservation Stewardship Program (CSP). The new CSP, beginning in 2009, will continue to encourage conservation practices on working lands, but will be different from the former program. It eliminates the three-tier approach, establishes 5-year rather than 10-year contracts, and requires direct attribution of payments, among other changes, thus requiring that USDA promulgate new rules for the program. More than $2 billion in funding is made available for existing contracts under the former CSP program. Rather than the three-tier payment system, payments for new CSP contracts will be based on meeting or exceeding a stewardship threshold--the level of resource conservation and environmental management required to improve and conserve the quality and condition of at least one resource concern. The stewardship threshold also must be met for at least one priority resource concern identified at the state level as a priority for a particular watershed or area of the state. Payments are based on the actual costs of installing conservation measures, any foregone income, and the value of the expected environmental outcomes. The CSP reserves 5% of the funds each for beginning farmers and ranchers and disadvantaged farmers and ranchers (Sec. 2704). Monitoring and evaluation of the stewardship plan to assess the environmental effectiveness is also an element of the new CSP. The bill sets a target of enrolling 12.8 million acres annually under the new CSP. Individual producer payments are limited to $200,000 in any 5-year period per entity. Rather than annual sign-ups for the program, CSP enrollment will be contracted on a continuous basis. The type of eligible lands is expanded to include priority resource concerns, as identified by states; certain private agricultural and forested lands; and also some nonindustrial private forest lands (limited to not more than 10% of total annual acres under the program). Technical assistance will also be provided to specialty crop and organic producers, along with a pilot testing of producers who engage in innovative new technologies or participate in on-site conservation research. Producers may also receive supplemental payments for resource-conserving crop rotations that provide specific environmental benefits such as improving soil fertility, thus reducing the need for irrigation. Program payments may not be used for the design, construction, or maintenance of animal waste storage or treatment facilities or associated waste transport or transfer devices. WHIP is a voluntary program designed for the development and improvement of habitat primarily on private land. Through WHIP, USDA's Natural Resources Conservation Service provides both technical assistance and up to 75% cost-share assistance to establish and improve fish and wildlife habitat. The terms of WHIP agreements between NRCS and the participant generally are from 5 to 10 years from the date the agreement is signed. The 2008 farm bill (Sec. 2602) reauthorizes WHIP at current funding levels, but limits program eligibility to focus on "the 6 For more detailed information on CRP, see CRS Report RS21740, Conservation Security Program: Implementation and Termination, by Tadlock Cowan. development of wildlife habitat on private agricultural land, nonindustrial private forest land, and tribal lands," thus potentially excluding some previously covered areas (i.e., non-agricultural lands). It also allows USDA to provide priority to projects that address issues raised by state, regional, and national conservation initiatives. The manager's report emphasizes that the program address various specific wildlife initiatives at state and local levels. The 2008 farm bill provides $425 million (FY2008-FY2012) and also increases the limit on cost-share payments to 25% for long-term projects. Payments to an individual entity are limited to $50,000 per year. The 2008 farm bill also authorizes a $15 million increase in funding to $20 million annually for FY2008-FY2012 for the Grassroots Source Water Protection Program (Sec. 2603). Funding is also increased to $100 million (FY2009) for the Small Watershed Rehabilitation Program, to remain available until expended (Sec. 2803). The Grassroots Source Water Protection Program, a partnership between the Farm Service Agency (FSA) and the National Rural Water Association, is designed to help keep surface and groundwater water pollution from affecting drinking water. The Small Watershed Rehabilitation Program is administered by NRCS and works to rehabilitate older community dams. The farm bill (Sec. 2801) also provides additional mandatory funding ($15 million annually, FY2008-FY2012) for the Agricultural Management Assistance Program (AMA) and includes Hawaii as an eligible state under that program. AMA provides cost share assistance to agricultural producers to voluntarily address issues such as water management, water quality, and erosion control by incorporating conservation into their farming operations. The enacted bill amends the Resource Conservation and Development Program (RC&D) to emphasize locally led planning processes and to provide assistance for implementing area plans (Sec. 2805). The RC&D program designates RC&D areas and assists the capability of elected and civic leaders to plan and carry out projects for resource conservation and community development. Also reauthorized through FY2012 is the Farm Viability Program (Sec. 2402). The Farm Viability Program, as authorized in the 2002 farm bill, provides authority for USDA to provide grants to eligible entities for the purpose of carrying out farm viability programs. To date, Congress has not appropriated funds to implement the program. The Great Lakes Basin Program for Soil Erosion and Sediment Control is a federal-state partnership providing demonstration and technical assistance projects throughout the Great Lakes region. The program is coordinated by the Great Lakes Commission in partnership with the NRCS, the Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The enacted bill modifies the program to implement the recommendations of the Great Lakes Regional Collaboration Strategy (Sec. 2604). Site-specific technical assistance (TA) is provided for producers and landowners in constructing and installing conservation and natural resource management technologies. Producers often need TA in designing and implementing appropriate conservation strategies. The enacted 2008 farm bill makes changes in the TA component of various conservation programs to respond to these producer needs and clarifies the purposes of TA. The bill also requires a review of conservation practice standards and includes specific provisions to ensure that speciality crops, organic producers, and precision agricultural producers receive adequate conservation TA. Although NRCS provides TA directly, the enacted bill also authorizes a national certification process for third-party providers, including non-federal providers (Sec. 2706). In addition, the bill creates an Agriculture Conservation Experienced Services (ACES) Program to make use of the talents and skills of older, non-USDA employees (Sec. 2710). The bill further establishes state TA committees composed of various state conservation officials and agricultural producers for each state to assist in the implementation and technical aspects of conservation programs (Sec. 2711). The bill authorizes a new Cooperative Conservation Partnership Initiative (CCPI) (Section 2707) as a component of the Conservation Technical Assistance program. It is authorized to target technical and financial resources on conservation priorities on agricultural and nonindustrial private forest land on a state, local, multistate, and regional basis. The manager's report especially encourages locally developed projects. Eligible CCPI programs include EQIP, CSP, WHIP, Great Lakes Basin Sediment Control, Conservation of Private Grazing Land, Chesapeake Bay Region, and Grassroots Water Conservation. The provision reserves 6% of the funding for these programs for initiatives under the CCPI and establishes criteria for prioritization of projects, including projects that provide innovative conservation methods. £ The enacted 2008 farm bill directs USDA to prepare a number of statistical and evaluation reports regarding various conservation programs: (1) an annual report on conservation program enrollments and payments--those greater than $250,000--under the Wetlands Reserve Program, Farmland Protection Program, Grassland Reserve Program, and the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (for land having special environmental significance). The bill also requires a report on the new Agricultural Water Enhancement Program (Sec. 2705). Other required reports include one on the long term implications of conservation easements (Sec. 2210), an annual report on average county cash rental rates (Sec. 2110), and an appraisal of soil and water conservation programs (Sec. 2804). In addition to the changes made to existing agricultural conservation programs, the enacted 2008 farm bill also expands the range of USDA conservation activities by creating several new programs, including a program expanding conservation activities in the Chesapeake Bay region, a new state grants program, a provision to limit production on native sod, and a provision promoting market-based approaches to conservation. ¢ This program (Sec. 2605) is targeted at conserving and protecting the Chesapeake Bay and the water sources that make up the watershed. It applies to all tributaries, backwaters, and side channels, including watersheds, draining into the Chesapeake Bay, but gives priority to the Susquehanna, Shenandoah, Potomac, and Patuxent Rivers. The bill authorizes $188 million in mandatory funding (FY2009-FY2012) and $438 million over 10 years (FY2009-FY2018). ¢ Also referred to as the "Open Fields" program, this program authorizes state grants to encourage land-owners to provide public access for wildlife-dependent recreation, subject to a 25% reduction for the total grant amount if the opening dates for migratory bird hunting in the state are not consistent for residents and non-residents. The bill provides $50 million in mandatory funds (FY2009-FY2012) for the program. This 2008 farm bill provision (Sec. 12020) makes producers that plant an insurable crop (over 5 acres) on native sod ineligible for crop insurance and the noninsured crop disaster assistance (NAP) program for the first five years of planting. The conference agreement states that this provision may apply to virgin prairie converted to cropland in the Prairie Pothole National Priority Area, if elected by the state. This new conservation provision (Sec. 2709) is intended to facilitate the participation of farmers and landowners in emerging environmental services markets, such as water and air quality, habitat protection, and carbon storage. The farm bill directs USDA to establish a framework for developing consistent standards and processes for quantifying environmental services from the agriculture and forestry sectors, but does not authorize funding for this effort.7 The enacted farm bill also includes changes to several additional programs. The Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Act makes funding available to support resource management activities targeting sources of salinity in the Colorado River (e.g., leaking wells, irrigation, industrial sources). The enacted farm bill establishes a Basin States Program for salinity control activities upstream of the Imperial Dam (sec. 2806). The 2002 farm bill authorized that mandatory spending of $200 million be transferred to the Bureau of Reclamation to provide water to at-risk natural desert terminal lakes. Section 2807 of the enacted bill provides $175 million for desert terminal lakes, but also designates that part of this funding be used for land and water purchases in the Walker River Basin. The basin lies on California's eastern border with Nevada. A provision in the Credit title of the enacted 2008 bill (Sec. 5002) establishes a new loan and loan guarantee program to assist producers in financing the cost to the producer for applying for needed conservation installations. The manager's report states that the loan program is only a complement to the assistance provided through the various conservation programs. The bill gives priority for these loans to beginning and socially disadvantaged farmers and ranchers, those converting to organic systems, and producers who need conservation assistance to address various compliance requirements. 