For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL34098 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ¢ ¢ Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress ¢ The U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) originated in an act of July 16, 1798, that authorized marine hospitals for the care of American merchant seamen. Over the years, the scope and responsibilities of the act and the service have broadened. The Public Health Service Act of July 1, 1944, revised and consolidated into one law all legislation existing at that time relating to programs and activities of the PHS. The act, codified at 42 U.S.C. § 201 et seq., has been amended and extended nearly every year since 1944 and currently includes 29 titles. The PHS Act is administered by the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) through eight operating agencies. Those agencies are · the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), · the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), · the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), · the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), · the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), · the Indian Health Service (IHS), · the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and · the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry is administered by the Director of the CDC, and the two agencies are discussed together in this report. Together, the PHS agencies administer more than 300 programs that cover a wide spectrum of health-related activities. Funding for the PHS agencies is provided through three different appropriations acts. Total discretionary appropriations to these agencies for FY2008 totaled $50.6 billion. For each of the PHS agencies, this report describes the mission, organization, key programs, history, and legislative authorities, and provides budget tables for FY2007 through the FY2009 request. It will be updated as legislative and other events warrant. Overview and History of the Public Health Service........................................................................ 1 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) .................................................................. 5 Mission...................................................................................................................................... 5 Organization and Key Programs ............................................................................................... 5 History and Legislative Authorities........................................................................................... 7 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)........................................................................................................... 9 Mission...................................................................................................................................... 9 Organization and Key Programs ............................................................................................... 9 History and Legislative Authorities..........................................................................................11 Food and Drug Administration...................................................................................................... 13 Mission.................................................................................................................................... 13 Organization and Key Programs ............................................................................................. 14 History and Legislative Authorities......................................................................................... 15 Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) .............................................................. 18 Mission.................................................................................................................................... 18 Organization and Key Programs ............................................................................................. 19 History and Legislative Authorities......................................................................................... 20 Indian Health Service (IHS) .......................................................................................................... 23 Mission.................................................................................................................................... 23 Organization and Key Programs ............................................................................................. 23 History and Legislative Authorities......................................................................................... 24 National Institutes of Health (NIH) ............................................................................................... 26 Mission.................................................................................................................................... 26 Organization and Key Programs ............................................................................................. 27 History and Legislative Authorities......................................................................................... 29 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) ................................. 31 Mission.................................................................................................................................... 31 Organization and Key Programs ............................................................................................. 32 History and Legislative Authorities......................................................................................... 33 Additional Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports ......................................................... 35 Links to Selected Reports on Current Legislative Issues ........................................................ 35 Table 1. Titles in the Public Health Service Act .............................................................................. 1 Table 2. Public Health Service (PHS) Agency Budgets: Summary Table....................................... 4 Table 3. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)..................................................... 8 Table 4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR).................................................................................................. 12 Table 5. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ............................................................................ 17 Table 6. Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)................................................. 21 Table 7. Indian Health Service (IHS) ............................................................................................ 25 Table 8. National Institutes of Health (NIH) ................................................................................. 30 Table 9. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA).................... 34 Author Contact Information .......................................................................................................... 36 Key Policy Staff ............................................................................................................................ 