7 For more information on environmental services and the role of markets in environmental conservation planning, see CRS Report RL34042, Environmental Services Markets in the 2008 Farm Bill, by Renée Johnson. The majority of agriculture and farmland conservation groups have responded favorably to the expanded provisions and increased funding for programs in the Conservation Title of the 2008 farm bill. Since enactment, a few national wildlife groups have expressed concern about changes to some provisions during the conference negotiations, which are perceived as providing fewer benefits to the protection of wildlife and wildlife habitat. Among the concerns expressed by these groups are the reduction in the CRP acreage enrollment cap reduction, easing of the requirements under the "sodsaver" provision, limitations on the types of lands eligible under Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program, and the new permanent disaster fund, which could encourage marginal land plantings, among other concerns. ]h2283 ,4283-1283 .C.S.U 61[ ]3002 .ceS[ ]1022 .ceS[ .ylppa dluohs noitpmexe siht taht .ytilibigile fo ssol lluf morf snoitpecxe .noitavresnoc dnaltew ot detaler denimreted sah yraterceS eht fi SCRN morf emos htiw ,stifeneb margorp niatrec rof snoitanimreted htiaf doog fo weiver ecnerrucnoc lacinhcet htiw ,rotcerid tcirtsid elbigileni retsubpmaws sekam ,dednema rof gnidivorp ,noisivorp etaneS stpodA ro etats eht yb weiver fo level dnoces a ddA .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN sa ,ASF eht fo 2221-1221 .sceS ]1012 .ceS[ .ylppa dluohs noitpecxe ]f2183 ,a2183-1183 .C.S.U 61[ .ytilibigile siht taht denimreted sah yraterceS eht fo ssol lluf morf snoitpecxe emos htiw ]2002 .ceS[ .noitavresnoc fi )SCRN( ecivreS noitavresnoC secruoseR ,stifeneb margorp niatrec rof elbigileni dnal elbidore ylhgih ot detaler larutaN s'ADSU morf ecnerrucnoc margorp ecnailpmoc noitavresnoc snoitanimreted htiaf doog fo weiver lacinhcet htiw ,rotcerid tcirtsid ro eht fo srotaloiv ekam ,dednema rof gnidivorp ,noisivorp etaneS stpodA etats eht yb weiver fo level dnoces a sddA .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN sa ,ASF eht fo 2121-1121 .sceS noitavresnoC dnalteW dna elbidorE ylhgiH .woleb snoitces margorp laudividni ni dedivorp era smargorp suoirav rof slevel gnidnuf dezirohtuA :etoN ]1072 .ceS[ ])a(1042 ]1483 .)noillim 377$( PPF dna ;)noillim 393,3$( .ceS[ .margorP sevitnecnI tatibaH dna sseccA .C.S.U 61[ .smargorp noitavresnoc PIQE ;)noillib 1.1$( PSC :ytirohtua tegdub cilbuP yratnuloV eht dna ,PRG ,PIHW ])a(1042 .ceS[ .PIHW dna ,PIQE ,PPF suoirav tuo yrrac ot 7002YF wen lanoitidda ni gniwollof eht htiw ,PIQE ,PPF ,PSC rof deificeps gnidnuf htiw ,PSC rof deificeps gnidnuf htiw 2102YF hguorht gnidnuf yrotadnam sezirohtua 2102YF hguorht noitazirohtuaer sdnetxE 2102YF hguorht noitazirohtuaer sdnetxE hguorht noitazirohtuaer sdnetxE ,dednema sa ,ASF eht fo )a(1421 .ceS ]1002 .ceS[ .kcotsevil dna ,ytitne lagel dna nosrep ,tnemeganam ]1002 .ceS[ .yfilauq ot erusaem rehto ).woleb deton tsep detargetni ,mraf enifed ot segnahc ro htrow ten fo tset a yolpme ot ADSU sa ,smargorp noitavresnoc cificeps htiw ,rehcnar ro remraf degatnavdasid sezirohtuA .ecnatsissa lacinhcet dna ,rehcnar ]1083 .C.S.U 61[ rof denifed era noitces siht ni llib yllaicos a fo noitinifed llib mraf 0991 eht ro remraf degatnavdasid yllaicos ,dnal tserof etaneS eht yb dedda smret emos :etoN( .smret 81 senifed ,dednema sa ,)llib mraf stpodA .htrow ten fo tset eht sevomeR etavirp lairtsudninon ,ebirt naidnI ,rehcnar 5891 eht ro ,891-99 .L.P( )ASF( 5891 .segnahc htiw noisivorp etaneS stpodA ro remraf gninnigeb fo snoitinifed sddA .snoisivorp oN fo tcA ytiruceS dooF eht fo 1021 .ceS gnidnuF dna snoitinifeD margorP )642-011 .L.P( )9142 .R.H( )9142 .R.H( )detacidnI esiwrehto sselnu( lliB mraF 8002 detcanE tnemdnemA etaneS lliB esuoH )171-701 .L.P( yciloP/waL roirP ¡ .tnemetats ]3042 .ceS[ .tnarg yna fo %5 sreganaM eht ni dedivorp si ecnadiug ot stsoc evitartsinimda stimiL .)sesoprup lanoitiddA .PRW ro PRC rednu smargorp ]5042 .ceS[ .stcejorp etats-itlum deificeps rof desu eb yam stnemyap tnemecnahne eht htiw mednat ni krow rof %52 dna etats-artni rof sdnuf fo %57 htiw sunob dna sevitnecni( level etats thgim taht snoitacilppa dna ,smargorp ,)margorP pihsdrawetS noitavresnoC wen eht ta detacolla eb lliw sdnuf eht fo %09 evitaitini derevoc fo snoitanibmoc eht dna ,PRW ,PSC ,PRC tpecxe( etats hcae ;stsoc fo %57 tsael ta eb lliw tcejorp ]4483 .C.S.U 61[ evitavonni edulcni taht snoitacilppa ot detacolla sdnuf yrotadnam eht fo %01 fo hcae rof erahs laredef ehT .PIHW dna .spihsrentrap hguorht noitarepooc rof edivorp ot si tnetni detats ehT .PRG gnidnuf seificepS .noitaulave dna gnirotinom ,PIQE ,PSC rof sdnuf fo %01 htiw dednuf retsof ot smargorp noitavresnoc dna PPF ,PRW ,PRC tpecxe smargorp seriuqer osla ;)saera tcejorp retaw eb lliw margorp seificepS .ADSU dna dednuf yrotadnam eht morf sdnuf noitavresnoc ADSU lla ot seilppA ytiroirp 41 gnidulcni( stcejorp gnitceles tnapicitrap fo seitud seificepS .seitiroirp eht fo %5 ot pu gnisu dna ,ecnatsissa .tcejorp laiceps eht fo trap sa margorp nehw seitiroirp dna seitud s'ADSU seifitnedi tcejorp 9 dna snoitacilppa gniweiver lacinhcet edivorp ot secruos devorppa elbacilppa eht ni tnemllorne laitnereferp dna ,stnetnoc noitacilppa stsil ,sesoprup ni desu eb ot airetirc 41 seificepS gniwolla ,stnanet dna srepporc srecudorp edivorp ot stnemtsujda tcejorp evif seificepS .snoitadnemmocer .stnarg )sraey 5-2( evititepmoc gnisu erahs fo stseretni eht gnitcetorp ,ytnuoc rof sedivorp dna ,sevitcejbo dna noitavresnoc etats sserdda ot sevitaitini/stcejorp tuo yrrac ot evitaitinI a ni dnalporc eht fo %52 ot PRW dna ,slaog ,secnatsmucric lacol redisnoc ekam srentrap elbigile dna srecudorp elpitlum htiw pihsrentraP noitavresnoC evitarepooC PRC rednu tnemllorne gnitimil ,snalp ot ADSU swollA ]7072 .ceS[ .)IPCC( )sraey 5 ot pu( stcejorp laiceps rof stcejorp wen a sehsilbatsE .ecnatsissa lacinhcet noitavresnoc deriuqer fo noitacilpud evitaitinI pihsrentraP noitavresnoC noitarepooc dna spihsrentrap wen hsilbatse gniniatbo dna ,noitcetorp tnanet ,stimil gnidiova edulcni snoisivorP .PECC fo evitarepooC eht evitaitini eht seman dna dna ,snoisivorp seiceps deregnadne wen dda tnemllorne egaerca no snoitces gnivom noitartsinimda ezirohtua ot ASF eht fo segnahc htiw noisivorp esuoH stpodA ,ssecorp noitacilppa enilmaerts ot sdnemA yb snoisivorp noitartsinimda sdnemA 3421 .ceS dednema llib mraf 0991 ehT ]1032 .ceS[ .noitaluger eht gnitnemelpmi ot roirp etar eht stcelfer taht etar latner a yap dna tseuqer .woleb debircsed si ,3421 .ces fo tcejbus .tnemetats sreganaM eht ni a gniviecer fo syad 081 nihtiw dnal eht llorne eht ,PECC fo noitartsinimdA :etoN dedivorp si ecnadiug lanoitiddA .ytirohtua ot ADSU gniriuqer ,esu retaw larutlucirga ]0383 .C.S.U 61[ .ecnatsissa laicnanif reviaw gnitsixe eht morf tcnitsid stibihorp noitaluger lacol ro etats /lacinhcet dna stnemesae hguorht sdnal dna etarapes si noisivorp siht seificeps a nehw noitatimil tnemllorne eht deecxe evitisnes yllatnemnorivne rof noitcetorp rehtruf dna ,srucnoc tnemnrevog yam ADSU yberehw noitpecxe wen a sddA mret-gnol setomorp ,)PIQE( margorP ytnuoc eht fi pac %52 eht morf .margorP evreseR stseroF yhtlaeH eht sdda sevitnecnI ytilauQ latnemnorivnE eht egaerca PRC suounitnoc dna egaerca dna PECC morf PIQE seteleD .spihsrentrap dna ,)PRW( margorP evreseR sdnalteW PERC edulcxe ot noisivorp a stpoda etomorp dna ,ssecorp noitacilppa ,)PRC( margorP evreseR noitavresnoC tnemeerga ehT .]8072 .ceS[ erehwesle eht enilmaerts ,snedrub evitartsinimda eht sedulcni hcihw ,PECC ehT .)PECC( desserdda si pac egaerca ytnuoc eht ecuder taht segnahc sekaM .2102YF ).noitcesbus "smargorp margorP tnemecnahnE noitavresnoC ;]5028 .ceS[ eltit yrtserof eht ni deniater hguorht PECC sdnetxE .snoitces )rehto dna( noitavresnoc rehto" eht ni woleb evisneherpmoC eht demaner si margorP evreseR tseroF yhtlaeH siht otni ,dednema ,snoisivorp emos sevom debircsed 3421 .ceS ot stnemdnemA retal margorp a hsilbatse ot ASF eht fo ehT .PECC eht ezirohtuaer ton seoD dna ,wal tnerruc ni 3421 noitceS seteleD :etoN( .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN 0321 .ceS dednema llib mraf 0991 ehT margorP tnemecnahnE noitavresnoC evisneherpmoC )642-011 .L.P( )9142 .R.H( )9142 .R.H( )detacidnI esiwrehto sselnu( lliB mraF 8002 detcanE tnemdnemA etaneS lliB esuoH )171-701 .L.P( yciloP/waL roirP ADSU taht tnemeriuqer wen a gnidda ro srenwo lacol ot ecnereferp evig ot ADSU dna dnalyrd fo yevrus launna na elbaliava gnitaluclac rof krowemarf a sehsilbatse ,segnahc htiw noisivorp etaneS stpodA seriuqer osla ;llib esuoH eht ot ralimiS ekam dna tcudnoc ot ADSU seriuqeR ,dednema sa ,ASF eht fo )c(4321 .ceS ]7012 .ceS[ .tcartnoc eht htiw ecnadrocca ni enod fi ,tnemyap decuder a ni tluser ton dluohs "dnal no tnemeganam" ])7(a2383 .C.S.U 61[ .secnatsmucric stnarG ]8012 .ceS[ .tnemetats sreganaM ])f(1012 .ceS[ .stnemyap niatrec rednu gnizarg/gniyah deganam eht ni dedivorp si ecnadiug lanoitiddA ])h(1132 .ceS[ .nalp noitavresnoc a tcartnoc launna ot stnemtsujda swolla ;sdnal dellorne no gnizarg .seiceps evisavni lortnoc ot gnizarg fo trap a si taht gnizarg dna gniyah deganam dna ,sdnal dellorne ,sesu dewolla no dna gniyah gnidulcni ,sesu laicremmoc gnidulcni ,gnizarg enituor rof gniwolla stimrep dna seiceps evisavni lortnoc liated sdda dna ,seiceps evisavni lortnoc gnitimil si stnapicitrap fo ytud a seificeps ,segnahc htiw noisivorp esuoH stpodA ot gnizarg dna gniyah deganam swollA ot gnizarg dna gniyah deganam swollA ,dednema sa ,ASF eht fo )7()a(2321 .ceS ]6012 .ceS[ .dnaltew eiriarp a fo wolfrevo larutan ])e(1132 .ceS[ .tnemyap rof elbigile a ot tcejbus si dna 0991 retfa dna 2002 ot serca lla sekam dna serca suougitnoc 04 ot roirp sraey porc 01 fo 3 gnirud depporc ezis dnaltew mumixam eht sesaercnI .sdnal neeb dah taht dnal edulcni ot egaerca elbigile htiw gnola dellorne eb ot egaerca reffub dna dnaltew fo tnemllorne sdnapxE reffub eht fo ezis mumixam eht hsilbatse .margorP evreseR noitavresnoC yrtseroF ot ADSU stceriD .egaerca reffub elbigile ycnegremE eht ot segnahc gnimrofnoc eht sdnapxe dna ,saera noitcelloc tnemtaert ]h1383 .C.S.U 61[ .saera reffub dna sddA .latot serca noillim 1 dna etatS retaw eganiard larutlucirga niatrec dna saera sdnaltew rof PRC eht nihtiw margorp yna ni serca 000,001 ta tnemllorne spaC retaw wollahs niatrec edulcni ot ytilibigile ])e(1012 .ceS[ tolip erca noillim eno a sezirohtua .segnahc htiw noisivorp etaneS stpodA sdnapxe ;2102YC hguorht margorp sdnetxE .2102YC hguorht margorp sdnetxE ,dednema sa ,ASF eht fo )h(1321 .ceS ])d(1132 .ceS[ ]f1383 .C.S.U 61[ ]4012 .ceS[ .aerA .refiuqA nialP .dnuoS dnalsI gnoL dna ,noigeR sekaL ytiroirP noitavresnoC eht sa noigeR ekanS nretsaE eht dna ,dehsretaW s'yraM tS taerG eht , )AV ,DM ,AP( noiger yaB yaB ekaepasehC eht pu ekam taht setatS ekaL dnarG eht ,noiger elohtop eiriarp eht ])b(1012 .ceS[ .noiger yaB ekaepasehC eht sa saera ytiroirp stsil lla edulcni ot noisivorp esuoH stpodA tsil eht ot sdda osla ;llib esuoH eht ot ralimiS ekaepasehC sniater tub setats seteleD ,dednema sa ,ASF eht fo )f(1321 .ceS ]8072 ,6072 .sceS[ .statibah rotanillop rof sedivorP ]5012 ,2012-1012 .sceS[ .sesoprup yrotsih porc rof ytidommoc ])c-a(1132 .ceS[ a si ecitcarp noitator a fo trap sa nworg .margorp dnalmraf dedoolf wen a ni dellorne aflafla taht seifiralC .]3012 .ceS[ serca dnal dna dnal-erutsap lanigram fo sepyt emos ])d noillim 23 ta tnemllorne spaC .sevitaitini edulcni ot dnal elbigile sdnapxE .sesoprup -a(1383 .C.S.U 61[ .serca noillim 2.93 ta noitavresnoc lanoitan dna ,lanoiger ,etatS lareneg eht ot tatibah rotanillop sddA ])b-a(1012 .ceS[ .)serca noillim 2.93( 7002YC hguorht dezirohtua yltnerruc si rednu seussi sserdda ot ADSU swolla dna .timil tnemllorne egaerca tnerruc sniateR timil tnemllorne egaerca tnerruc sniater margorp eht ;PRC eht sezirohtua )ASF( ,2102YC hguorht noitazirohtua sdnetxE .2102YC hguorht noitazirohtua sdnetxE ;2102YC hguorht noitazirohtua sdnetxE llib mraf 5891 eht fo )d-a(1321 .ceS margorP evreseR noitavresnoC )642-011 .L.P( )9142 .R.H( )9142 .R.H( )detacidnI esiwrehto sselnu( lliB mraF 8002 detcanE tnemdnemA etaneS lliB esuoH )171-701 .L.P( yciloP/waL roirP ]3132 .ceS[ .1102 ,03 rebmetpeS sdne margorP .tnemetats sreganaM eht ni dedivorp .)sraey 5 ot pu stcartnoc( efildliw tifeneb si ecnadiug lanoitiddA .tnemdnema taht secitcarp tnemeganam gnisu sdnats enip etaneS eht fo tnetni eht etadommocca doowtfos dehsilbatse htiw stnapicitrap PRC ot PRC seifidom dna noitces siht seteleD rof margorP tatibaH efildliW wen setaerC .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN ]1022 .ceS[ .PRW rednu ]2132 .ceS[ sdnal elbigile sdnapxe dna ]6012 .ceS[ .teltuo larutan on evah dna ,yrotsih gnipporc saera reffub dna sdnaltew rof margorp a evah ,sraey porc 3 gnidecerp noitcudorp fo tolip PRC eht rednu sdnal elbigile elbapacni neeb ,serca 5 deecxe tsum slecrap gnidnapxe gnidulcni ,tnemdnema etaneS dnal elbigilE .tnemllorne suounitnoc swollA eht fo tnetni eht hsilpmocca ot PRW dna .PRC eht nihtiw noiger elohtoP eiriarP eht PRC seifidom dna noitces siht seteleD rof margorP dnalmraF dedoolF wen setaerC .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN ])h(1012 .ceS[ .seripxe tcartnoc PRC erofeb raey eno ssecorp noitacifitrec cinagro trats ro ])a(4483 .C.S.U 61[ ).snoitces llib rehto stnemevorpmi dnal nigeb ot renwo wen .smargorp noitavres-noc ni etapicitrap ni era srehcnar/sremraf ecruoser detimil swolla dna ,noitcudorp ot dnal nruter ot sebirt naidnI dna srehcnar/sremraf dna degatnavdasid yllaicos rof troppuS :etoN( ot recudorp degatnavdasid-yllaicos gninnigeb ot sevitnecni edivorp ot ]1112 .ceS[ .snoitacifidom / gninnigeb a ot renwo gniriter a ADSU ezirohtua ot ASF eht fo )a(4421 htiw noisivorp esuoH stpodA .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN morf dnal PRC fo refsnart eht setatilicaF .ceS dednema llib mraf 2002 ehT ]9012 .ceS[ .srodirroc efildliw dna ,stlebretlehs ,skaerbdniw ,seert ot gnitaler stnemyap gnirahs tsoc fo erahs laredef %05 a seificepS .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN ]e5383 ])k(1132 .ceS[ .stnemyap ])j( dna )I(1012 .ceS[ .pungis suounitnoc .C.S.U 61[ .59/1/1 erofeb tceffe ni latner no sexat fo esuaceb pihsdrah laicnanif a rednu dellorne dnal rof stcartnoc saw tcartnoc fi sraey 5 retfa stcartnoc derudne sah recudorp delbasid ro deriter gnitanimret stibihorp tub ,sraey 5 retfa PRC etanimret ot ADSU swolla ]1112 .ceS[ .noisivorp esuoH stpodA a fi tcartnoc a etanimret ot ADSU wollA tcartnoc yna etanimret ot ADSU swollA ,dednema sa ,ASF eht fo )e(5321 .ceS ] 0112 .ceS[ .sreffo gnoma ])j(1132 ])g(1012 .ceS[ .dnal erutsap dna porc tnelaviuqe era stifeneb noitavresnoc fi .ceS[.stifeneb tnelaviuqe gnidivorp sreffo fo serca 000,02 naht erom htiw seitnuoc ]c4383 stnediser lacol morf sreffo ot ytiroirp evig gnitepmoc gniredisnoc nehw srotarepo lla ni setar latner hsac dnalporc detagirri .C.S.U 61[ .stnemyap latner launna )642-011 .L.P( )9142 .R.H( )9142 .R.H( )detacidnI esiwrehto sselnu( lliB mraF 8002 detcanE tnemdnemA etaneS lliB esuoH )171-701 .L.P( yciloP/waL roirP ot era 000,005$ naht retaerg seulav htiw stnemesae ;sraey 03-1 revo tuo diap eb 000,005$ naht ssel seulav htiw stnemesae taht sedivorP .renwodnal eht yb edam reffo na ro ,pac cihpargoeg a ,dnal eht ])e(2012 .ceS[ margorp retsinimda ot fo eulav tekram riaf eht fo nosirapmoc snoitubirtnoc laredef-non esu ot ADSU ])f(a7383 a no desab noitasnepmoc fo tnuoma ])4-3()b(2232 .ceS[ .stnemyap 03 ot 1 ni swollA .reffo s'renwodnal a ro ;pac .C.S.U 61[ .tnemesae eht yb decuder tsewol eht edivorp ot ADSU gniriuqer eb yam noitasnepmoC .reffo s'renwodnal a cihpargoeg a ;yevrus a yb denimreted sa ,eulav tekram riaf eht deecxe yb stcartnoc dna stnemesae fo eulav ro ;aera cihpargoeg a rof timil a ;tnemllorne eulav tekram fo egatnecrep ;eulav ot ton dna )stnemyap 03 ot 5 ni( eht gninimreted rof ssecorp eht gnisiver egaruocne ot yrassecen tnuoma na tekram riaf eht fo egatnecrep :snoitpo hsac ni diap eb ot noitasnepmoc setats ,segnahc htiw noisivorp esuoH stpodA :snoitpo 3 fo tsewol ot noitasnepmoc stimiL 4 fo tsewol ot noitasnepmoc stimiL ,dednema sa ,ASF eht fo )f(A7321 .ceS ]3022 .ceS[ .5891 ,32 rebmeceD erofeb detrevnoc sdnaltew tpecxe ,sdnaltew eht no tnedneped ])d(2012 .ceS[ .detcetorp ydaerla ]e7383 .C.S.U 61[ yllanoitcnuf si taht dnal tnecajda eht htiw si dnal eht ro evitcudorp eb ton dluow .PRC eht ni rebmit ot detnalp ydaerla rehtegot ,dnaltew detrevnoc ro dnaltew secitcarp noitarotser erehw snialpdoolf sdnal edulcni ot dnal elbigileni seifitnedi demraf edulcni ot sdnal elbigileni sdnapxE .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN edulcni ot sdnal elbigileni sdnapxE ,dednema sa ,ASF eht fo )e(7321 .ceS ]4022 .ceS[ ".seiceps efildliw cificeps fo sdeen tatibah teem" ot smret sddA ])c(2012 .ceS[ .lortnoc noisore ro ,wolf ]3022 .ceS[ .elohtop ro ekal nisab desolc ,egarots retaw doolf ot setubirtnoc taht a fo wolfrevo larutan eht morf gnidoolf dnal dna ,sraey 01 tsap eht ni eciwt tsael ot roirp noitcudorp larutlucirga rof desu ta ro raey radnelac tsap eht ni dedoolf ]c7383 .C.S.U 61[ .7002 hguorht sdnal saw taht dnalssarg ro dnalporc edulcni dnal nialpdoolf elbigile sekam dna elbigile rof stnemeriuqer sehsilbatse ot PRW rednu sdnal elbigile sdnapxE ])2(1232 .ceS[ .2102YF hguorht sezirohtuaeR ,sdnaltew elbigile ot saera nairapir sddA ,dednema sa ,ASF eht fo )c(7321 .ceS ])h(2042 .ceS[ .21-8002YF morf PRW gnizirohtua egaugnal sdda noitces weN ])b(2012 .ceS[ .stnemesae nialp doolf eb ]b7383 .C.S.U 61[ ]3022-2022 .ceS[ .2102YF yam serca 000,01 naht erom ton hcihw .serca 000,052 fo laog tnemllorne raey hguorht serca 000,052 fo laog tnemllorne ]1232 .ceS[ .2102YF fo ,serca 000,052 fo laog tnemllorne radnelac launna na htiw ,serca noillim raey lacsif launna steS .serca noillim retfa tnemllorne on htiw ,serca 000,052 raey lacsif launna na steS .serca noillim 572.2 ta tnemllorne mumixam stes 140.3 ta tnemllorne mumixam steS fo laog tnemllorne raey lacsif launna steS 506.3 ta tnemllorne mumixam steS ,dednema sa ,ASF eht fo )b(7321 .ceS ]a7383 .C.S.U 61[ .sdnaltew tcetorp ]1022 .ceS[ .sdnal ])a(2012 .ceS[ .stnemesae nialpdoolf dna erotser ot esoprup sti gnitats labirt ro etavirp no sdnaltew ecnahne esahcrup ot dna ,sdnaltew ecnahne ,PRW ezirohtua ot ASF eht fo )a(7321 ro ,tcetorp ,erotser ot sesoprup sdnemA .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN ot dna etaerc ot sesoprup eht ot sddA .ceS dednema llib mraf 6991 ehT margorP evreseR sdnalteW )642-011 .L.P( )9142 .R.H( )9142 .R.H( )detacidnI esiwrehto sselnu( lliB mraF 8002 detcanE tnemdnemA etaneS lliB esuoH )171-701 .L.P( yciloP/waL roirP ]1032 .ceS[ .)noitarepo tneiciffe rof .smret 51 senifeD .stnemyap cinagro morf sreffo gnitaulave 01 ot 5 rof dewener eb yam stcartnoC dedeen dnal latnedicni saw ro ;noitator latnem-elppus dna ,smret tnemecnahne no snoisivorp wen sddA .doirep .stcartnoc gniwener dna ,gnitanimret porc mret gnol a ni deniatniam neeb ,seitud recudorp ,sreffo tcartnoc raey 5 lanoitidda eno rof dewener ,gniyfidom rof stnemeriuqer dna dah ;PRC ni dellorne neeb ylsuoiverp etaulave ot woh seificepS .stcartnoc gnignahc eb ot stcartnoc swollA .tcartnoc secnatsmucric seificepS .3 dna 2 sreit dah dnal eht sselnu( tca eht fo tnemtcane dna gnitanimret rof swollA .snoitidnoc a yfidom ot deriuqer si ohw recudorp rednu sraey 01 ot 5 dna ,1 reit rednu fo etad eht ot roirp sraey 6 eht fo 4 rof niatrec rednu lawener htiw ,sraey 5 a yb ,ytlanep tuohtiw ,stcartnoc fo sraey 5 era stcartnoC .stcartnoc ni noitcudorp porc ot detoved ro ,detnalp rof era tcartnoc seificepS .sraey 6 gnidecerp noitanimret stibihorP .desserdda eb ot desserdda eb yam taht scipot seifitnedI eb ot deredisnoc ,detnalp neeb ton dah fo 4 sporc ot detnalp neeb evah tsum scipot fo tsil setanimile tub ,stcartnoc lla .stcartnoc noitavresnoc fo sreit 3 rof taht dnalporc rof desu dnal ,margorp eht dnal elbigilE .PIQE dna PSC gnitsixe eht fo ni eb ot stnemele evif sebircsed ;sraey smret seificepS .)sraey 6 gnidecerp eht rednu sedulcxE .stcartnoc fo noisnetxe snoisivorp ralimis htiw margorP pihsdrawetS 5 fo tcartnoc fo epyt eno ot margorp fo 4 tsael ta noitcudorp porc ni ton dnal raey-5 stimreP .)margorp eht rednu serca noitavresnoC a fo gnitsisnoc margorP stimiL .dnal tserof latnedicni sedulcxe dna smargorp tnemeriter dnal raeyitlum launna latot fo %01 naht erom ton ot sevitnecnI pihsdrawetS evisneherpmoC a dnal elbigilE ".ytisnetni tnemeganam fo ni dellorne dnal( sdnal dedulcxe detimil( dnal tserof etavirp lairtsudninon yb decalper eb dluow stcartnoc PSC erutuF level muminim a ot nrecnoc fo ecruoser dna sdnal elbigile dna srecudorp elbigile edulcni ot sdnal elbigile sdnapxE .ylno stcartnoc gnitsixe rof PSC tnerruc ytiroirp eno tsael ta" gnisserdda senifeD .11-3002YF rof )PSC( margorP .noisivorp etaneS eht fo stnemele stpodA sezirohtuaer dna ,tnemdnema gnimrofnoc reffo na timbus tsum srecudorp elbigilE ytiruceS noitavresnoC eht hsilbatse .PSC wen eht rof smret margorp senifeD a sa PSC wen a 2102YF hguorht sezirohtuA .7102-2102YF rof PSC wen a sehsilbatsE ot ASF eht dednema llib mraf 2002 ehT margorP ytiruceS noitavresnoC ])d(2232 .ceS[ .secruoser ADSU no stnemesae mret-gnol fo snoitacilpmi eht no 0102/1/1 yb seettimmoC erutlucirgA ]0122 .ceS[ .noisivorp etaneS stpodA etaneS dna esuoH ot troper a seriuqeR .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN ])4()c(d ])g(2012 .ceS[ .C.S.U 61[ .smargorp tnemecnahne ]6022-5022 .ceS[ .margorp toliP ])c(2232 .ceS[ .stcartnoc raey-03 .stnemyap esaercni ot sa os latnemnorivne dna dnaltew sthgiR devreseR a sezirohtuA .PERC ot rof stnemyap wolla ot egnahc gnimrofnoc sdnuf etubirtnoc setats erehw ,margorp eht hguorht stnemyap gniviecer seititne ralimis setatS htiw stnemeerga rof PERW a sekaM .)PERW( margorP tnemecnahnE tnemecnahnE evreseR dnalteW no cilbup rof stimil seviaw ,dednema gnizirohtua noisivorp etaneS stpodA evreseR sdnalteW a sezirohtuA egaugnal wen a htiw noisivorp secalpeR sa ,ASF eht fo )4()c(D7321 .ceS ])f(2012 .ceS[ .sdnal nialpdoolf fo stifeneb noitavresnoc dna )noitubirtnoc ])c(c7383 .C.S.U 61[ .stcartnoc laicnanif a fo reffo dna ;ssenevitceffe PRW rof sreffo gniredisnoc nehw esu -tsoc ;stifeneb noitavresnoc( sreffo ot si ADSU snoitaredisnoc eerht stsil ]7022 .ceS[ .noisivorp esuoH stpodA .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN gniknar rof airetirc lanoitidda wen sddA ,dednema sa ,ASF eht fo )c(C7321.ceS ]9022 .ceS[ .margorP tnemecnahnE evreseR sdnalteW wen rof stnemeerga etatS rof noitpecxe( snoitatimil tnemyap fo laeper eht rof sedivorP ]8022 .ceS[.sraey 03-5 revo tuo diap eb )642-011 .L.P( )9142 .R.H( )9142 .R.H( )detacidnI esiwrehto sselnu( lliB mraF 8002 detcanE tnemdnemA etaneS lliB esuoH )171-701 .L.P( yciloP/waL roirP %2.2 ro serca 000,02 fo ressel eht raey hcae etats hcae ot setacolla dna ,noitapicitrap mraf llams rof sedivorP .erca rep 91$ fo tsoc launna egareva a ta dna ediwnoitan ]1032 .ceS[ .7102-8002YF ,serca noillim 372.31 fo tnemllorne yllaunna serca noillim 8.21 lanoitidda launna detpmetta dna serca noillim na sllornE .noisivorp etaneS seteleD 826.97 ot pu fo tnemllorne rof sedivorP .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN ]1032 .ceS[ .doirep raey -5 yna ni 000,002$ ot stnemyap stimiL .smargorp sdnal gnikrow rehto dna PSC ni llorne ot smargorp tnemeriter dnal morf gninoitisnart era ohw srecudorp egaruocne ot ADSU stceriD .srecudorp ])a( cinagro dna porc ytlaiceps ot ecnatsissa ]1432 dna 1932 .sceS[ 3012 .ceS[ .scipot tnemyap dna tcartnoc lacinhcet edivorp ot ADSU stceriD .)raey-6( 000,042$ ot stnemyap margorp deificeps fo atad elipmoc ]c8383 .C.S.U 61[ snoitaluger .snoitacilppa knar ot nehw enimreted gnitimil ,noitacolla egaerca na seificepS ot ADSU seriuqer ;snoitacolla etats gnitnemelpmi rof stnemeriuqer dna ot ADSU rof swolla tub ,tnemllorne .etapicitrap ot srecudorp porc ytlaiceps ni deredisnoc eb ot erutlucirga htiw ,secitcarp rof stnemeriuqer muminim suounitnoc tpoda ot ADSU stceriD gnilbane dna ,noitaulave dna gnirotinom detaicossa sdeen latnemnorivne eht rof ,)3 reit rof 000,54$ dna ,2 reit rof .ADSU morf tupni rof gniwolla ,)snoiger margorp troppus lliw taht noitamrofni swolla ;)sraey 5( 000,051$ ot tcartnoc 000,53$ ,1 reit rof 000,02$( reit hcae cihpargoeg/sdehsretaw cificeps ylno ton tnemyap dna tcartnoc gniniatniam a rednu stnemyap latot stimiL .)etats rof stimil tnemyap launna ,reit hcae rof ,srecudorp lla ot elbaliava( ediwnoitan dna ,srecudorp ot ecnatsissa gnidivorp a fo aera cihpargoeg yna ni snrecnoc stnemyap fo stnenopmoc eht ,raey lacsif serca elbigile latot eht ot serca elbigile ,)raey eht gnirud emit yna ta ylppa ot 5 ot detimil( level etats eht ta nrecnoc hcae ni ylrae stnemyap gnikam edulcni fo noitroporp s'etats hcae no desab recudorp a gniwolla( tnemllorne suounitnoc fo secruoser ytiroirp fo noitacifitnedi yraterceS eht fo seitud taht seificeps eb snoitacolla egaerca etats taht sedivorP rof wolla ot yraterceS eht fo seitud sretlA edulcni ot yraterceS eht fo seitud sretlA ,dednema sa ,ASF eht fo C8321 .ceS ]1032 ceS[ .noitacifidom tcartnoc ])a(3012 .ceS[ .dedda era noitacifitrec ])e-d(a8383 .C.S.U 61[ sraey rof swollA .sreffo tcartnoc fo trap sa ]1432 cinagro htiw noitanidrooc dna 01 ot 5 rof dewener eb yam stcartnoC gnitset-tolip dna seitivitca noitartsnomed .ceS[ .stcartnoc gnignahc dna gnitanimret sreffo fo noitaulave no snoisivorp weN .stcartnoc gniwener dna ,gnitanimret dna hcraeser noitavresnoc mraf-no rof no snoisivorp sddA .stnemyap latnemelppus .doirep raey 5 lanoitidda 1 rof dewener ,gniyfidom rof stnemeriuqer swollA .yrtnuoc eht fo noiger ro ,metsys dna ,smret tnemecnahne ,seitud recudorp eb yam stcartnoC .tcartnoc a yfidom ot dna secnatsmucric seificepS gnipporc ,porc ralucitrap a ot detimil ton ,sreffo tcartnoc gnitaulave ni snoitaredisnoc deriuqer si ohw recudorp a yb ,ytlanep .3 dna 2 sreit rednu sraey 01 ot 5 era dna stifeneb noitavresnoc tnacifingis seificepS .tem era snoitidnoc niatrec tuohtiw ,detanimret eb regnol on dna ,1 reit rednu sraey 5 era stcartnoC edivorp taht noitator porc laicifeneb fi lawener htiw ,sraey 5 rof era dna deificeps dluoc stcartnoC .desserdda eb ot scipot .stcartnoc ni desserdda eb yam taht a tpoda ohw srecudorp rof stnemyap era stcartnoc fo stnetnoC .sraey 6 gnidecerp fo tsil setanimile tub ,stcartnoc lla ni scipot seifitnedI .stcartnoc noitavresnoc latnemelppus sezirohtuA .snoitacifidom fo 4 sporc ot detnalp neeb evah tsum dnal eb ot stnemele 5 sebircsed dna sraey 5 fo sreit 3 rof smret seificeps ,dednema htiw noisivorp etaneS stpodA ;srecudorp elbigile dna dnal elbigile senifeD fo tcartnoc fo epyt 1 ot margorp stimiL sa ,ASF eht fo )3-d(A8321 sceS ])a(3012 .ceS[ .wal ]8383 .C.S.U 61[ tnerruc morf reffid ro smret wen era .margorp eht ]1432 dna 1932 .sceS[ taht smret evlewt senifeD .srecudorp ot gniniatrep smret 51 senifeD .sraey )642-011 .L.P( )9142 .R.H( )9142 .R.H( )detacidnI esiwrehto sselnu( lliB mraF 8002 detcanE tnemdnemA etaneS lliB esuoH )171-701 .L.P( yciloP/waL roirP gnidulcni( ecnacifingis latnemnorivne ])c-a(3532 .ceS[ ])c(5012 .ceS[ .smetsys ygrene laiceps fo sesac ni tpecxe , doirep .nwod elbawener ,ycneiciffe ygrene devorpmi ])c-a(2 raey-6 yna gnirud 000,003$ ot 000,054$ gniddib no snoitibihorp sevomeR .sraey dna ,sredivorp devorppa morf secivres -aa9383 .C.S.U 61[ .sraey 01 ot 1 era morf stimil tnemyap laudividni srewoL 5 fo mumixam a ot stcartnoc stimiL .gninnalp lacinhcet gnisu noitacifitrec cinagro stcartnoC .denifed era secitcarp elbigilE ]3052 .ceS[ .stsoc fo %57 ot stnemyap noitavresnoc edulcni ot secitcarp dettimrep edulcni ot secitcarp elbigile fo sepyt .0102YF hguorht PIQE sezirohtua stimiL .2102YF hguorht sezirohtuaeR sdnapxE .2102YF hguorht sezirohtuaeR sdnapxE .2102YF hguorht sezirohtuaeR ,dednema sa ,ASF eht fo )c-a(B0421 .ceS ])b(5012 .ceS[ ".rehcnar ro remraf degatnavdasid yllaicos" ]2532 .ceS[ ".ecitcarp dna "tnemeganam tsep detargetni" fo ]7052 .ceS[ .yraterceS eht fo seitud larutcurts" ot skaerberif sdda dna ;sreworg snoitinifed sddA .noitinifed "kcotsevil" .ecitcarp seifiralc rehtruF ]1052 .ceS[ .seitivitca tcartnoc dna sessenisub gnideef motsuc eht ot nosib dna sacapla sddA larutcurts dna ,ecitcarp ,kcotsevil gnoma ,gnimraf cinagro ot gninoitisnart edulcni ot "recudorp" senifed ";secitcarp" .noitinifed "ecitcarp tnemeganam dnal" ,ecitcarp tnemeganam dnal ,dnal sremraf dna ,statibah rotanillop etomorp ot secitcarp gninnalp noitavresnoc eht ot noitatnemelpmi detanidrooc elbigile ,rehcnar ro remraf gninnigeb taht sremraf ot ecnatsissa lacinhcet sdda ;noitinifed "ecitcarp tnemeganam dnal" dna ,secitcarp tnemeganam tserof :smret 6 senifeD ]aa9383 .C.S.U 61[ rof swollA ]2052 .ceS[ .dnal elbigile eht ot dedda si yrtserof ;noitinifed "dnal ,yrtserof sddA ])a(5012 .ceS[ .sdnal .saera deificeps 5 ni gnikrow yb stifeneb yfidom ot tnemdnema na htiw snoisivorp elbigile" eht ot erutlucauqa sddA ]4532 tserof no noitavresnoc dna noitavresnoc latnemnorivne gnizimitpo dna ,slaog etaneS eht stpodA ]6052-5052 .sceS[ dna ,2532 ,1532 .sceS[ .stnemetats gniyfilpma ygrene ezingocer ot sesoprup elbitapmoc sa ytilauq latnemnorivne .noitacilpud dna nalp margorp PIQE no eht ni tnemeganam sleuf dna srotanillop 5 eht fo 2 fo snoitpircsed eht sesiveR dna noitcudorp gnitomorp sa esoprup sdnal tserof gnidrager egaugnal sdda dna sezingocer dna ,sesoprup margorp .sesoprup margorp eht ot noitisnart sti gnitats ,PIQE ezirohtua ot ASF eht fo ,sesoprup ot tnemeganam tserof sddA fo tnemetats eht ot tnemeganam tserof sddA cinagro dna tnemeganam tserof sddA 0421 .ceS dednema llib mraf 6991 ehT margorP sevitnecnI ytilauQ latnemnorivnE ])b(1042 .ceS[ ])4 .71-2102YF rof -3()a(1042 .ceS[ .)srallod naht rehtar serca ni noillib 6.4$ dna 2102YF rof noillib 5.0$ derusaem si margorp wen eht ni tnemllorne( sedivorp ,11/1/01 retfa dengis tcartnoc PSC wen eht rof tnuoma deificepsnu roF .71-2102YF rof noillib 9.1$ dna ,21 na dna )tneps litnu elbaliava( ,tnemtcane -7002YF rof gnidnuf yrotadnam ni noillib fo etad eht erofeb otni deretne stcartnoc 5.1$ fo latot a sedivorp ,70/1/01 erofeb ]1072 .ceS[ .stcartnoc PSC gnitsixe tuo rof gnidnuf yrotadnam ni noillib 3.2$ dengis stcartnoc roF .)eripxe stcartnoc yrrac ot yrassecen sa smus hcus sedivorP sezirohtuA .)eripxe stcartnoc litnu deunitnoc litnu deunitnoc eb yam stnemyap ])3()a(1483 .C.S.U 61[ .)7102-8002YF( enilesab tnerruc evoba eb yam stnemyap hguohtla( 7002 ,1 hguohtla( 7002 ,1 rebotcO retfa .51-6002YF morf noillib 56.5$ ytirohtua tegdub ni esaercni noillib 1.1$ rebotcO retfa otni deretne eb yam stcartnoc otni deretne eb yam stcartnoc PSC wen dna 01-6002YF rof noillib 459.1$ ta PSC a rof sedivorp llib eht taht setats troper PSC wen on taht hcus ,PSC 2002 eht fo on taht hcus ,PSC 2002 eht fo smret eht rof gnidnuf yrotadnam sezirohtua s'reganaM ehT .noisivorp etaneS stpodA smret eht rednu stcartnoc wen yna stibihorP eht rednu stcartnoc wen yna stibihorP ,dednema sa ,ASF eht fo )3()a(1421 .ceS ]1032 .ceS[ .snoitaluger etaglumorp ot ]1432 .ceS[ .tnemtcane fo syad ADSU stceriD .noisivorp etaneS seteleD 081 nihtiw deussi eb ot snoitaluger seriuqeR .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN ]1432 .ceS[ .dnal elbigile eht fo )642-011 .L.P( )9142 .R.H( )9142 .R.H( )detacidnI esiwrehto sselnu( lliB mraF 8002 detcanE tnemdnemA etaneS lliB esuoH )171-701 .L.P( yciloP/waL roirP etaneS seteled dna srehcnar ro sremraf edivorp ot ytirohtua dna ,%09 deecxe ot sdnuf margorp eht retfa syad 09 tsael ecruoser detimil dna degatnavdasid ton ,tnemyap elbairav wolla ot srehcnar ro ta rof srecudorp degatnavdasid yllaicos yllaicos ,gninnigeb rof stnemyap sremraf degatnavdasid yllaicos dna gninnigeb dna gninnigeb rof sdnuf margorp fo ecnavda rof noisivorp etaneS stpodA rof noitpecxe etar erahs-tsoc eht sdnemA %5 tsael ta evreser ot ADSU seriuqeR .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN ])g(2-aa9383 .C.S.U 61[ .tnemeriuqer noitcudorp ]3052 .ceS[ .tnemeriuqer ])2()g(5012 .ceS[ .tnemeriuqer kcotsevil ot detaler secitcarp noitcudorp kcotsevil ot stnemyap noitcudorp kcotsevil ot stnemyap ot og stnemyap fo %06 taht seriuqer fo %06 eht 2102YF hguorht sdnetxE ]3532 .ceS[ .llib esuoH eht ot ralimiS fo %06 eht 2102YF hguorht sdnetxE ,dednema sa ,ASF eht fo )g(B0421 .ceS .snoitalupop detsiled osla dna ,tcA seicepS deregnadnE eht yb detcetorp srotaderp reted ot snoitpo PIQE fo sesoprup eht htiw tnetsisnoc ])f(5012 .ceS[ .sisahpme laiceps sa sezingocer troper ecnerefnoc ehT eviecer lliw statibah rotanilloP .stcejorp .ygolonhcet tnemeganam ssacrac lamina ygrene elbawener dna ycneiciffe dna ;tatibah rotanillop ;tnemeganam ygrene gnitnemelpmi )3( dna ,nalp ])e(2-aa9383 seiceps evisavni dna ,tsep ,ytilauq ])3()c(3532 tnemeganam tneirtun evisneherpmoc .C.S.U 61[ .slaog deificeps etomorp ria ,tneirtun ,eudiser gnitomorp secitcarp .ceS[ .sraeb kcalb dna ,sraeb ylzzirg a gnipoleved )2( ,sredivorp taht secitcarp ot nevig sisahpme ot ecnacifingis drocca yam ADSU ,sevlow yarg ,tcA seicepS deregnadnE eht ytrap driht devorppa morf secivres laiceps htiw ,secitcarp tnemeganam dnal taht elur laiceps sedulcnI ]8072 dna 6072 rednu detcetorp seiceps rotaderp edulcni ot lacinhcet gniviecer )1( :stnemyap mrofrep ot stnemyap evitnecni sedivorp .3052 .sceS[ .noisivorp esuoH stpodA sisahpme laiceps gniviecer sesoprup sdnapxE evitnecni rof sesoprup sdnapxE ,dednema sa ,ASF eht fo )e(B0421 .ceS ])e-d(5012 .ceS[ .sesoprup niatrec ])d(2-aa9383 .C.S.U ])c(3532 .ceS[ .gnitcartnoc dna rof ygolonhcet reifisag gnisu rof %09 61[ .erahs tsoc laredef %09 a naht erom slairetam esahcrup ot stnemyap decnavda fo erahs-tsoc laredef desaercni sedivorP ton eviecer ot srecudorp gninnigeb rof swollA .srecudorp degatnavdasid yllaicos .srecudorp degatnavdasid yllaicos dna ecruoser detimil swolla ,dednema ]3052 .ceS[ .lasoporp etaneS stpodA rof %09 ta erahs tsoc laredef eht steS rof %09 ta erahs tsoc laredef eht steS sa ,ASF eht fo )2()d(B0421 .ceS ]4052 .ceS[ .smetsys ro secitcarp noitavresnoc sevorpmi fi dna ,PIQE fo esoprup eht sllifluf tseb woh ,)s(nrecnoc ecruoser detangised eht sserdda woh ,ssenevitceffe-tsoc no desab snoitacilppa fo gnipuorg dna noitazitiroirp rof gniwolla ,seitiroirp noitavresnoc lacol dna ,etatS ,lanoitan sserdda ot snoitacilppa gnitaulave rof airetirc poleved ot ADSU stceriD ]8052 .ceS[ .000,054$ naht erom ton ot timil eht esiar ot ADSU gniwolla ,)sretsegid enahtem gnivlovni stcejorp )642-011 .L.P( )9142 .R.H( )9142 .R.H( )detacidnI esiwrehto sselnu( lliB mraF 8002 detcanE tnemdnemA etaneS lliB esuoH )171-701 .L.P( yciloP/waL roirP fo esoprup yramirp a htiw secitcarp dna poleved ot gniniart dna ,noitamrofni rof ecnatsissa edivorp nac ADSU ,gnidnuf ADSU rof sedivorp .noisivorp esuoH seteleD .