36 ¢ The Public Health Service Act (PHS Act) authorizes programs for the conduct, support, and coordination of "research, investigations, experiments, demonstrations, and studies relating to the causes, diagnosis, treatment, control, and prevention of physical and mental diseases and impairments of man, including water purification, sewage treatment, and pollution of lakes and streams."1 The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is the executive branch department responsible for carrying out the provisions of the PHS Act. The Public Health Service originated in an act of July 16, 1798. That act authorized marine hospitals to care for American merchant seamen. Over the years, the scope and responsibilities of the PHS Act and the Service have broadened. The Public Health Service Act of July 1, 1944, revised and consolidated into one law all legislation existing at that time relating to programs and activities of the PHS. The act has been amended and extended nearly every year since 1944 and currently includes 29 titles. A list of titles in the act is provided in Table 1. A compilation of the PHS Act, as amended through December 31, 2004, is available at http://energycommerce.house.gov/108/pubs/109_health.pdf. 1 elbaT tcA ecivreS htlaeH cilbuP eht ni seltiT. I eltiT snoitinifeD dna eltiT trohS II eltiT snoisivorP suoenallecsiM dna noitartsinimdA III eltiT ecivreS htlaeH cilbuP fo seituD dna srewoP lareneG VI eltiT setutitsnI hcraeseR lanoitaN V eltiT noitartsinimdA secivreS htlaeH latneM dna esubA ecnatsbuS IV eltiT seitilicaF lacideM rehtO dna slatipsoH fo noitazinredoM dna noitcurtsnoC rof ecnatsissA IIV eltiT noitacudE snoisseforP htlaeH IIIV eltiT tnempoleveD ecrofkroW gnisruN XI eltiT ytilauQ dna hcraeseR erachtlaeH rof ycnegA X eltiT smargorP gninnalP ylimaF yratnuloV dna hcraeseR noitalupoP IX eltiT emordnyS htaeD tnafnI nedduS dna ,smargorP ailihpomeH ,sesaesiD citeneG IIX eltiT eraC amuarT IIIX eltiT snoitazinagrO ecnanetniaM htlaeH VIX eltiT smetsyS retaW cilbuP fo ytefaS VX eltiT srecnaC lacivreC dna tsaerB ot tcepseR htiw serusaeM htlaeH evitneverP IVX eltiT tnempoleveD secruoseR htlaeH IIVX eltiT noitomorP htlaeH dna noitamrofnI htlaeH IIIVX eltiT dna lacidemoiB dna enicideM ni smelborP lacihtE fo ydutS eht rof noissimmoC s'tnediserP hcraeseR laroivaheB XIX eltiT stnarG kcolB 1 Section 301 of the PHS Act, codified at 42 U.S.C. § 241(a). I eltiT snoitinifeD dna eltiT trohS XX eltiT stcejorP noitartsnomeD efiL ylimaF tnecselodA IXX eltiT seniccaV IIXX eltiT seeyolpmE lacoL dna etatS niatreC rof snalP htlaeH puorG niatreC rof stnemeriuqeR IIIXX eltiT emordnyS ycneicifeD enummI deriuqcA ot tcepseR htiw hcraeseR VIXX eltiT emordnyS ycneicifeD enummI deriuqcA ot tcepseR htiw secivreS htlaeH VXX eltiT emordnyS ycneicifeD enummI deriuqcA fo noitneverP IVXX eltiT margorP secivreS eraC htlaeH VIH IIVXX eltiT egarevoC ecnarusnI htlaeH fo ytilibaweneR dna ,ytilibaliavA ,ytilibatroP gnirussA IIIVXX eltiT seicnegremE htlaeH cilbuP rehtO dna msirorretoiB rof ssenderaperP lanoitaN XIXX eltiT eraC etipseR napsefiL ,ecremmoC dna ygrenE no eettimmoC ,sevitatneserpeR fo esuoH .S.U morf SRC yb delipmoC :secruoS tsuguA ,waL htlaeH :ecremmoC dna ygrenE no eettimmoC eht fo noitcidsiruJ eht nihtiW stcA detceleS fo noitalipmoC tcA eraC etipseR napsefiL ,244-901 .L.P dna ,fdp.htlaeh_901/sbup/801/vog.esuoh.ecremmocygrene//:ptth 5002 .6002 fo Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1966 transferred all statutory power and functions of the Surgeon General and other officers and agencies of the PHS to the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW).2 In 1979, the Department of Education Organization Act (P.L. 96-88) provided for a separate Department of Education, and HEW was officially redesignated as HHS on May 4, 1980. HHS has designated eight agencies as Public Health Service operating divisions.3 Those agencies are · the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), · the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), · the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), · the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), · the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), · the Indian Health Service (IHS), · the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and · the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry is administered by the Director of the CDC, and the two agencies are discussed together in this report. The missions and key functions of the PHS agencies vary. Two of them principally conduct and support research: NIH conducts and supports basic, clinical, and translational medical research, 2 The House and Senate held hearings on President Johnson's reorganization plan, but no further legislative action was taken. The plan became effective June 25, 1966, 80 Stat. 1610. 3 The HHS "family of agencies" also includes the following, which are not part of the PHS: Office of the Secretary, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Aging, and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. See links at http://www.hhs.gov/. and AHRQ conducts and supports research on the quality and effectiveness of health care services and systems. One agency, IHS, provides or directly funds health care services for members of the nation's federally recognized Indian tribes. Two agencies support the provision of health care services, or the systems that provide them, for a number of other special populations: HRSA funds programs and systems to improve access to health care among low-income populations, pregnant women and children, persons living with HIV/AIDS, rural and frontier populations, and others, and SAMHSA funds programs and systems that provide mental health and substance abuse prevention and treatment services. CDC/ATSDR develops and supports public health prevention programs and systems, such as disease surveillance and provider education programs, for a full spectrum of acute and chronic diseases and injuries, including public health emergencies such as bioterrorism. Although the agencies above have limited regulatory responsibilities, if any, the FDA's mission is almost entirely regulatory, ensuring the safety of foods and the safety and effectiveness of drugs, vaccines, medical devices, and other health products. Table 2 presents total budgets for each of the agencies for FY2007 through the FY2009 request. Detailed budget tables are provided with each agency discussion. Five of the agencies (AHRQ, CDC, HRSA, NIH, and SAMHSA) receive the bulk of their funding through the annual appropriations act for the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies (Labor-HHS-ED). ATSDR and IHS funds are provided through the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies appropriation, and FDA receives its funding through the Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies appropriation. As part of the President's annual budget proposal, HHS presents a common request for all of its components. Documents supporting the HHS budget request for FY2009, including a summary called the Budget in Brief and links to the "Congressional justification" materials prepared for the Appropriations Committees, may be found at http://www.hhs.gov/budget/ docbudget.htm. The PHS Evaluation Set-Aside, also called the PHS Evaluation Tap, is a unique budget transfer feature for agencies and offices authorized by the PHS Act and funded by the Labor-HHS-ED appropriations act. Section 241 of the PHS Act (42 U.S.C. § 238j) authorizes the Secretary to use a portion of eligible appropriations to assess the effectiveness of federal health programs and to identify ways to improve them. Funds are also used for activities that support the infrastructure for evaluation of health programs, such as data-gathering and analysis. Although the PHS Act limits the set-aside to no more than 1% of program appropriations, in recent years the annual Labor-HHS-ED appropriations act has specified a higher maximum amount of funds that may be set aside for evaluation (currently 2.4% of the eligible portions of agency budgets).4 HHS identifies the amount of set-aside funds to be "tapped," primarily from the appropriations of NIH, HRSA, CDC, and SAMHSA, and determines the amount of funding to be made available to each "recipient" agency or program, including several offices within the Office of the HHS Secretary. Many of the recipient programs are specified by Congress in the appropriations act. 4 The current provision is found in § 206 of the FY2008 Labor-HHS-ED appropriations act, P.L. 110-161, Division G. Most of the funds appropriated for CDC, HRSA, NIH, and SAMHSA are subject to the PHS evaluation tap. Exceptions, by HHS convention, include funds appropriated for certain block grants (Prevention, Substance Abuse, and Mental Health), for