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN erofeb tem eb tsum taht airetirc 3 stsiL ,dednema sa ,ASF eht fo F0421 .ceS ]1632 .ceS[ .21-8002YF rof noillim 561$ ta dednuf ,erutlucirga ot detaler snrecnoc ecruoser larutan sserdda ot dehsretaw yaB eht ni dnaltserof etavirp lairtsudninon/larutlucirga no secitcarp noitavresnoc gniylppa ni srecudorp tsissa ot PIQE rednu margorP noitavresnoC dehsretaW ])k(5012 .ceS[ yaB ekaepasehC a sehsilbatsE ]6532 .ceS[ .nalp elbatpecca na sa stnemeriuqer ]5-aa9383 .C.S.U 61[ .noitapicitrap margorp etatilicaf ot seitivitca yrotaluger teem taht timrep .snalp noitavresnoc ralimis gnitcudnoc ro snoitacilppa gnittimbus ytilauq retaw ro ria na fo noitaredisnoc rehto htiw noitacilpud diova ot ADSU .snoitazinagro recudorp ni pihsrebmem sti fo flaheb no tca ot nalp elbatpecca na sa swolla dna no sllac dna ,nalp PIQE s'recudorp no noisivorp etaneS sekirts tub ,]2052 noitazinagro recudorp a swolla osla tub ,llib ,snalp tserof htiw tnetsisnoc eb ot deen a fo stnetnoc lareneg eht senifed .ceS[ noisivorp yrtserof esuoH stpodA esuoH ot ralimis egaugnal yrtserof sedulcnI eht stnemeriuqer gninnalp eht ot sddA ,dednema sa ,ASF eht fo E0421 .ceS ])I(5012 .ceS[ .secitcarp fo rebmun ]3-aa9383 .C.S.U 61[ .seitiroirp ]2052 .ceS[ .snoitarepo erutlucirga detimil a gnivlovni smetsys tnemeganam noitavresnoc lanoitan sserdda taht ralimis fo snoitacilppa fo gnipuorg latnemnorivne dnuos dna laitnatsbus secitcarp dna secitcarp noitavresnoc eht rof wolla ot dna ,snrecnoc ecruoser ]4532 .ceS[ .reffo tcartnoc eht fo emit eht htiw snoitarepo rof ssecorp noitaulave evitceffe-tsoc gnisu srecudorp ot PIQE lacol ro ,lanoiger ,etatS ezitiroirp ta ecalp ni smetsys ro secitcarp noitavresnoc denilmaerts a seificepS .snoitacilppa ni noitapicitrap rof ytiroirp rehgih sevig ot segnahc htiw noisivorp esuoH stpodA gnivorpmi rof ytiroirp rehgih a sddA margorp rof seitiroirp 5 seifitnedI ,dednema sa ,ASF eht fo C0421 .ceS ]2052 .ceS[ ]2532 .ceS[ .rehsinif ro reworg .dnal elbigile yfidom ot tnemdnema tcartnoc a dna ssenisub gnideef motsuc ])h(5012 .ceS[ .sredeef motsuc dna na htiw noisivorp etaneS stpodA a edulcni ot ytilibigile 'recudorp` sdnapxE seicnega tekram ot ytilibigile sdnapxE .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN ])6()c(3532 .ceS[ .gnimraf morf selas ssorg ni 000,51$ tsael ta tcepxe/evah ot stnapicitrap seriuqeR .snoitidnoc niatrec rednu ,ytilauq ria dna noitavresnoc .noisivorp etaneS seteleD retaw gnivorpmi ot ytiroirp seviG .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN ]3052 .ceS[ .srehcnar ro sremraf ecruoser detimil dna ,degatnavdasid yllaicos ,gninnigeb rof stnemyap ecnavda dna setar erahs-tsoc rof tnemdnema ]3532 na htiw noisivorp etaneS stpodA .ceS[ .gnitcartnoc ro slairetam fo esahcrup .ytilibigile naol deetnaraug rof noisivorp eht rof %03 ot pu stnemyap ecnavda ])g(5012 .ceS[ .elbaliava edam neeb evah )642-011 .L.P( )9142 .R.H( )9142 .R.H( )detacidnI esiwrehto sselnu( lliB mraF 8002 detcanE tnemdnemA etaneS lliB esuoH )171-701 .L.P( yciloP/waL roirP reppU ,dehsretaw reviR otnemarcaS eht ,refiuqA alallagO eht ,dnuoS teguP ,noiger refiuqA nialP ekanS nretsaE ehT :saera ytiroirp xis seifitnedI .saera nekcirts -thguord ni sdnop noitagirri/sriovreser ]6012 .ceS[ .)latot eht fo %3 naht mraf no tcurtsnoc ot ecnatsissa gnidivorp erom on ot sesnepxe evitartsinimda dna ;gnimraf dnalyrd a ot snoitarepo stimil( 2102YF hguorht yllaunna gnimraf detagirri gnitrevnoc ,stcejorp noillim 06$ fo sdnuf yrotadnam sedivorP ycneiciffe esu retaw gnitomorp ,noiger .stnemeerga noitatnemelpmi gnipoleved alallagO eht ni tnemeganam retawdnuorg dna slasoporp gnitceles/gniticilos gnisserdda fo ecnatropmi eht sezisahpme ]9532 .ceS[ .refiuqA rof ssecorp a sehsilbatsE troper sreganaM ehT .snrecnoc nialP ekanS nretsaE eht rof noillim 02$ .sdnuf elbaliava eht fo %05 naht erom ]9-aa-9383 .C.S.U 61[ eseht sserdda ot srecudorp gnigaruocne tsael ta sedivorP .7002-2002YF rof dedivorp on eviecer yam rehtegot hcihw ,saera .70-4002YF ni dna sdnuf laredef gnigarevel sa srentrap sdnuf fo egareva eht ro noillim 3$ fo ytiroirp 5 stsiL .saera ytiroirp yfitnedi yllaunna noillim 06$ ot gniworg ,2002YF PEWA fo elor eht htiw ,dnal larutlucirga retaerg eht naht ssel ton eviecer lliw hcihw ot yraterceS eht seriuqer dna seitivitca ni noillim 52$ fo gnidnuf yrotadnam no snrecnoc ytitnauq/ytilauq retaw ,refiuqA alallagO eht revo setats rof tpecxe elbigile fo tsil eht sdnapxE .stnemeerga sedivorp dna ,)elpmaxe rof ,smetsys gnisserdda sa esoprup eht sezingoceR ,)retaerg si revehcihw ,7002 ni dedivorp evitarepooc hguorht elacs lanoiger noitagirri evorpmi( seitivitca elbigile fo .)retfaereht raey hcae dna 2102YF( tnuoma eht ro 7002 -2002YF rof dedivorp a no margorp tnemelpmi ot dna ,sebirt sepyt 6 stsil ;retaw ecafrus ro dnuorg fo yllaunna noillim 06$ dna ,)1102YF( noillim sdnuf fo egareva elpmis( sraey suoiverp naidnI dna )stcirtsid retaw dna noitagirri sgnivas ten a ni tluser lliw taht seitivitca 47$ ,)0102-9002YF( yllaunna noillim 37$ ni margorp eht rednu gnidnuf deviecer gnidulcni( seititne latnemnrevog rof PIQE nihtiw )PCWSG( margorP :gnidnuf yrotadnam sedivorP .PIQE rednu taht etats hcae rof gnidnuf sedivorP .yllaunna elbigile ekam ,ytilauq retaw sserdda noitavresnoC retaW ecafruS dna )PEWA( margorP tnemecnahnE retaW noillim 56$ ot noillim06$ morf gnidnuf ni ot margorP tnemecnahnE retaW dnuorG a setaerc ,llib mraf 2002 eht larutlucirgA eht htiw PCWSG secalpeR esaercni na sedivorp dna PCWSG sniatniaM lanoigeR a htiw PCWSG secalpeR yb dednema sa ,ASF eht fo I0421 .ceS ])m(5012 .ceS[ .srecudorp porc ytlaiceps dna cinagro rof dna ytilauq ria rof sdnuf deificeps htiw ,)2102YF( noillim 57$ ot gnisir )8002YF( ]8-aa9383 .C.S.U 61[ noillim 03$ :PIQE morf gnidnuf .deificeps .srezilitref ]8532 .ceS[ .noitcudorp porc sedivorP .stnemeriuqer ytilauq ria si gnidnuf on ;lios ni nobrac gnirots ycneiciffe decnahne sa hcus ygolonhcet ytlaiceps rof ecnatsissa )2( dna ,noitcudorp yrotaluger lacol dna etats gniteem era sa hcus ,secitcarp evitavonni gnisu evitavonni fo esu eht ezingocer ni dnal tserof etavirp lairtsudninon ohw srecudorp tsissa ot noitcesbus wen dna ,noitcuder noitullop ni smetsys dluohs smargorp noitavresnoc setats ot seigolonhcet evitavonni fo srefsnart a sdda dna ,dehsretaw yaB ekaepasehC tekram gnisu era detsil selpmaxe troper ecnerefnoc ehT ]9052 .ceS[ .snalp )1( :selpmaxe fo tsil eht ot smeti owt eht ni gninnalp noitavresnoc ;secitcarp noitavresnoc evitavonni ytilauq ria tnemelpmi ot )2102-9002YF( sddA .seigolonhcet evitavonni fo stneipicer rof margorp tolip a sehsilbatse tnemelpmi ot ,sisab gnihctam a no ,PIQE yllaunna noillim 5.73$ sedivorP .ytilauq laitnetop fo tsil eht ot sdnal tserof etavirp ,stcejorp elbigile fo seitilauq no liated nihtiw margorp stnarg evititepmoc ria dna tnemeganam ecruoser tserof lairtsudninon sddA .PIQE rednu snoisivorp sddA .PIQE rednu snoisivorp stnarG a rof sedivorp ,llib mraf 2002 eht ot detaler snoisivorp esuoH stpodA stnarG noitavonnI noitavresnoC eht ot sddA noitavonnI noitavresnoC eht ot sddA yb dednema sa ,ASF eht fo H0421 .ceS ]6-aa9383 .C.S.U 61[ ])l( 5012 .ceS[ .noitavresnoc retaw .snalp noitavresnoc tnemelpmi )642-011 .L.P( )9142 .R.H( )9142 .R.H( )detacidnI esiwrehto sselnu( lliB mraF 8002 detcanE tnemdnemA etaneS lliB esuoH )171-701 .L.P( yciloP/waL roirP a sehsilbatsE .noitarepo na fo ytilibaiv cim yrotucexe na hguorht tnemtsevni laredef fo ,tnemesae ecrofne ot thgir tnegnitnoc fI .tnemesae eht fo eulav eht fo %52 -onoce eht ot setubirtnoc taht dnal rehto noitcetorp eht seriuqer dna ,secnatsmucric a eriuqer yam ADSU taht sedivorP deecxe ton yam relles eht yb noitanod dna dnaltserof edulcni ot dnal elbigile fo niatrec rednu seititne elbigile htiw .)sraey 3 yreve deweiver( seititne elbatirahc a fo eulav eht ;tnemesae noitinifed eht yfidom ot noisivorp etaneS stnemeerga evitarepooc otni retne ot ADSU elbigile htiw stnemeerga rof snoitidnoc eht fo eulav eht fo %05 deecxe stpodA .sesu larutlucirganon gnitimil swollA .tnemtsevni laredef eht fo noitcetorp dna smret stsiL .stsoc evitartsinimda ton yam tsoc laredef ehT .reffo gnidnep yb esu larutlucirga rof dnal gnitcetorp dna ,gnirahs-tsoc ,stnapicitrap htiw rof sdnuf fo %01 ot pu dneps yam a ot tcejbus sesu larutlucirganon sa margorp eht fo esoprup eht seifiralC stnemeerga evitarepooc rof stnemeriuqer setatS .stnemeriuqer detsil 4 no desab s'dnal eht gnitimil yb liospot tcetorp .noisivorp etaneS ot ralimis stnemeerga wen sddA ".seulav noitavresnoc sdnuf margorp eviecer dna etapicitrap ot stnemesae noitavresnoc fo esahcrup evitarepooc rof snoitidnoc/smret detaler dna esu larutlucirga gnitcetorp" ot ot )sraey 3 yreve deweiver( deifitrec eht rof sedivorp ,dednema sa ,margorp stpodA .stnemeerga evitarepooc fo liospot gnitcetorp morf margorp fo esoprup eb lliw setatS .secruoser lacigoloeahcra ehT ]I-h8383 .C.S.U 61[ .smargorp snoitidnoc dna smret dna ,ygolodohtem segnahC .tnemesae na fo noitartsinimda dna cirotsih edulcni ot noitinifed dna ,sebirt naidnI ,dnal ,ytitne elbigile lasiarppa ,stnemeriuqer evitartsinimda tneiciffe rof dedeen si taht dnal rehto elbigile dnal elbigile sdnapxE .)PPRF( margorP gninifed ,)PPF( margorP noitcetorP segnahC .margorp emaner ton seod tub sekam dna ,dnal tserof elbigile fo noitinifed noitcetorP dnalhcnaR dna mraF dnalmraF eht ezirohtua ot ASF eht fo ,2102 hguorht margorp eht sezirohtuaeR seifidoM .margorp eht sezirohtuaeR ot semaner dna ,margorp sezirohtuaeR H8321 .ceS dednema llib mraf 6991 ehT margorP noitcetorP dnalmraF ]1072 .ceS[ .)2102YF( noillib 57.1$ dna ;)1102YF( noillib 885.1$ ;)2102YF( noillib 54.1$ ])d(1042 .ceS[ .)2102YF( noillib 2$ dna ])6()a(1483 .C.S.U 61[ .0102YF ;)9002YF( noillib 733.1$ ;)8002YF( ])7()a(1042 .ceS[ .)2102YF-0102YF( ,)1102YF( noillib 8.1$ ,)0102YF( noillib ni noillib 3.1$ ot 2002YF ni noillib 4.0$ noillib 2.1$ :gnidnuf PIQE sezirohtuA hcae noillib 3.1$ ,)90-8002YF( yllaunna 7.1$ ,)9002YF( noillib 6.1$ ,)8002YF( morf gnisir ,gnidnuf PIQE sezirohtua .ytirohtua tegdub lanoitidda sedivorP noillib 72.1$ :gnidnuf PIQE sezirohtuA noillib 52.1$ :gnidnuf PIQE sezirohtuA ,dednema sa ,ASF eht fo )6()a(1421 .ceS ]3052 dna 1052 .sceS[ ]0632 .ceS[ .doirep raey-6 yna ni 000,08$ .raey rep 000,02$ ot detimil era stnemyaP fo etagergga na ot tnemyap stimil dna .)sraey 4-3 fo stcartnoc htiw( noitcudorp smetsys tnemeganam elbigile sa secitcarp cinagro ot gnitrevnoc era ohw sremraf cinagro sedulcnI .noisivorp etaneS stpodA tsissa ot PIQE fo dne ta margorp sddA .