program management activities, and for Buildings and Facilities, as well as some programs not authorized by the PHS Act, such as the Maternal and Child Health Block Grant in HRSA. For further details, see Use of Public Health Service Evaluation Set-Aside Authority for FY 2005, available at http://aspe.hhs.gov/rcc/SetAsideReport/ FY2005.pdf, and Evaluation in the Department of Health and Human Services, available at http://aspe.hhs.gov/pic/ perfimp/2002/appendixa.htm. %2.3- 199,84 695,05 504,94 tegdub yranoitercsiD a seicnegA SHP rof latoT %9.5- 951,3 653,3 723,3 level margorp latoT %5.6- 520,3 432,3 602,3 ytirohtua tegdub yranoitercsiD )ASHMAS( noitartsinimdA secivreS htlaeH latneM dna esubA ecnatsbuS %0.0 561,92 171,92 830,92 level margorp latoT %0.0 703,92 703,92 879,82 ytirohtua tegdub yranoitercsiD )HIN( htlaeH fo setutitsnI lanoitaN %5.0- 162,4 282,4 301,4 level margorp latoT %6.0- 523,3 643,3 081,3 ytirohtua tegdub yranoitercsiD )SHI( ecivreS htlaeH naidnI %4.41- 229,5 719,6 744,6 level margorp latoT %5.41- 278,5 468,6 893,6 ytirohtua tegdub yranoitercsiD )ASRH( noitartsinimdA secivreS dna secruoseR htlaeH %7.5 004,2 072,2 479,1 level margorp latoT %9.2 177,1 027,1 385,1 ytirohtua tegdub yranoitercsiD )ADF( noitartsinimdA gurD dna dooF %5.4- 797,8 902,9 611,9 level margorp latoT %1.7- 196,5 421,6 060,6 ytirohtua tegdub yranoitercsiD )RDSTA( yrtsigeR esaesiD dna secnatsbuS cixoT rof ycnegA /)CDC( noitneverP dna lortnoC esaesiD rof sretneC %7.2- 623 533 913 level margorp latoT %0.0 0 0 0 ytirohtua tegdub yranoitercsiD )QRHA( ytilauQ dna hcraeseR erachtlaeH rof ycnegA 80YF tseuqer detcane lautca seicnegA .sv 90YF egnahc % .serP 9002YF 8002YF 7002YF )snoill im ni sra llod( elbaT yrammuS :stegduB ycnegA )SHP( ecivreS htlaeH cilbuP . 2 elbaT request. It will be updated as legislative and other events warrant. history, and legislative authorities, and provides budget tables for FY2007 through the FY2009 For each of the PHS agencies, this report describes the mission, organization, key programs, agency budget tables for specifics. the other four agencies also receive funds through this transfer mechanism. See the individual The entire budget of AHRQ is funded through the evaluation set-aside, and selected programs in 7002YF 8002YF .serP 9002YF .sv 90YF egnahc % seicnegA lautca detcane tseuqer 80YF ytirohtua .)9 elbaT hguorht 3 elbaT( troper siht ni selbat ycnega morf devireD :ecruoS .gnidnuor ot eud yltcaxe etupmoc ton yam segatnecrep dna slatoT :etoN .a .seicnega rehto fo snoitairporppa eht morf emoc hcihw ,sdnuf noitaulave SHP hguorht decnanif si QRHA rof level margorp latot A( .ytirohtua tegdub yranoitercsid rof latot eht ni dedulcni ton si QRHA ,eroferehT noitaulave SHP fo noitubirtsid eht no noitamrofni lanoitidda tuohtiw detaluclac eb tonnac seicnega SHP ).seicnega SHH elpitlum ssorca sdnuf ¢ ¢ The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) is the lead agency charged with supporting research designed to improve the quality of health care, to increase the efficiency of its delivery, and to broaden access to the most essential health services. To accomplish these goals, it funds, conducts, and disseminates research aimed at reducing the costs of care, promoting patient safety, and increasing the effectiveness of health care services. £ ¢ The agency is divided into nine major functional components, consisting of four offices and five research centers. The offices, centers, and key program areas are described below.5 Unlike the National Institutes of Health (NIH) or the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which each have separate funding streams for major organizational entities such as centers or institutes, AHRQ funds are targeted to specific programs or objectives (e.g., comparative effectiveness, patient safety, and health disparities). Budget dollars are then allocated to AHRQ's centers by the Director, according to research priorities identified by Congress or the Department of Health and Human Services. Therefore, Table 3, which describes AHRQ's budget, does not provide funding stream data for the separate research centers at AHRQ. Instead, budget figures are displayed according to several broad program categories, also described below. Offices and Research Centers The Office of the Director is charged with ensuring that AHRQ's strategic objectives are achieved. The Office of Performance Accountability, Resources, and Technology coordinates agency-wide program planning and administrative operations. The Office of Extramural Research, Education, and Priority Populations (OEREP) directs the scientific review process, manages AHRQ's research training programs, monitors and evaluates ongoing research, and supports or conducts studies on priority populations and health disparity populations. The Office 5 For additional information, see http://www.ahrq.gov/about/offcntrs.htm. of Communications and Knowledge Transfer implements and manages programs for disseminating the results of AHRQ activities and AHRQ-funded research. The Center for Outcomes and Evidence (COE) conducts and supports research, assessments, and demonstrations on safety, quality, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness. It serves as a repository for evidence-based information on therapeutics, technologies, and health care practices. COE summarizes these findings and provides an array of tools and products to promote and facilitate evidence-based clinical decisions. The Center for Primary Care, Prevention, and Clinical Partnerships (CP3) focuses on research addressing the effectiveness and quality of primary and preventive health care services. CP3 serves as a locus for research on health information technology. It also supports work on the preparedness of the health care system to deal with bioterrorism, natural disasters, and pandemic flu. The Center for Delivery, Organization, and Markets (CDOM) conducts and supports qualitative and quantitative studies on how organizational dynamics in the health sector affect access and costs. For instance, its research examines how market forces influence payment methods, financial and non-financial incentives, safety net funding, and employer purchasing strategies. The Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends (CFACT) manages studies of the cost and financing of health care, including research analyzing trends and patterns of health expenditures, public and private insurance coverage, utilization of care, and access to care for various subsets of the general population. CFACT's work includes modeling and projections of health care use, population health status, and overall health care expenditures. The Center for Quality Improvement and Patient Safety (CQuIPS) supports research addressing patient safety, including studies on health care quality measurement and medical error reporting. In addition, it develops and disseminates reports aimed at decreasing medical errors, risks, and hazards in health care settings. Program Areas The AHRQ budget, presented in Table 3, is organized according to program areas. These are (1) Research on Healthcare Costs, Quality and Outcomes (HQCO), which consists of patient safety research, and non-patient safety research; (2) the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey; and (3) program support. Medical errors result in considerable morbidity, mortality, and costs to the health care system. With the increased focus on patient safety stimulated by the release of the Institute of Medicine's 1999 report, To Err Is Human, and with a substantial budget increase from Congress directed toward patient safety, AHRQ embarked on a strategic approach to develop a large, targeted patient safety research initiative. The ongoing objectives of this effort include developing public- private partnerships to build capacity for medical error reduction activities, examining the effect of working conditions on patient safety, and reviewing different methods of reporting medical errors. Among its patient safety research programs, AHRQ is actively involved with researching the advantages and disadvantages associated with health