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN ])2()c(9-aa9383 .C.S.U 61[ )AC ,RO( ).evoba ees ;margorP noitarepooC ])2()b( 6012 .ceS[ nisab reviR htamalK eht ni seitivitca dna spihsrentraP eht ni saera ytiroirp 41 fo 1 sa detsil si nisaB htamalK ehT :etoN( .margorP tnemecnahnE retaW lanoigeR noitavresnoc retaw tuo yrrac ot noillim eht rednu saera ytiroirp detsil 5 eht 05$ sedivorp ,llib mraf 2002 eht yb .noisivorp esuoH seteleD .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN fo eno sa nisab reviR htamalK eht stsiL dednema sa ,ASF eht fo )2()c(I0421 .ceS ]3092 .ceS[ .8002 ,03 rebmetpeS hguorht PCWSG gnitsixe eht rof doirep noitisnart a rof sedivorP ]8052 .ceS[ .PIQE rednu sa stimil tnemyap emas swolloF ]0152 .ceS[ .sedalgrevE eht dna ,nisaB htroN eht fo reviR deR eht ,nisaB reviR ippississiM )642-011 .L.P( )9142 .R.H( )9142 .R.H( )detacidnI esiwrehto sselnu( lliB mraF 8002 detcanE tnemdnemA etaneS lliB esuoH )171-701 .L.P( yciloP/waL roirP eulav tekram riaf gninimreted rof dohtem a ot derrefsnart eb ot PRC eht ni yltnerruc tub ,PRG eht otni PRC eht ni yltnerruc eht gnidrager noisivorp esuoH stpodA dnal niatrec refsnart ot ADSU swollA dnal niatrec refsnart ot ADSU swollA .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN ]3042 .ceS[ .tcartnoc PRC eht fo noitaripxe nopu seilppa ytiroirp eht taht yfiralc ot noitacifidom a htiw dnal PRC fo tnemllorne rof ytiroirp a stpodA .)snoitcerroc lacinhcet htiw( dnal elbigile dna ,ytirohtua ,ytitne elbigile fo noitinifed etaneS stpodA .stcartnoc mret trohs ot detacided eb dluow sdnuf ]1832 fo %04 elihw ,stnemesae ot detacided .ceS[ .tnemesae tnenamrep dna ,tnemesae ]n8383 .C.S.U 61[ .stnemeerga raey eb dluow sdnuf fo %06 taht wal tnerruc raey 03 ,tcartnoc raey 03 a hguorht 03 ni %06 dna ,raey 02-01 ni dellorne sniater ;stcartnoc mret gnol ni egaerca snoitpo tnemllorne PRG rof sedivorP dnal fo %04 seriuqeR .)serca suougitnoc fo %06 rof ytiroirp esuoH seteleD .stnemesae esahcrup ot seititne htiw ])b( dna )a(4012 .ceS[ .stnemesae 04 tsael ta ni slecrap dellorne lla( serca .stnemesae tnenamrep dna stcartnoc stnemeerga evitarepooc retne ot ADSU dna stnemeerga latner raey 03 gnisu noillim 0.2 ta rof tnemllorne mumixam latner raey-02 dna ,-51 ,-01 sedulcnI rof wolla dluow ytirohtua dna ytitne elbigilE dellorne eb ot serca eseht fo %06 tsael gnittes ,)PRG( margorP evreseR .2102 yb serca noillim 22.1 lanoitidda .tnemesae noitavresnoc tnenamrep dna ta htiw ,serca noillim 43.1 lanoitidda sdnalssarG eht ezirohtua ot ASF eht fo na fo laog tnemllorne egaerca na stpodA ,dnal elbigile ,ytitne elbigile :snoitinifed sddA na ta gniliec tnemllorne PRG eht steS N8321 .ceS dednema llib mraf 2002 ehT margorP evreseR dnalssarG ])c(1042 .ceS[ ])4()a(1483 .C.S.U 61[ .2102YF ni noillim 082$ dna ,1102YF .7002YF ni noillim 79$ dna ,6002YF ]1072 .ceS[ .)2102YF( noillim 002$ dna ni noillim 042$ ,0102YF ni noillim ni noillim 001$ ,5002YF dna 4002YF ;)1102YF( noillim 571$ ;)0102YF( noillim ])5()a(1042 .ceS[ 002$ ,9002YF ni noillim 051$ ,8002YF ni ni noillim 521$ ,3002YF ni noillim 051$ ;)9002YF( noillim 121$ ;)8002YF( .2102YF noillim 521$ ;ta dezirohtua si margorP 001$ ,2002YF ni noillim 05$ ;ta PPF noillim 79$ :gnidnuf PPF sezirohtuA hguorht 8002YF morf yllaunna noillim 79$ ta noitcetorP dnalhcnaR dna mraF eht rof gnidnuf yrotadnam sezirohtua .ytirohtua tegdub lanoitidda sedivorP dezirohtua si PPF eht rof gnidnuf yrotadnaM demaner eht rof gnidnuf yrotadnaM ,dednema sa ,ASF eht fo )4()a(1421 .ceS ]2042-1042 .ceS[ ]0112 .ceS[ .dohtem .seititne deifitrec-non dna deifitrec rof devorppa-yrtsudni na gnisu lasiarppa smret tnemeerga seifiralc dna ,seitivitca na yb denimreted si eulav tekram riaf larutlucirga htiw tnetsisnoc secafrus ]1732 .ceS[ .dradnats devorppa ehT .tnemesae eht fo eulav tekram riaf suoivrepmi no timil a sedulcnI .margorp -yrtsudni rehto yna ro ecitcarp lasiarppa desiarppa eht fo %05 deecxe ton yam eht fo ytirgetni eht tcetorp ot serudecorp lanoisseforp fo sdradnats mrofinu no desab ecnatsissa tub ,tnemesae na gnisahcrup raelc dna ,margorp eht fo sesoprup eht slasiarppa seriuqeR .snoitubirtnoc renwodnal rof ecnatsissa erahs-tsoc sedivorP htiw tnetsisnoc era taht ecalp ni secilop fo tnuoma eht no desab yap seititne stnuoma .tnemecrofne sti erusne ot tnemesae na ,stnemesae ecrofne ot secruoser dna muminim sehsilbatse dna eulav tekram ni noitatimil yrotucexe ro tnemecrofne ytirohtua eht evah tsum seititne ,deifitrec riaf desiarppa eht fo %05 ot tnemesae fo thgir tnegnitnoc laredef a sniateR .dednuf eb lliw seno hcihw enimreted emoceb oT .seititne elbigile lla rof llib eht gnisahcrup fo stsoc eht ni erahs .dnalporc elbidore ylhgih rof nalp ot enola tsoc esu ton yam ADSU esuoH eht ot ralimis ssecorp noitacifitrec nac ADSU tnuoma eht stimiL .noitatimil noitavresnoc a fo esu eht seriuqer dna ,elbarapmoc era snoitacilppa elpitlum )642-011 .L.P( )9142 .R.H( )9142 .R.H( )detacidnI esiwrehto sselnu( lliB mraF 8002 detcanE tnemdnemA etaneS lliB esuoH )171-701 .L.P( yciloP/waL roirP ot ytiroirp edivorp ot ADSU swollA .raey .sraey rep 000,05$ ot stnemyap latot stimil dna ]3932 .ceS[ .gnidnuf fo %52 ot %51 morf stnemeerga 51 naht regnol era taht stnemeerga %52 ot stcejorp mret-gnol rof stnemyap .snalp noitavresnoc efildliw dna hsif lanoitan mret-gnol rof sdnuf fo noitrop rof sraey yna ni elbaliava edam latot erahs-tsoc no timil sesiaR ".sdnal labirt dna ,lanoiger ,etats fo slaog eht retsof taht sesaercni ";noitarepo s'recudorp eht fo %51 ot pu htiw ,tatibah evorpmi dna ,dnal tserof etavirp lairtsudninon stcejorp ot ytiroirp evig ot ADSU seriuqer eht fo epocs cimonoce eht secuder" ohw srenwodnal ot gnirahs-tsoc ,dnal larutlucirga etavirp no tatibah ;gnidnuf fo %52 ot %51 morf stnemeerga taht stnemeriuqer yrotaluger teem gnidivorp ,)PIHW( margorP sevitnecnI efildliw fo tnempoleved eht rof`` sdnal mret-gnol rof sdnuf fo noitrop sesaercni ot desu eb ot sdnuf lanoitidda swolla tatibaH efildliW ezirohtua ot ASF eht fo no sucof ot ytilibigile margorp stimiL ;2102YF hguorht PIHW sezirohtuaeR ;2102YF hguorht PIHW sezirohtuaeR N0421 .ceS dednema llib mraf 6991 ehT margorP sevitnecnI tatibaH efildliW ])5()a(1483 .C.S.U 61[ ).timil gnidnuf on tub ,snoisivorp PRG ]6()a(1042 .ceS[ .timil .70-3002YF morf noillim 452$ ni timil tnemllorne egaerca steS :etoN( tnemllorne egaerca on htiw ,21-8002YF rof fo latot a ot PRG eht rof gnidnuf stimil .noisivorp etaneS seteleD noillim 042$ ot detimil gnidnuf PRG latoT .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN ,dednema sa ,ASF eht fo )5()a(1421 .ceS ]3042 .ceS[ .tnemecrofne fo thgir tnegnitnoc a rof tnemeriuqer a stpodA .stnemesae gnicrofne dna gniretsinimda fo stsoc emussa llahs seititne elbigile taht ])a(q8383 gniyficeps egaugnal eht ot noitacifidom ]1832 .ceS[ .stnemesae rotinom dna .C.S.U 61[ .noitazinagro etavirp a htiw seititne elbigile dna ADSU ,ecrofne ,nwo ,esahcrup ot seititne esoht rof ])e( 4012 .ceS[ .etats a ro ro etats a ot PRG eht ni tnemesae neewteb stnemeerga evitarepooc rof seititne elbigile htiw stnemeerga evitarepooc snoitazinagro etavirp a ot tnemesae na na fo eltit eht refsnart ot ADSU swolla noisivorp tnemdnema etaneS eht stpodA otni retne ot ADSU rof ytirohtua sedivorP fo eltit eht refsnart ot ADSU seriuqeR ,dednema sa ,ASF eht fo )a(Q8321 .ceS ])d( 4012 .ceS[ .margorP tnemecnahnE .noisivorp esuoH seteleD .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN evreseR sdnalssarG a sezirohtuA .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN ]1832 .ceS[ .snoitaredisnoc rehto dna ,stnemeerga evitarepooc rof stnem-eriuqer muminim ,sesu detibihorp dna dettimrep sa hcus ,stnemesae/stcartnoc ]o8383 .C.S.U 61[ PRG ot ylppa taht snoitidnoc/smret .detaulave eb ot era snoitacilppa seificepS .ecnatsissa lacinhcet woh dna ,stnemeerga dna stnemesae dna slevel noitasnepmoc enimreted ot woh fo smret ,PRG eht ni srenwodnal ]3042 .ceS[ seificepS .sreffo gnitaulave ni snoitaredisnoc fo stnemeriuqer dna seitud eht seificeps .segnahc htiw snoisivorp etaneS stpodA ADSU dna seitud renwodnal seificepS .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN ,dednema sa ,ASF eht fo O8321 .ceS ])c(4012 .ceS[ .eulav tekram ]1832 .ceS[ .raey taht ni PRG riaf etaluclac ot syaw deificeps ruof fo eht rof elbaliava gnidnuf latot eht fo %01 tsewol eht yap ADSU seriuqeR .dellorne ot raey radnelac yna ni derrefsnart latot eht serca PRG fo %01 naht erom on ]3042 .ceS[ .noitcerroc lacinhcet a htiw stimil tub ,PRG rednu tnemesae tnenamrep ot raey radnelac yna ni latot eht stimil )642-011 .L.P( )9142 .R.H( )9142 .R.H( )detacidnI esiwrehto sselnu( lliB mraF 8002 detcanE tnemdnemA etaneS lliB esuoH )171-701 .L.P( yciloP/waL roirP ]3-bb9383 .]5932 .ceS[ .stcejorp niatrec ot ytiroirp .C.S.U 61[ .7002YF hguorht yllaunna gnivig ,ygetarts noitarotser evitaroballoc noillim 5$ sedivorp dna ,lortnoC ]4062 .ceS[ a fo snoitadnemmocer tnemelpmi tnemideS dna noisorE lioS rof margorP .2102-8002YF yllaunna noillim pleh lliw margorp seificeps ;2102YF hguorht ]9012 .ceS[ .2102YF hguorht sekaL taerG a ezirohtua ot ASF eht fo 5$ sezirohtua dna ,margorp sezirohtuaeR snoitairporppa fo noitazirohtua sdnetxE snoitairporppa fo noitazirohtua sdnetxE P0421 .ceS dednema llib mraf 2002 ehT ]2-bb9383 .C.S.U 61[ .7002YF hguorht yllaunna noillim 5$ fo snoitairporppa sezirohtuA .smargorp noitcetorp ]7012 .ceS[ .tneps litnu retawdnuorg dna daehllew etarepo elbaliava niamer ot gnidnuf yrotadnam taht snoitaicossa retaw larur etats tsissa ]4932 .ceS[ ni noillim 01$ fo gnidnuf emit-eno ot margorP noitcetorP retaW ecruoS .)21-8002YF( gnidnuf yranoitercsid dna )21-8002YF( sdnuf yranoitercsid stoorssarG a ezirohtua ot ASF eht fo ]3062 .ceS[ .noisivorp etaneS stpodA ni yllaunna noillim 02$ sezirohtuA ni yllaunna noillim 02$ sezirohtuA O0421 .ceS dednema llib mraf 2002 ehT ])e(bb9383 ,C.S.U 61[ .7002YF hguorht yllaunna noillim 06$ fo snoitairporppa sezirohtuA .margorP dnaL gnizarG etavirP fo noitavresnoC ]1062 .ceS[ .2102YF hguorht ]2932 .ceS[ .2102YF hguorht ]8012 .ceS[ .2102YF hguorht eht ezirohtua ot ASF eht fo )e(M0421 snoitairporppa fo noitazirohtua sdnetxE snoitairporppa fo noitazirohtua sdnetxE snoitairporppa fo noitazirohtua sdnetxE .ceS dednema llib mraf 6991 ehT ]j8383 .C.S.U 61[ .7002YF hguorht "yrassecen era sa smus hcus" snoitairporppa sezirohtuA .margorP ytilibaiV ]2042 .ceS[ ]6932 .ceS[ .2102YF hguorht margorp ]1112 .ceS[ .2102YF hguorht margorp mraF a tnemelpmi ot stnarg edivorp .2102 hguorht margorp eht sezirohtuaeR rof gnidnuf yranoitercsid sezirohtuaeR rof gnidnuf yranoitercsid sezirohtuaeR ot ASF eht dednema llib mraf 2002 ehT smargorP noitavresnoC rehtO ])7()a(1483 .C.S.U 61[ .)70-5002YF( yllaunna noillim 58$ dna ,40-2002YF neewteb ])e(1042 .ceS[ .2102YF hguorht noillim 06$ ot noillim 51$ morf ]1072 .ceS[ .slevel tnerruc ])8()a(1042 .ceS[ yllaunna noillim 58$ ta dezirohtua gnisiar gnidnuf yrotadnam sezirohtua ta 2102YF hguorht margorp sezirohtuaeR .llib esuoH eht ot ralimiS si PIHW rof gnidnuf yrotadnaM ,dednema sa ,ASF eht fo )7()a(1421 .ceS ]2062 .ceS[ .sevitaitini noitavresnoc lanoitan dna ,lanoiger ,etatS yb desiar seussi sserdda taht stcejorp ]2112 .ceS[ ]1-bb9383 .C.S.U 61[ )642-011 .L.P( )9142 .R.H( )9142 .R.H( )detacidnI esiwrehto sselnu( lliB mraF 8002 detcanE tnemdnemA etaneS lliB esuoH )171-701 .L.P( yciloP/waL roirP sa srecudorp porc ytlaiceps rof snoisivorp ]2483 .C.S.U 61[ .ecnatsissa lacinhcet ralimis sedulcnI .snoitaredisnoc rehto gnoma ]2042 .ceS[ .srecudorp edivorp ot seititne laredef-non htiw ,smret tcartnoc mumixam dna muminim porc ytlaiceps fo sdeen eht gnidulcni stnemeerga evitarepooc sezirohtuA seificeps ,margorp noitavresnoc hcae ,snoitacificeps ecnatsissa lacinhcet .ADSU yb devorppa eb ot era sredivorp hguorht gnidnuf sedivorP .sdradnats etats lla fo etadpu/weiver a rof sllac ,setar woh seificeps dna redivorp ytrap driht ]6072 .ceS[ .ecnatsissa dehsilbatse evorppa dna airetirc noitacifitrec tekram gniliaverp tsael ta teg dluohs a gnisu ro yltcerid ecnatsissa lacinhcet lacinhcet fo yreviled eht gnidrager lanoitan poleved ot ADSU stceriD .stcartnoc sredivorp seificepS .stcartnoc gnisu fo yreviled ezirohtua ot ASF eht fo segnahc htiw noisivorp etaneS stpodA gnisu sredivorp ytrap driht fo esu sdnapxE sredivorp ytrap driht fo esu sdnapxE 2421 .ceS dednema llib mraf 2002 ehT ]d1483 .C.S.U 61[ .smargorp ]2042 .ceS[ .salumrof yrotadnam niatrec morf yllaunna noillim noitacolla etats etadpu ot ADSU stceriD 21$ tsael ta fo latot a etats hcae gnivig .noitaluclac siht ot dedda era stnemyap ,ytiuqe lanoiger etomorp ot margorp ]3072 .ceS[ ecnarusni porc dna ,noillim 51$ tsael ta ot ]4042 .ceS[ noillim 51$ tsael ta ot desiar a ezirohtua ot ASF eht fo )d(1421 .segnahc htiw noisivorp etaneS stpodA desiar si ytiuqe lanoiger rof gnidnuf launnA si ytiuqe lanoiger rof gnidnuf launnA .ceS dednema llib mraf 2002 ehT ]2101 .C.S.U 61[ .margorP noitatilibaheR dehsretaW ]3082 .ceS[ .dednepxe ]3022 .ceS[ .2102YF hguorht level llamS a rof gnidnuf yrotadnam litnu elbaliava niamer ot 9002YF ]4062 .ceS[ gnidnuf yranoitercsid 7002YF sdnetxe dna yranoitercsid sezirohtua )274 rof gnidnuf yrotadnam ni noillim 001$ .)21-8002YF( yllaunna gnidnuf yranoitercsid ;)21-9002YF( gnidnuf yrotadnam -601 .L.P( tcA noitneverP doolF dna sedivorp dna noisivorp esuoH stpodA ni yrassecen sa smus hcus sezirohtuA ni yllaunna noillim 05$ sezirohtuA noitcetorP dehsretaW eht fo )h(41 .ceS ]7251-8251 ]5062 .ceS[ .ADSU .C.S.U 61[ .tnempoleved ytinummoc ro yb detangised sa ,slicnuoc ot ecnatsissa ]2022 .ceS[ ,tnemeganam dnal/retaw ,noitavresnoc lacinhcet evorpmi ot rotanidrooc a .5002 ,03 enuJ erofeb seettimmoC sserdda ot nalp lanoiger a tnemelpmi rof sedivorP .licnuoc lacol a yb detcudnoc eb erutlucirgA etaneS dna esuoH dna poleved ot )D&CR( margorP tsum ssecorp gninnalp eht taht dna ,ssecorp eht ot noitaulave margorp a timbus ot tnempoleveD dna noitavresnoC gninnalp eht taht dna ,ssecorp del yllacol tnemeriuqer setanimilE .aera devorppa ecruoseR eht sezirohtua )7-801 a hguorht depoleved eb tsum nalp aera hcae tsissa ot rotanidrooc detangised .L.P ,1891 fo tcA dooF dna erutlucirgA( ]5082 .ceS[ .noisivorp etaneS stpodA na taht gniyfiralc ,noisivorp esuoH ot ralimiS a edivorp ot margorp D&CR sdnemA llib mraf 1891 eht fo 7351-8251 .sceS ])b(4251 .C.S.U ]1022 .ceS[ .ycnegA tnemeganaM ksiR 7[ .margorP ecnarusnI porC laredeF ]1082 .ceS[ eht ot %04 dna ;)ecnatsissa noitacifitrec eht ni setar noitapicitrap wol cirotsih .)2102-8002YF( gnidnuf yrotadnam cinagro rof( ecivreS gnitekraM evah taht setats detsil rof margorp ni noillim52$ lanoitidda na sedivorP ]1062 larutlucirgA ot %01 ;SCRN s'ADSU )AMA( ecnatsissA tnemeganaM .etatS elbigile na sa iiawaH edulcni .ceS[ .setats elbigile fo tsil eht ot ohadI sdda ot sdnuf fo %05 setacollA .setats elbigile larutlucirgA na sezirohtua tcA ecnarusnI ot segnahc htiw noisivorp esuoH stpodA ;2102YF hguorht margorp eht sezirohtuaeR fo tsil eht ot ainigriV dna iiawaH sddA porC laredeF eht fo )1()b(425 .ceS )642-011 .L.P( )9142 .R.H( )9142 .R.H( )detacidnI esiwrehto sselnu( lliB mraF 8002 detcanE tnemdnemA etaneS lliB esuoH )171-701 .L.P( yciloP/waL roirP rof tnemeriuqer eht seteleD .seicnega eussi seettimmocbus gnitaerc snoisivorp taht gniyficeps dna ,seitud gniniltuo gnitapicitrap fo seman eht etadpu wen sddA .noitavresnoc tuoba ,detneserper eb ot stseretni dna ot dna ,serudecorp gnitarepo dradnats ]1052 .ceS[ .CTS eht elbaegdelwonk snosrep rof tnemeriuqer srebmem gnidulcni ,)CTS( seettimmoc eettimmoc poleved ot ADSU eriuqer no detneserper spuorg fo tsil eht ot srenwo sevomeR .erutlucirga gnitneserper lacinhcet etats ezirohtua ot ASF eht fo ot segnahc htiw noisivorp esuoH stpodA dnal tserof etavirp lairtsudni-non sddA srecudorp 21 tsael ta evah CTS seificepS 1621 .ceS dednema llib mraf 0991 ehT ]eton1122 .C.S.U 34[ .sekal lanimret tresed larutan ksir-ta ]7062[ .nisaB reviR reklaW ot retaw rof noitamalceR fo uaeruB eht ]7082 .ceS[ .gnidnuf eht ni stseretni detaler dna dnal esahcrup ot ot sdnuf CCC fo noillim 002$ refsnart yrotadnam ni noillim 571$ sedivorP ro retaw esael ot desu eb ot sdnuf wolla ot ot ADSU ezirohtua ot ASF eht fo .segnahc htiw noisivorp etaneS stpodA noisivorp sekal lanimret tresed eht sdnemA .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN 7052 .ceS dednema llib mraf 2002 ehT ]9085-1085 .C.S.U 61[ .detnemelpmi neeb reven sah margorP .noitavresnoc etomorp ot desu eb lliw taht sdnuf etavirp esiar ot noitadnuoF noitavresnoC secruoseR ]6062 .ceS[ .noitadnuoF eht larutaN lanoitaN a ezirohtua ot ASF eht .noisivorp etaneS seteleD gnizirohtua snoisivorp suoremun sdnemA .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN fo 153 .ceS dednema llib mraf 6991 ehT ]1172 ]1052 .ceS[ .ceS[ .seettimmocbus sa spuorg gnikrow .eettimmoc lacol sdda dna eettimmoc lacinhcet lacinhcet etatS eht fo seettimmocbus spuorg ]2683-1683 .C.S.U 61[ etatS eht fo sgniteem rof nevig eb eciton krow lacol sekaM .eltit siht fo snoisivorp ]8042 .ceS[ .ytirohtua cilbup taht seriuqeR .seettimmocbus noitavresnoc eht fo noitatnemelpmi .smret lareneg erom ni seitilibisnopser tnemecrofne ro noitatnemelpmi aera-eussi cificeps gnihsilbatse eht rof senilediug lacinhcet fo tnempoleved sebircsed ;scipot laitnetop stsil on htiw yrosivda era seettimmoc rof tnemeriuqer eht seteled dna ,seicnega eht ni eettimmoc lacinhcet etatS eht dna seettimmocbus gnitaerc snoisivorp taht gniyficeps dna ,seitud gniniltuo gnitapicitrap fo seman eht setadpu yb desu eb ot serudecorp gnitarepo dradnats wen sdda ;noitavresnoc tuoba ,detneserper eb ot stseretni dna ,serudecorp gnitarepo eettimmoc poleved ot ADSU seriuqeR .CTS eht elbaegdelwonk snosrep rof tnemeriuqer srebmem gnidulcni ,)CTS( seettimmoc dradnats poleved ot ADSU eriuqer no detneserper spuorg fo tsil eht ot srenwo sevomer ;erutlucirga gnitneserper lacinhcet etats ezirohtua ot ASF eht fo ot segnahc htiw noisivorp esuoH stpodA dnal tserof etavirp lairtsudni-non sddA srecudorp 21 tsael ta evah CTS seificepS 1621 .ceS dednema llib mraf 0991 ehT ]8072 .ceS[ .tnemtcane retfa ]5042 .ceS[ .noitazinagro raey 1 naht retal ton stnemeriuqer eht recudorp a hguorht smargorp rof ylppa ot ]5042 ])a(4483 .C.S.U 61[ fo noitelpmoc eht no ssergnoC ot troper srecudorp swollA .tcA seicepS deregnadnE .ceS[ .ssecorp noitacilppa denilmaerts .smargorp noitavresnoc ni etapicitrap ADSU seriuqeR .noisivorp noitcetorp eht rednu renwodnal eht ot secnarussa a poleved ot ADSU seriuqeR ot sebirt naidnI dna srehcnar/sremraf rotanillop a osla dna ,snoitpmexe robraH efaS rof sedivorP .smargorp .srehcnar dna sremraf ecruoser detimil gninnigeb ot sevitnecni edivorp ot dna snoitatimil egaerca niatrec edulcni noitavresnoc rof ssecorp noitacilppa dna degatnavdasid yllaicos edulcni ADSU ezirohtua ot ASF eht fo )a(4421 ot segnahc htiw noisivorp esuoH stpodA denilmaerts a poleved ot ADSU seriuqeR ot sevitnecni margorp ot ssecca sdnapxE .ceS dednema llib mraf 2002 ehT ]4042 .ceS[ .llib esuoH eht )642-011 .L.P( )9142 .R.H( )9142 .R.H( )detacidnI esiwrehto sselnu( lliB mraF 8002 detcanE tnemdnemA etaneS lliB esuoH )171-701 .L.P( yciloP/waL roirP sezirohtuA .scitsiretcarahc evif yb denifed ,dnal elbigile rof margorP noitav .noisivorp seteleD .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN -resnoC slioS kcuM wen a sezirohtuA .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN ]4072 .ceS[ .srehcnar ro sremraf ]3042 .ceS[ .erom ro 000,51$ fo degatnavdasid yllaicos tsissa ot hcae fo selas ssorg launna htiw srehcnar dna sremraf %5 lanoitidda na dna ,srehcnar ro sremraf degatnavdasid yllaicos dna gninnigeb tsissa ot gninnigeb tsissa ot desu eb sdnuf PIQE desu eb )PRC dna PRW fo sesac eht ni serca fo %5 dna serca PSC fo %5 taht sedivorP ro( sdnuf eht fo %01 gniriuqer ,margorp .segnahc htiw noisivorp etaneS stpodA sseccA noitavresnoC wen a setaerC .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN ]3032 .ceS[ .2102YF hguorht yllaunna noillim 02$ fo gnidnuf ]6062 .ceS[ .stnediser yranoitercsid sezirohtuA .seitiroirp -non dna stnediser rof tnetsisnoc ton era drawa dna stnetnoc noitacilppa etatS eht ni gnitnuh drib yrotargim rof ])9()a(1042 .ceS dna 9932 .ceS[ steS .noitaercer tnedneped-efildliw setad gninepo eht fi tnuoma tnarg latot .)2102-8002YF( yllaunna gnidnuf yrotadnam rof ssecca cilbup edivorp ot srenwo eht rof noitcuder %52 a sedulcnI .2102 ni raey rep noillim 02$ sedivorp dna cilbup -dnal egaruocne ot margorP evitnecnI -9002YF doirep eht rof sdnuf yrotadnam eht ot elbaliava eb dluow sdnal gnitapicitrap tatibaH dna sseccA cilbuP yratnuloV ni noillim 05$ gnidivorp ,tnemdnema fo noitacol eht erehw setatS ot ytiroirp wen a hguorht stnarg etats sezirohtua na htiw noisivorp etaneS stpodA a sedulcni dna ,llib esuoH eht ot ralimiS noisivorp "sdleiF nepO" dellac-os ehT .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN ]5062 .ceS[ .)2102YF( noillim 05$ dna ;)1102YF( ]1032 .ceS[ .)2102YF( noillim 27$ ;)0102YF( noillim 34$ noillim 55$ ot gnisir ,)8002YF( noillim ;)9002YF( noillim 32$ fo sdnuf yrotadnam 01$ ta gnidnuf yrotadnam steS .noillim sedivorP .sreviR tnexutaP dna ,camotoP 5$ deecxe ton lliw tub ,%53 tsael ,haodnanehS ,annaheuqsuS eht ot ytiroirp ta eb lliw tcejorp hcae rof erahs tsoc sevig tub ,yaB ekaepasehC eht otni laredef-non ehT .sdehsretaw deificeps gniniard ,sdehsretaw gnidulcni ,slennahc ruof seifitnedI .stcejorp noitavreserp edis dna ,sretawkcab ,seiratubirt dna ,tnemecnahne ,noitarotser lla ot seilppA .margorP dehsretaW ).PIQE fo trap tuo yrrac ot lortnoC tnemideS yaB ekaepasehC margorp semaneR a sa dezirohtua si margorp yaB ekaepasehC dna noitcudeR tneirtuN rof margorP .segnahc htiw noisivorp esuoH stpodA ehT :etoN( .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN yaB ekaepasehC wen a sezirohtuA .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN smargorP noitavresnoC weN ]2683-1683 .C.S.U 61[ .ytirohtua ]1172 .ceS[ .seettimmocbus ]8042 .ceS[ .smret lareneg tnemecrofne ro noitatnemelpmi aera-eussi cificeps gnihsilbatse erom ni seitilibisnopser sebircseD .saera on htiw yrosivda era seettimmoc )642-011 .L.P( )9142 .R.H( )9142 .R.H( )detacidnI esiwrehto sselnu( lliB mraF 8002 detcanE tnemdnemA etaneS lliB esuoH )171-701 .L.P( yciloP/waL roirP ]1052 .ceS[ .smargorp noitavresnoc rof ytilibigile enimreted ot noitatimil emocni ssorg detsujda gnitaluclac nehw emocni mraf fo noitinifed ot snoitarepo gnildnah .noisivorp seteleD .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN dna gnikcap detailiffa morf emocni sddA .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN ]7042 .ceS[ .tneps litnu elbaliava niamer ot stnuoma ]9072 .ceS[ .secruoser elbaliava esu detairporppa htiw ,gnidnuf yranoitercsid ot ADSU gnitcepxe ,sdnuf ezirohtua ton ]6042 .ceS[ ".yrassecen era sa smus ni noillim 05$ sezirohtuA .seicnega seoD .stekram nobrac no yllaitini sucof hcus" fo gnidnuf yranoitercsid sezirohtuA laredef ot sdradnats ecnamrofrep ot ADSU stceriD .)sreifirev ytrap driht .ssergnoC ot stroper eerht seriuqeR etanimessid dna stekram tiderc fo noitaredisnoc rof gniwolla( ssecorp .)noitacifirev dna ,gnitnuocca ,noitacifitnauq( fo tnempoleved eht etatilicaf ot slaiciffo noitacifirev a hsilbatse ot dna secivres stnenopmoc krowemarf tnaveler laredef roines fo draoB sdradnatS latnemnorivne gnirusaem rof senil seifitnedi dna krowemarf a poleved ot secivreS latnemnorivnE del-ADSU a -ediug lacinhcet hsilbatse ot ,ADSU yb stseretni tnemnrevog-non dna tnemnrevog sehsilbatsE .stnarg drawa dna ,stcartnoc denimreted sa ,snosrep detseretni rehto deificeps htiw ssecorp evitaroballoc ,hcraeser dednuf-ADSU fo esu dna stseretni latnemnrevognon ,seicnega a esu ot ADSU stceriD .egarots nobrac seificepS .noitavresnoc desab-tekram tnemnrevog etats dna laredef rehto htiw gnipoleved ot ytiroirp gnivig ,stekram ecivres etomorp ot secivres latnemnorivne noitatlusnoc ni krow ot ADSU stceriD latnemnorivne desab yrtserof dna erutlucirga desab yrtserof dna erutlucirga .segnahc htiw noisivorp esuoH stpodA poleved ot noisivorp wen a sezirohtuA poleved ot noisivorp wen a sezirohtuA .