information technology (HIT). HIT broadly refers to the use of computers and computer programs to store, protect, retrieve, and transfer clinical, administrative, and financial information electronically within health care settings. Clinicians and researchers believe that electronic health records could play an important role in coordinating care, especially for people with chronic conditions, such as diabetes or asthma, who frequently see multiple providers. An AHRQ priority is the dissemination of new knowledge and best practices from pioneers in this field. Nearly 60% of AHRQ's budget is awarded as grants and contracts to researchers at universities and other research institutions for the purpose of studying issues other than patient safety. Recently, AHRQ has placed a high priority on research regarding the care of individuals with chronic conditions and/or multiple co-morbidities. It has expressed a particular interest in funding studies of patient-centered care that evaluate different efforts to redesign structural processes to target sicker individuals. This includes interventions that empower patients, improve patient- provider communication, and facilitate the coordination of care, such as telehealth, electronic health records, disease-management programs, medication therapy compliance programs, and Web-based applications for patients and health care providers. AHRQ has also devoted considerable resources to eliminating health disparities, investigating strategies to reduce racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic inequities in access to health care services. To this end, it produces an annual report to Congress, the National Healthcare Disparities Report.6 The comparative effectiveness program, which helps policy makers, clinicians, and patients determine which medical treatments work best for certain health conditions, grew out of Section 1013 of the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (P.L. 108- 173). The program supports the development of new scientific information through research on the outcomes of health care services and therapies, including pharmaceuticals, and by comparing different therapies used to treat the same condition.7 Cosponsored by AHRQ and the National Center for Health Statistics in CDC, the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) is a survey of health care use by the civilian population living in the United States. MEPS produces nationally representative statistics on health care utilization and expenditures. It also collects data on health conditions, health insurance, and coverage. MEPS is composed of three different but related surveys: the Household Component (HC), the Medical Provider Component (MPC), and the Insurance Component (IC). The MEPS HC Survey collects detailed data on demographic characteristics, health conditions, health status, access to care, satisfaction with care, and health insurance coverage. The MPC Survey supplements and validates information on medical care events reported in the MEPS HC by contacting medical providers and pharmacies identified by household respondents. Lastly, the IC Survey collects data on health insurance plans obtained through private and public-sector employers.8 ¢ AHRQ has evolved from a succession of agencies concerned with fostering health services research and health care technology assessment. The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989 (P.L. 101-239) added a new Title IX to the PHS Act and established the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR), a successor agency to the former National Center for Health Services Research and Health Care Technology Assessment (NCHSR). AHCPR was reauthorized in 1992 (P.L. 102-410). On December 6, 1999, President Clinton signed the Healthcare Research and Quality Act of 1999 (P.L. 106-129), which renamed AHCPR as the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and reauthorized it through FY2005. The new name was intended to underscore that 6 See http://www.ahrq.gov/qual/nhdr06/nhdr06.htm. 7 For more information, see http://www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov. 8 For more information about MEPS, see http://www.meps.ahrq.gov/mepsweb. .ygolonhceT noitamrofnI htlaeH dna hcraeseR ytefaS tneitaP htob sedulcni margorp ytefas tneitap s'QRHA .b .)tcA SHP eht fo 142 §( edisA -teS noitaulavE SHP eht rednu seicnega SHP rehto morf srefsnart hguorht gnidnuf eritne sti seviecer QRHA .a .gnidnuor ot eud yltcaxe etupmoc ton yam segatnecrep dna slatoT :etoN .fdp.9002jc/9002jc/tuoba/vog.qrha.www//:ptth ta , 9002 raeY lacsiF ,seettimmoC snoitairporppA rof setamitsE fo noitacifitsuJ ,QRHA morf SRC yb detpadA :ecruoS %7.2- 623 533 913 level margorp QRHA ,latoT %7.2- 623 533 913 agnidnuf paT noitaulavE SHP ,latoT ytirohtua tegdub %0.0 0 0 0 yranoitercsid QRHA ,latoT %0.0 3 3 3 agnidnuf paT noitaulavE SHP %0.0 0 0 0 ytirohtuA tegduB troppuS margorP %0.0 55 55 55 a gnidnuf paT noitaulavE SHP %0.0 0 0 0 ytirohtuA tegduB )SPEM( syevruS lenaP erutidnepxE lacideM %0.0 )03( )03( )51( )dda-non( ssenevitceffE evitarapmoC b)dda-non( %7.2- )77( )97( )48( margorp ytefas tneitap QRHA latoT b)dda %0.0 )54( )54( )05( -non( ygolonhceT noitamrofnI htlaeH %0.6- )23( )43( )43( b)dda-non( hcraeseR ytefaS tneitaP %3.3- 862 772 162 a gnidnuf paT noitaulavE SHP %0.0 0 0 0 ytirohtuA tegduB )OQCH( semoctuO dna ,ytilauQ ,stsoC htlaeH no hcraeseR 80YF .sv tseuqer detcane lautca seitivitcA 90YF egnahc % .serP 9002YF 8002YF 7002YF )snoill im ni sra llod( )QRHA( ytilauQ dna hcraeseR erachtlaeH rof ycnegA .3 elbaT Set-Aside, rather than through provision of new budget authority in appropriations. in the introduction to this report, AHRQ receives all of its funding through the PHS Evaluation Table 3 presents funding levels for AHRQ programs for FY2007 through FY2009. As described coordinating all federal health care quality improvement efforts. and regulations. The word "Quality" was added to the agency's name to emphasize its lead role in AHRQ is a scientific research agency, not an entity that determines federal health care policies ¢ ¡ ¢ According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), its mission is "to promote health and quality of life by preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability."9 CDC is the nation's principal public health agency, providing coordination and support for a variety of population-based disease and injury control activities. Approximately 75% of the agency's funding is spent extramurally through grants, contracts, and cooperative agreements to various stakeholders, including state, local, municipal, and foreign governments, non-profit organizations, academic institutions, and others. Upon the request and under the authority of a state or foreign government, CDC provides technical assistance, including workforce support, specialized laboratory services, data management, and other services to support public health investigations. The agency does not directly deliver either health care or public health services to individuals. CDC coordinates, analyzes, and disseminates public health information derived from a number of health surveys and disease surveillance systems that it manages. The information may be used to develop public health recommendations, such as immunization schedules for children. CDC also publishes several peer-reviewed journals, including Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), a weekly journal reporting on public health investigations and surveillance findings. CDC performs many of the administrative functions for the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), and the Director of CDC serves as the Administrator of ATSDR. Congress established ATSDR in 1980 in the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA, P.L. 96-510, the "Superfund" law) to investigate and reduce the harmful effects of exposure to hazardous substances on human health.10 £ ¢ The current structure of CDC was implemented in April 2005 in a reorganization called "The Futures Initiative."11 The agency has more than 8,500 permanent employees and approximately 6,000 contract employees.12 CDC occupies several main campuses in Atlanta, GA, and several other sites, including locations in Colorado, Maryland, Ohio, West Virginia, and Washington, DC. The agency's organizational components are described below. · The Office of the Director manages and directs agency activities. 9 See the CDC website at http://www.cdc.gov/. 10 See "Public Health Issues and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry," in CRS Report 97-312, Superfund Fact Book, by Mark Reisch and David M. Bearden. 11 See http://www.cdc.gov/futures/ and the CDC organizational chart at http://www.cdc.gov/about/organization/ orgChart.htm. 12 See CDC's current annual report, The State of CDC, FY2006, p. 35, at http://www.cdc.gov/about/stateofcdc/cdrom/ SOCDC/SOCDC2006.pdf. · The Coordinating Center for Environmental Health and Injury Prevention houses two operating divisions. The National Center for Environmental Health/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (NCEH-ATSDR) provides national leadership in preventing and controlling disease and death resulting from the interactions between people and their environment. The National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC) works to prevent death and disability from non-occupational injuries, including those that are unintentional (e.g., falls, fires, drowning, poisoning, and motor vehicle crashes) and those that result from violence (e.g., homicide, suicide, and domestic violence). · The Coordinating Center for Health Information and Service houses three operating divisions. The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) provides statistical information that guides public health policy and activities. The National Center for Public Health Informatics (NCPHI) provides leadership in the application of information technology to public health. The National Center for Health Marketing (NCHM) provides leadership in health marketing science and in its application to public health. · The Coordinating Center for Health Promotion houses three operating divisions. The National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities (NCBDDD) provides national leadership for preventing birth defects and developmental disabilities and for improving the health and wellness of people with disabilities. The National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (NCCDPHP) works to prevent premature death and disability from chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and arthritis, and promotes healthy personal behaviors. The Office of Genomics and Disease Prevention provides national leadership in fostering understanding of human genomic discoveries and how they can be used to improve health and prevent disease. · The Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases houses four operating divisions. The National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD) supports research and programs for vaccine-preventable diseases. The National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Diseases (NCZVED) works to prevent illness, disability, and death caused by infectious diseases domestically and globally. The National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHHSTP) provides national leadership in preventing and controlling human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, sexually transmitted diseases, and tuberculosis. The National Center for Preparedness, Detection, and Control of Infectious Diseases (NCPDCID) focuses on improving preparedness and response capacity for new and complex infectious disease outbreaks. · The Coordinating Office for Global Health provides national leadership, coordination, and support for CDC's global health activities, in collaboration with global health partners. · The Coordinating Office for Terrorism Preparedness and Emergency Response (COTPER) provides strategic direction for CDC to support terrorism preparedness and emergency response efforts. · The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) ensures safety and health for all people in the workplace through research and prevention. ¢ In 1946, the Communicable Disease Center was created from the Office of Malaria Control in War Areas, in Atlanta, GA. The original agency was established in 1942 to control malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases in U.S. military personnel training in the southeastern United States. In 1970, CDC was renamed the Center for Disease Control to reflect its added responsibilities for noncommunicable diseases. CDC's mission continued to expand to include programs in occupational and environmental health, family planning and reproductive health, and chronic diseases. A major reorganization in 1980, and its renaming to the Centers for Disease Control, emphasized the importance of health promotion and education in the agency's mission. In 1992, Congress added the words "and Prevention" to the agency's name, to recognize its role in the prevention of disease, injury, and disability. In enacting the change, Congress specified that the agency may continue to use the acronym "CDC" because of its recognition within the public health community and among the public.13 Many of CDC's activities are not specifically authorized but are based in broad, permanent authorities in the PHS Act. For example, Section 301 authorizes the Secretary of HHS to conduct research and investigations as necessary to control disease; Section 307 authorizes the Secretary to cooperate with and provide assistance to foreign nations; and Section 317 authorizes the Secretary to award grants to states for preventive health programs. Some other CDC programs (e.g., lead poisoning prevention) are explicitly authorized in the PHS Act, primarily in Title III. Four CDC operating divisions are explicitly authorized in statute. NIOSH was established in permanent authority in the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970.14 The National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities was established in Section 317C of the PHS Act by the Children's Health Act of 2000. Its appropriations authority expired in 2007.15 The National Center for Health Statistics was established in Section 306 of the PHS Act by the Health Services Research, Health Statistics, and Medical Libraries Act of 1974. Its appropriations authorities expired in FY2002 and FY2003. ATSDR was established in the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA).16 Its appropriations authority expired in 1994.17 NCBDDD, NCHS, and ATSDR have continued to receive annual appropriations despite their expired authorities. CDC has few regulatory authorities. Public health regulatory authorities, such as professional licensing, facility inspection, quarantine, and contact tracing, are generally based in state law. CDC's limited regulatory authorities include certain authorities to regulate laboratories in which 13 Information on CDC history is available in Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "CDC: The Nation's Prevention Agency," MMWR, vol. 41, no. 44 (November 6, 1992), p. 834. 14 29 U.S.C. § 671. 15 42 U.S.C. § 247b-4. 16 42 U.S.C. § 9604(i). 