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN .llib esuoH ]6042 .ceS[ .ssecca margorp eht fo tnetni eht etadommocca ot ASF fo recudorp evorpmi ot woh gnidulcni 4421 noitceS fo snoisivorp ecnamrofrep ,smargorp noitavresnoc ni noitapicitrap dna ecnailpmoc eht deifidom sah ti setats recudorp porc ytlaiceps no troper troper sreganam ehT .noisivorp seteleD .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN launna na timbus ot ADSU seriuqeR .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN ]9042 .ceS[ .slaudividni ot detubirtta ]7-aa9383 dna ,c8383 ,4383 .C.S.U 61[ eb dluohs stnemyap woh senifeD .doirep raey-6 yna ni stcartnoc .)PRG ,PPRF ,PRW tpecxe( noitavresnoc lla rof 000,054$ ot stnemyap PIQE lla rednu 000,521$ ot stnemyap latot stimil dna ,PSC eht ni sreit 3 fo hcae rof stimil ;margorp elgnis yna rof 000,06$ stimil tnemyap stes ,raey rep 000,05$ ot .noitces siht ot stnemyap launna stimiL .egaugnal stnemyap PRC stimil wal tnerruC :etoN( seteled dna llib eht fo noitces hcae nihtiw timil tnemyap noitavresnoc gnitsixe stimil tnemyap secalP .noisivorp seteleD .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN gniteled ,stimil tnemyap wen sezirohtuA .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN ]3032 .ceS[ .erca rep 005$-003$ neewteb stnemyap htiw ,2102YF hguorht yllaunna noillim 05$ fo snoitairporppa )642-011 .L.P( )9142 .R.H( )9142 .R.H( )detacidnI esiwrehto sselnu( lliB mraF 8002 detcanE tnemdnemA etaneS lliB esuoH )171-701 .L.P( yciloP/waL roirP dna noitavresnoc ycnegreme srehto owt secalpeR .stneve larutan yb degamad sepacsdnal riaper ot margorP noitarotseR .noisivorp seteleD epacsdnaL ycnegremE na sezirohtuA .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN ]7932 .ceS[ .yrassecen era sa sdnuf yranoitercsid sezirohtuA .nisab reviR ippississiM reppU eht ni sdehsretaw llams 03 ni sretaw ecafrus otni stneirtun fo ssol ecuder ot margorP noitartsnomeD .noisivorp seteleD dehsretaW yrevocsiD a sezirohtuA .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN ]1432 .ceS[ .slaog elbitapmoc sa noitcudorp dna noitavresnoc setomorp dna ,noitavresnoc segaruocne ,sdnamed yrotaluger steem ,snrecnoc ecruoser .margorp wen a etaerc ton denifed sesserddA .PIQE dna )evoba seod llib esuoH eht ,revewoh ";nrecnoc ees( margorP pihsdrawetS noitavresnoC fo secruoser ytiroirp" senifed llib esuoH ).smargorp gnitsixe ni ,evoba ,margorP ]1032 .ceS[ wen a fo noitartsinimda etanidrooc eht ,elpmaxe roF .segnahc detaler emos ytiruceS noitavresnoC eht eeS :etoN( .margorP pihsdrawetS noitavresnoC eht ot margorP sevitnecnI pihsdrawetS rof ,)evoba debircsed( margorP ytiruceS PSC semaneR .noisivorp etaneS seteleD evisneherpmoC wen a sezirohtuA noitavresnoC eht no 3012 noitces eeS .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN ]1432 .ceS[ .snoitator porc lamitpo eveihca ot ]4052 .ceS snoitator porc gnivresnoc-ecruoser tpoda ot .)21-8002YF( yllaunna noillim 01$ ot eerga ohw srecudorp ot stnemyap lanoitidda pu snoitairporppa sezirohtua ;noitator edivorp ot ADSU gnitcerid ,PSC nihtiw porc raey 4 a rof recudorp tunaep ]1032 .ceS[ .noisivorp etaneS stpodA dedivorp tub ,noisivorp esuoH ot ralimiS a htiw tcartnoc ot ADSU seriuqeR .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN ]3052 .ceS[ .)PPRF eht tnemelpmi ot dedivorp tnuoma eht fo %5.0 gnideecxe ton( 000,004$ tsael ta fo sdnuf gnihctam laredef seificepS .noitamrofni detaler dna siht etubirtsid ot retnec noitamrofni dnalmraf eno tsael ta etangised dna dnalmraf evitcudorp fo ecnatropmi eht no .noisivorp seteleD .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN noitamrofni poleved ot ADSU seriuqeR .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN ]2052 .ceS[ .sporc ytlaiceps rof secitcarp elbaniatsus yratnulov fo tnempoleved .noisivorp seteleD .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN egaruocne ot ADSU swollA .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN )642-011 .L.P( )9142 .R.H( )9142 .R.H( )detacidnI esiwrehto sselnu( lliB mraF 8002 detcanE tnemdnemA etaneS lliB esuoH )171-701 .L.P( yciloP/waL roirP ot snoitcerroc lacinhcet gnikam noisivorp ot tnemtrapeD etatS eht eriuqer ot ])d(o631 etaneS seteleD ]90241 .ceS[ .sesnepxe fo .C.S.U 7[ )ARFIF( tcA edicitnedoR dna tnemyap no noisivorp etaneS eht stpodA ,edicignuF ,edicitcesnI laredeF eht sdnemA .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN ]9062 .ceS[ .laitnetop egrahcer s'refiuqA alallagO eht fo yduts a ni gnitapicitrap fo tluser a sa stifeneb margorp ]1092 .ceS[ .noisivorp etaneS stpodA esol saxeT ni srecudorp on taht seriuqeR .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN ]02021 .ceS[ .etats eht yb detcele fi ,aerA ytiroirP lanoitaN elohtoP eiriarP ]8062 .ceS[ .5991 ecnis ,ytnuoc yb eht ni dnalporc ot detrevnoc eiriarp ,egaerca dnalporc ni segnahc no ,retfaereht nigriv ot ylppa yaM .gnitnalp fo sraey yllaunna dna ,tnemtcane fo syad 081 nihtiw ]70011 .ceS[ .gnitnalp fo sraey 4 tsrif 5 tsrif eht rof margorp ecnatsissa retsasid troper ot ADSU stceriD .margorp ecnatsissa eht rof ecnarusni porc rof elbigileni porc porc derusninon eht dna ecnarusni retsasid porc derusninon eht dna ecnarusni elbarusni na ot detnalp )dnalerutsap porc rof elbigileni )serca 5 revo( porc porc rof elbigileni )serca 5 revo( porc dna dnalssarg evitan gnidulcni( elbarusni na ot detnalp sdos evitan sekaM elbarusni na ot detnalp sdos evitan sekaM dnalporcnon noisivorp "revasdos" ehT .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN ]3062 .ceS[ .sraey 01 yreve deussi eb ot secruoser detaler dna retaw ,lios fo lasiarppa lanoitan a seriuqer ;8202 hguorht 7791 fo tcA noitavresnoC secruoseR retaW dna lioS eht sezirohtuaeR .snoisivorp ecnatsissa lacinhcet wen setaerc dna snoitinifed gnidivorp yb 5391 fo tcA tnemtollA citsemoD ]2082 .ceS[ .noisivorp etaneS stpodA dna noitavresnoC lioS eht sdnemA .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN ]2062 .ceS[ ]0172 .ceS[ .redlo ro sraey 55 slaudividni deifilauq gnisu .)sksat evitartsinimda gnidulcxe( ecnatsissa lacinhcet edivorp ot snoitazinagro ecnatsissa lacinhcet ylno gnidivorp ot htiw stnemeerga otni retne nac ADSU ytirohtua siht rednu deyolpme slaudividni taht hcus ,margorP ecivreS decneirepxE stimil tub ,noisivorp etaneS stpodA noitavresnoC erutlucirgA wen a sezirohtuA .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN ]5042 .ceS[ .noitazinagro eht ton ,recudorp hcae ot ylppa stimil tnemyap ;stifeneb margorp dna noitapicitrap .noitces siht esaercni lliw siht fi ,snoitazinagro seteled dna llib eht fo noitces hcae nihtiw niatrec hguorht yltceridni smargorp rof stimil tnemyap secalP .noisivorp seteleD ylppa ohw srecudorp tsissa ot ADSU stceriD .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN ]8932 .ceS[ .smargorp dehsretaw )642-011 .L.P( )9142 .R.H( )9142 .R.H( )detacidnI esiwrehto sselnu( lliB mraF 8002 detcanE tnemdnemA etaneS lliB esuoH )171-701 .L.P( yciloP/waL roirP stnemyap PEWA )3( dna ;ecnacifingis latnemnorivne laiceps evah ot denimreted dnal rof stnemyap PIQE )2( ;retaerg ro 000,052$ ta deulav stnemyap PRG dna ,PPF ,PRW )1( gnidulcni ,smargorp noitavresnoc rednu ecnatsissa dna stnemllorne gnidrager troper launna na ssergnoC ot timbus ot ADSU tceriD .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN ]2072 .ceS[ .dednepxe litnu dna noitairporppa rehtruf tuohtiw ,ADSU ot elbaliava eb llahs dna detisoped eb margorp noitavresnoc a rof deviecer sdnuf laredeF -non fo snoitubirtnoc taht sedivorP .sdnuf laredeF-non fo snoitubirtnoc tpecca ot margorp noitavresnoc ADSU hcae rof tnuocca-bus a hsilbatse ot smargorp noitavresnoc troppus ot snoitubirtnoc tpecca ot ADSU sezirohtuA .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN ]1162 .ceS[ .dettimbus si troper eht retfa syad 03 litnu dednepxe eb yam sdnuf on taht setalupits ]6082 .ceS[ .dnuF nisaB reviR odaroloC ;noitatnemelpmi margorp desoporp reppU eht morf devired erahs tsoc setats eht gnibircsed ssergnoC ot troper gninnalp nisab eht no tnemeriuqer pac %51 eht ro a seriuqeR .seititne laredef-non ro laredef ot ;sdnuf owt eht neewteb tilps egatnecrep sdnuf fo tnemecnavda eht ro ,stnemtimmoc ])a(2951 .C.S.U 34[ eht ;tca eht ni dehsilbatse ydaerla tnarg ,stnarg fo mrof eht ni ecnatsissa .margorp lortnoc ytinilas nisaB reviR soitar erahs tsoc eht ot segnahc on era ot detaler licnuoC yrosivdA lortnoC odaroloC eht fo egats laitini eht sa stinu ereht setatS .sdnuf nisab eht no sward ot ytinilaS nisaB reviR odaroloC eht htiw lortnoc ytinilas cificeps eht niatniam sa dna snoitairporppa ot sa htob lartuen tlusnoc ot IOD seriuqeR .seitivitca lortnoc dna ,etarepo ,tcurtsnoc ot IOD yllacsif eb ot noisivorp siht setats troper ytinilas deificeps gnitnemelpmi margorp sezirohtua 4791 fo tcA lortnoC ytinilaS sregnaM ehT .noisivorp etaneS stpodA setats nisab a etaerc ot tca eht sdnemA .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN reviR odaroloC eht fo )a(202 .ceS ]2162 .ceS[ .secnatsmucric niatrec rednu eef ecivres noitartsiger edicitsep eht fo noitrop a eviaw ot rotartsinimdA ]90141 .ceS[ APE eht wolla ot ]8-w631 .C.S.U 7[ ARFIF fo 33 .ces sdnemA ]0162 .ceS[ .seitivitca .noisivorp gnilcycer reniatnoc lanoitanretni niatrec htiw detaicossa a sedulcni tub ,noitartsiger edicitsep seeyolpme APE yb derrucni sesnepxe yap )642-011 .L.P( )9142 .R.H( )9142 .R.H( )detacidnI esiwrehto sselnu( lliB mraF 8002 detcanE tnemdnemA etaneS lliB esuoH )171-701 .L.P( yciloP/waL roirP ]4092 .ceS[ .II eltit tnemelpmi ot yrassecen ,tnemtcane fo etad eht retfa syad 09 naht retal ton snoitaluger etaglumorp ot ,CCC eht htiw noitatlusnoc ni ,ADSU stceriD-- ]2092 .ceS[ .greB .A namroN fo ronoh ni ,DM ,ellivstleB ta retneC slairetaM tnalP lanoitaN eht semaN-- :snoisivorp suoenallecsim rehtO .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN ]4082 .ceS[ .smargorp dna slasiarppa ot stnemevorpmi fo sepyt eht no 2102 ylrae ni troper a seriuqeR .)5102 dna 0102 dne-raey yb detelpmoc( noitavresnoc ecruoser larutan detaler dna ,retaw ,lios fo yrotnevni dna slasiarppa evisneherpmoc owt tcudnoc ot ADSU eriuqer ot 7791 fo tcA noitavresnoC secruoseR retaW dna lioS eht sdnemA .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN .noisivorp elbarapmoc oN ]5072 .ceS[ .ecnacifingis laiceps fo dnal evitisnes yllatnemnorivne tcetorp ot ADSU yb detnarg sreviaw rof swollA .snoitatimil emocni ssorg detsujda fo reviaw eht ot tcejbus )642-011 .L.P( )9142 .R.H( )9142 .R.H( )detacidnI esiwrehto sselnu( lliB mraF 8002 detcanE tnemdnemA etaneS lliB esuoH )171-701 .L.P( yciloP/waL roirP Tadlock Cowan Megan Stubbs Analyst in Natural Resources and Rural Analyst in Agricultural Conservation and Natural Development Resources Policy tcowan@crs.loc.gov, 7-7600 mstubbs@crs.loc.gov, 7-8707 Renée Johnson Specialist in Agricultural Policy rjohnson@crs.loc.gov, 7-9588 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL34557