17 42 U.S.C. § 9611(m). potential bioterrorism agents are handled, and authority for disease control functions concerning entries of persons, goods, and conveyances from other countries.18 Most CDC programs are funded through the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies (L-HHS-ED) annual appropriation. ATSDR is funded separately from other CDC programs, in the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies annual appropriation. Table 4 presents funding levels for CDC programs for FY2007 through FY2009. Occasionally, upon the request of the chairman of a Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations Subcommittee, the CDC Director will submit directly to the chairman a "professional judgment" budget, outside of the usual budget request published by the White House Office of Management and Budget in February of each year. A CDC "professional judgment" budget for FY2008 requested almost $1 billion above the agency's FY2007 level.19 cixoT rof ycnegA/)CDC( noitneverP dna lortnoC esaesiD rof sretneC .4 elbaT )RDSTA( yrtsigeR esaesiD dna secnatsbuS )snoill im ni sra llod( 7002YF 8002YF .serP 9002YF 90YF egnahc % smargorP lautca detcane tseuqer 80YF .sv ytirohtua tegdub ,sesaesiD suoitcefnI 797,1 298,1 758,1 %8.1- )AB( -non( azneulfni lanosaes dna cimednaP )37( )751( )061( %8.1 a)dda bgnidnuf paT noitaulavE SHP 31 31 31 %0.0 level margorp ,sesaesiD suoitcefnI 018,1 509,1 078,1 %8.1- AB ,noitomorP htlaeH 749 169 239 %0.3- AB ,ecivreS dna noitamrofnI htlaeH 631 09 331 %0.84 bgnidnuf paT noitaulavE SHP 431 781 151 %0.91- ,ecivreS dna noitamrofnI htlaeH 072 772 482 %7.2 level margorp AB ,yrujnI dna htlaeH latnemnorivnE 382 982 172 %4.6- AB ,htlaeH dna ytefaS lanoitapuccO 822 782 481 %0.63- bgnidnuf paT noitaulavE SHP 78 59 78 %9.7- ,htlaeH dna ytefaS lanoitapuccO 513 283 172 %0.92- level margorp AB ,htlaeH labolG 703 203 203 %1.0 AB ,hcraeseR htlaeH cilbuP 0 0 0 %0.0 bgnidnuf paT noitaulavE SHP 13 13 13 %0.0 level margorp ,hcraeseR htlaeH cilbuP 13 13 13 %0.0 18 For more information, see CRS Report RL34144, Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (XDR-TB): Emerging Public Health Threats and Quarantine and Isolation, by Kathleen S. Swendiman and Nancy Lee Jones. 19 See http://www.fundcdc.org/documents/CDCFY2008PJ_000.pdf. of its mission: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) website, at http://www.fda.gov, has a brief statement .sesabatad s'ycnega eht fo niatrec esu ohw srehto dna srehcraeser morf seef tcelloc ot dezirohtua si CDC .e .gnidnuf elbarapmoc tcelfer stnuoma 8002YF dna 7002YF ehT .tnemeerga ycnegaretni na hguorht robaL fo tnemtrapeD eht yb dedivorp saw seitivitca eseht rof gnidnuf ,9002YF ot roirP .HSOIN yb tuo deirrac era taht seitivitca deriuqer troppus ot gnidnuf yrotadnam ni noillim 55$ lanoitidda na sedulcni tseuqer 9002YF ehT .tcA margorP noitasnepmoC ssenllI lanoitapuccO seeyolpmE ygrenE eht si APCIOEE .d .sesaesiD yrotaripseR dna noitazinummI rof retneC lanoitaN s'CDC yb deretsinimda si dna snoitairporppa diacideM laredef yb yleritne dednuf si margorp CFV ehT .nerdlihc elbigile evres ohw srotcod ot seniccav cirtaidep eerf sedivorp margorp )CFV( nerdlihC rof seniccaV ehT .c .)tcA SHP eht fo 142 §( edisA-teS noitaulavE SHP morf sdnuF .b .gnidnuf elbarapmoc tcelfer stnuoma 8002YF dna 7002YF .seirogetac tegdub lareves nihtiw ti gniyalpsid naht rehtar tegdub sesaesiD suoitcefnI eht nihtiw azneulfni lanosaes dna cimednap rof gnidnuf lla detadilosnoc sah CDC ,tseuqer 9002YF eht roF .gnidnuf azneulfni fo noitadilosnoc desoporp a tcelfer sleveL .a .margorp eht rof gnidnuf elbaliava latot eht si level margorP .margorp eht rof noitairporppa yranoitercsid eht ,ytirohtua tegdub si AB .gnidnuor ot eud yltcaxe etupmoc ton yam segatnecrep dna slatoT :etoN .mth.tegdubyfomf/omf/vog.cdc.www//:ptth ta ,81-61 .pp ,elbaT esopruP -llA yranoitercsiD 9002YF ,9002 raeY lacsiF ,yrammuS tseuqeR tegduB ,CDC morf SRC yb detpadA :ecruoS level %5.4- 797,8 902,9 611,9 margorp RDSTA/CDC ,latoT %0.0 2 2 2 eseef resU %0.0 55 55 25 )desoporp( dAPCIOEE %4.2 667,2 207,2 637,2 c)CFV( nerdlihC rof seniccaV %2.31- 382 623 562 b gnidnuf paT noitaulavE SHP ,latoT AB yranoitercsid %1.7- 196,5 421,6 060,6 RDSTA/CDC ,latotbuS )snoitairporppa %6.1- 37 47 57 tnemnorivnE/roiretnI( AB ,RDSTA AB yranoitercsid %1.7- 816,5 050,6 589,5 DE-SHH-robaL ,latotbuS %1.4- 914,1 974,1 374,1 AB ,msirorreT %1.9- 833 273 873 AB ,troppuS secivreS ssenisuB %0.001- 0 55 431 AB ,seitilicaF dna sgnidliuB AB ,tnarG %0.001- 0 79 99 kcolB secivreS htlaeH dna htlaeH .verP AB ,pihsredaeL %0.91- 281 522 302 dna tnemevorpmI htlaeH cilbuP 80YF .sv tseuqer detcane lautca smargorP 90YF egnahc % .serP 9002YF 8002YF 7002YF · To promote and protect the public health by helping safe and effective products reach the market in a timely way. · To monitor products for continued safety after they are in use. · To help the public get the accurate, science-based information needed to improve health. £ ¢ FDA regulates more than $1 trillion worth of products, which account for 25 cents of every dollar spent annually by American consumers. It regulates the safety of foods (including animal feeds) and the safety and effectiveness of drugs, biologics (e.g., vaccines), and medical devices. The organization charts of FDA overall and its components are available at http://www.fda.gov/ opacom/7org.html. Six centers within FDA represent the broad program areas for which the agency has responsibility; other offices have agency-wide responsibilities: · The Office of the Commissioner is responsible for agency-wide management of policies and activities. http://www.fda.gov/oc/default.htm · The Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) is responsible for the safety of the nation's blood supply and routinely examines blood bank operations for record keeping and testing for contaminants. It also ensures the safety, purity, and effectiveness of biologics (medical preparations made from living organisms and their products), such as insulin and vaccines. http://www.fda.gov/cber/. · The Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) regulates medical devices. The marketing approval process varies based on two criteria: (1) whether a device is new, which requires demonstration of safety and effectiveness, or substantially equivalent to an approved device, and (2) which of three classes of risk to the public that FDA assigns to it. http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/ · The Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) evaluates new drug applications; no prescription drug can enter interstate commerce unless and until FDA determines, based on data from clinical trials, that it is safe and effective when used for the population and clinical condition described in its labeling. In addition to this premarket review, FDA is responsible for the postmarket safety and effectiveness of approved products. It has some authority to influence direct- to-consumer advertising; review adverse event reports from manufacturers, clinicians, consumers, and studies described by manufacturers or in peer- reviewed journals; and alert clinicians or the public to newly identified possible risks. FDA follows similar procedures for changes in labeling and dosage or other modifications to an approved product, and for nonprescription drugs. In addition to direct appropriations, user fees paid by pharmaceutical companies support CDER's premarket review and, to a lesser extent, postmarket safety activities. http://www.fda.gov/cder/ · The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) is responsible for protecting the safety and wholesomeness of the human food supply, except for meat and poultry products, which are regulated by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. It preapproves for safety the addition of certain chemicals to food products (such as food and color additives). CFSAN tests food samples to determine whether any substances, such as pesticide residues or heavy metals, are present in unacceptable amounts. It also sets standards for label information to assist consumers in knowing what is present in the foods they are buying. In addition, CFSAN regulates the safety and labeling of cosmetics. http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/list.html · The Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) regulates animal drugs and devices to ensure safety and effectiveness, and regulates the safety of animal feeds, including pet food. http://www.fda.gov/cvm/default.html · The National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), located in Arkansas, conducts research on the biological effects of widely used chemicals. NCTR does not have regulatory responsibilities. http://www.fda.gov/nctr/index.html · The Office of Regulatory Affairs conducts FDA's compliance activities, including inspection and enforcement. http://www.fda.gov/ora/ ¢ Until the beginning of the 20th century, charlatans peddled adulterated and mislabeled medicines throughout the United States without penalty. In 1902, Congress passed the Biologics Control Act after 13 children died from a diphtheria vaccine contaminated with tetanus. In 1906, Congress passed the Food and Drugs Act. These were the first in a series of laws intended to assure Americans that the medicines they used did no harm and actually worked--that they are, in other words, safe and effective. Over the next 60 years, Congress passed two major pieces of legislation expanding FDA authority in pursuit of those goals. It passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) in 1938, which authorized FDA food-related activities and required that drugs be proven safe before they could be sold in interstate commerce. Then, in 1962, in the wake of the thalidomide tragedy, Congress amended the law to require that drugmakers prove the effectiveness of their products as well.20 Since 1962, FDA's authority and regulatory scope have continued to evolve. As an agency, FDA and its predecessors have had several administrative homes in the federal government. The box below tracks the highlights of its organizational moves.21 enilemiT lanoitazinagrO ADF 2681 )ADSU( erutlucirgA fo .tpeD .S.U wen eht ni yrtsimehC fo uaeruB weN 7291 noitartsinimdA edicitcesnI dna ,gurD ,dooF eht emaceb yrtsimehC fo uaeruB 1391 )ADF( noitartsinimdA gurD dna dooF ADSU eht :demaneR 0491 )ASF( ycnegA ytiruceS laredeF eht ot ADSU morf derrefsnart ADF 3591 )WEH( erafleW dna ,noitacudE ,htlaeH fo .tpeD eht emaceb ASF 8691 )SHP( ecivreS htlaeH cilbuP eht fo trap emaceb )WEH ni gniniamer( ADF 20 Kefauver-Harris Drug Amendments to the FFDCA, P.L.87-781 (1962). 21 See FDA and USDA Web pages at http://www.fda.gov/opacom/backgrounders/miles.html and http://www.fsis.usda.gov/About_FSIS/Agency_History/index.asp. 0891 )SHH( secivreS namuH dna htlaeH fo .tpeD eht emaceb )noitacudE tuohtiw( WEH The FFDCA is the principal source of FDA's authority.22 The Act consists of the following chapters, governing the majority of FDA's activities: sretpahC ACDFF :I retpahC .eltiT trohS :II retpahC .snoitinifeD :III retpahC .seitlaneP dna stcA detibihorP :VI retpahC sa ,snamuh rof sdoof edulcni ot denifed si doof ,102 noitceS ni noitinifed eht ot tnausruP .dooF .doof tep gnidulcni ,sdeef lamina sa llew :V retpahC lacidem dna sgurd namuh fo noitaluger eht gnidrager snoisivorp sedulcnI .seciveD dna sgurD laiceps niatrec dna ;stcudorp lacigoloib gnidrager snoisivorp niatrec ;sgurd lamina dna ,secived .seiduts gurd cirtaidep gnidrager esoht sa hcus snoisivorp :IV retpahC .scitemsoC :IIV retpahC ot dna ,snoitaluger etaglumorp ot ytirohtua ,sgniht rehto gnoma ,sedulcnI .ytirohtuA lareneG 32.snoitagitsevni dna snoitcepsni tcudnoc :IIIV retpahC .stropxE dna stropmI :XI retpahC .suoenallecsiM FDA is also responsible for certain provisions in other laws, most notably the Public Health Service (PHS) Act.24 The PHS Act contains certain specific provisions that are implemented by FDA, such as mammography quality standards.25 The Act also contains certain broad provisions that are implemented by FDA. An example is FDA's enforcement of a ban on the interstate sale of baby turtles, which can cause Salmonella infections, as an exercise of the HHS Secretary's broad authority under the PHS Act to control diseases.26 FDA's authority to regulate most human biologics--products such as vaccines, blood and blood components--flows from provisions in the PHS Act (Section 351) and in specific sections of the FFDCA.27 Furthermore, different types of biologics may be regulated by either CDER or CBER.28 Veterinary biologics, such as animal vaccines, are not regulated by FDA. They fall under a separate law, the Virus, Serum, and Toxin Act, which is administered by USDA. 22 The FFDCA is codified at 21 U.S.C. § 301 et seq. The FDA website offers the text of FFDCA chapters (current through December 2004); a cross-reference to corresponding sections in Title 21, Chapter 9 of the U.S. Code; and significant amendments to the FFDCA, at http://www.fda.gov/opacom/laws/. 23 In general, FDA's regulations are found in Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations. FDA maintains a current searchable version of Title 21 on its website at http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm. 24 A listing of the many other laws containing provisions for which FDA is responsible is available at http://www.fda.gov/opacom/laws/#other. 25 Public Health Service Act, Sec. 354, 42 U.S.C. § 263b. 26 Public Health Service Act, Sec. 361, 42 U.S.C. § 264. 27 See FDA, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, "Frequently Asked Questions," at http://www.fda.gov/cber/ faq.htm. 28 See FDA, "Transfer of Therapeutic Biological Products to the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research," at http://www.fda.gov/oc/combination/transfer.html. Budget. FDA has a total budget of nearly $2.3 billion for FY2008. Table 5 presents FDA funding levels for FY2007 through FY2009. FDA's budget has two funding streams: direct appropriations (budget authority, or BA) and industry user fees. In FDA's annual appropriation, Congress sets both the total amount of appropriated funds and the level of user fees to be collected that year. Appropriated funds are largely for salaries and expenses ($1.714 billion in FY2008), with a much smaller amount for buildings and facilities ($6 million in FY2008). User fees ($549 million in FY2008) come from several programs: the three major user fee programs provide support for FDA's prescription drug, medical device, and animal drug activities, whereas smaller amounts come from mammography clinic certification fees and export and color certification fees. The FY2008 total for FDA--the program level--was $2.270 billion, 15.0% above the FY2007 actual level. Although the FDA's authorizing committees in Congress are the committees with jurisdiction over public health issues--the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, and the House Committee on Energy and Commerce--FDA's assignment within the appropriations committees reflects its origin within the Department of Agriculture. The appropriations subcommittees on Agriculture, Rural Development, FDA, and Related Agencies have jurisdiction over FDA's budget, even though the agency has been part of various federal health agencies (HHS and its predecessors) since 1940. For additional information on FDA, see CRS Report RL34334, The Food and Drug Administration: Budget and Statutory History, FY1980-FY2007, coordinated by Judith A. Johnson. 5 elbaT )ADF( noitartsinimdA gurD dna dooF . )snoill im ni sra llod( 7002YF 8002YF 9002YF 90YF egnahc % aera margorP lautca sdnuF detcane tseuqer a 80YF .sv sdooF AB 754 015 345 %4.6 sgurd namuH AB 513 353 853 %3.1 seeF 822 723 183 %4.61 latoT 445 086 937 %6.8 scigoloiB AB 641 551 851 %9.1 seeF 65 18 78 %2.8 latoT 202 632 542 %0.4 sdeef dna sgurd laminA AB 59 79 401 %7.6 seeF 11 21 61 %0.73 latoT 601 901 911 %9.9 htlaeh lacigoloidar dna seciveD b AB 132 832 242 %6.1 seeF 73 64 94 %1.7 latoT 862 482 192 %5.2 )RTCN( hcraeser lacigolocixoT AB 24 44 64 %1.4 eht fo eciffO dna sretrauqdaeH AB 29 79 99 %0.2 brenoissimmoC seeF 02 63 04 %8.01 (continued...) 29 HRSA, Justification of Estimates for Appropriations Committees, Fiscal Year 2009, p. 3, available at HIV/AIDS, and over 94,000 Americans who are waiting for an organ transplant.29 urban areas where health care services are scarce, more than 1 million people living with Americans who lack health insurance, over 50 million Americans who live in rural and poor medically vulnerable. According to HRSA, its programs target, for example, the 47 million leadership and support for health services and resources for people who are uninsured, isolated, or The Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)--"the access agency"--provides .seef resu yhpargommam sedulcnI .b .)noillim 8.4$( tcA eeF resU gurD cireneG laminA desoporp dna ,)noillim 6.61$( tcA eeF resU gurD cireneG desoporp ,)noillim 0.41$( gnisitrevda remusnoC ot tceriD :seef resu desoporp ro wen ni noillim 5.53$ fo latot a sedulcni tseuqer 9002YF ehT .a .seef resu sulp ytirohtua tegdub = level margorp latoT .seef resu detcelloc = seeF .snoitairporppa tcerid sa ot derrefer osla ,ytirohtua tegdub = AB .gnidnuor ot eud yltcaxe etupmoc ton yam segatnecrep dna slatoT :setoN .mth.noitatnemucod/tegdub/mfo/smo/co/vog.adf.www//:ptth ta ,9002 raeY lacsiF ,seettimmoC snoitairporppA rof setamitsE fo noitacifitsuJ ,ADF morf SRC yb detpadA :ecruoS %7.5 004,2 072,2 479,1 latoT leveL margorP ADF ,latoT %4.41 826 945 193 seeF seeF resU ADF ,latoT %9.2 177,1 027,1 385,1 AB ytirohtuA tegduB ADF ,latoT %5.06- 2 6 01 AB seitilicaF & sgnidliuB %9.5 793,2 462,2 469,1 latoT %4.41 826 945 193 seeF %2.3 967,1 417,1 275,1 AB sesnepxE & seiralaS ,latotbuS %4.8 01 01 01 seeF sdnuf noitacifitrec roloc dna tropxE %8.9 901 99 68 latoT %9.29 02 01 81 seeF )noitadilosnoc kaO etihW %0.0 98 98 86 AB gnidulcni( detaler-tner dna tner rehtO %0.2- 651 951 931 latoT %4.11- 52 92 21 seeF %0.0 131 131 721 AB tner ASG %3.4 931 331 111 latoT 80YF .sv a tseuqer detcane lautca sdnuF aera margorP 90YF egnahc % 9002YF 8002YF 7002YF HRSA funds projects to support health services through grants to community-based organizations; colleges and universities; hospitals; state, local, and tribal governments; associations; national groups; and foundations. These grantees provide various services that include the identification of recruitment and training needs for the state and national health workforce; recruitment and retention of qualified health professionals to serve in the primary care workforce; administration of programs relating to implementation of state maternal and child health service programs; development of integrated information systems to enhance quality of and access to health services in underserved populations; and management of the federal response to health care needs for persons living with HIV/AIDS. In addition, HRSA administers the program for health centers, which provides grants for basic primary medical services to people who live in rural and urban areas and experience financial, geographic, cultural, or other barriers to health care. £ ¢ HRSA is headquartered in Rockville, MD, and is organized into six bureaus, 13 offices, and one center. The agency, restructured several times between 2003 and 2007 by the Bush Administration, currently has the following organizational components: · The Bureau of Primary Health Care aims to increase access to primary and preventive health care and improve the health status of underserved and vulnerable populations. Its largest program, Health Centers, provides grants to over 4,000 health centers and clinics that provide routine access to health care for over 17 million people living in inner city and rural areas. · The Bureau of Clinician Recruitment and Service administers programs authorized under various titles of the PHS Act. In 2007, HHS announced creation of the new Bureau of Clinician Recruitment and Service and transfer of the following programs from the Bureau of Health Professions: National Health Service Corps, Nursing Scholarship Program, Nursing Education Loan Repayment Program, Faculty Loan Repayment Program, and the Native Hawaiian Scholarship Program (which has not been funded in recent years). These programs attract and recruit individuals from all backgrounds to study and work in medicine, nursing, dentistry, mental and behavioral health services, and other allied health fields. · The Bureau of Health Professions aims to provide national leadership in the development, distribution, and retention of a diverse, culturally competent health workforce. Grants to institutions target education and training opportunities at all academic levels, from elementary through post-graduate education. Individuals who are specializing in primary care medicine and dentistry, geriatrics, and allied health professions, among others, benefit from these grants. Many of these programs are authorized in Title VII, Health Professions Education and Title VIII, Nursing Workforce Development. · The Maternal and Child Health Bureau seeks to strengthen the infrastructure for maternal and child health services. The Maternal and Child Health Block (...continued) ftp://ftp.hrsa.gov/about/budgetjustification09.pdf#page=10. Grant, Healthy Start, and Emergency Medical Services for Children, offered by state and local health agencies, are among its larger programs. · The HIV/AIDS Bureau administers programs consolidated by the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Treatment Modernization Act.30 The programs provide life-saving and life-extending services for people living with HIV/AIDS. According to HRSA, these programs reach more than 500,000 individuals throughout the country each year, making it the federal government's largest discretionary grant program for people living with HIV/AIDS. · The Healthcare Systems Bureau provides leadership and direction in the development of national programs and services for health emergency preparedness, vaccine injury compensation, bone marrow transplantation, organ transplantation and procurement, and poison control centers, among other functions. Among HRSA's 13 offices, some focus on specific populations or health care issues, while others are involved with the agency's management. The Office of Rural Health Policy (ORHP) is significant in its mission to promote access to health care services in rural populations. ORHP is responsible for informing and advising the Secretary of HHS on matters affecting rural health care. Other offices address issues related to minority health and health disparities, international health, health information technology, federal assistance management, financial management, legislation, communications, and performance review, among other things. A new Center for Quality coordinates activities related to strengthening and improving the quality of health care in HRSA programs and on behalf of its service populations.31 ¢ In 1935, Congress authorized the first programs for maternal and child health services and general health grants to states in various sections of the Social Security Act. Around 1940, these programs were transferred to the newly created Federal Security Agency (FSA) and later administered in the Bureau of Medical Services and Bureau of State Services. In 1953, the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) was created at cabinet level and replaced the FSA. Federal support for health services continued to evolve in HEW, and new targets for service focused on migrant health, health workforce development, and hospital and health facility construction. Within HEW, two new agencies, the Health Services Administration and the Health Resources Administration, were created in 1973. In 1982, the Secretary of HHS merged the two agencies into the present-day HRSA. Currently, HRSA supports a variety of programs established under various authorities. Although the majority of programs are authorized in the PHS Act, a few are authorized in the Social Security Act. For example, in the PHS Act, Title III authorizes the Community Health Centers Program, National Health Service Corps, Children's Hospitals Graduate Medical Education Program, Organ Transplant and Bone Marrow Programs, Telehealth Program, and State Offices of Rural Health. Title VII authorizes programs for health workforce development, and Title VIII authorizes programs for nursing workforce development. Title XXVI consolidates all Ryan White 30 P.L. 109-415 was signed on December 19, 2006. 31 See more information at HRSA's website, at http://www.hrsa.gov/about/default.htm. an 63 0 0 tnemecalpeR esaeL gnidliuB nwalkraP %0.001- 0 403 0 seitivitcA dna seitilicaF detaleR-eraC htlaeH %9.58- 52 571 861 smargorP htlaeH laruR ,latotbuS %9.61- 86 28 57 uaeruB smetsyS erachtlaeH ,latotbuS %1.0 341,2 241,2 311,2 d uaeruB SDIA/VIH ,latotbuS c)BHCM( %8.4- 408 548 538 uaeruB htlaeH dlihC dna lanretaM ,latotbuS %2.15- 93 97 14 smargorP BHCM rehtO %0.0 001 001 201 tratS yhtlaeH %0.0 666 666 396 tnarG kcolB htlaeH dlihC dna lanretaM )rPHB( %4.98- 66 326 995 snoisseforP htlaeH fo uaeruB ,latotbuS %0.001- 0 3 0 tneverP esaesiD cinorhC/hcaertuO rotagivaN .tP %0.001- 0 203 792 noitacudE lacideM etaudarG slatipsoH s'nerdlihC %3.74- 66 621 911 btnempoleveD ecrofkroW gnisruN %0.001- 0 391 381 asnoisseforP htlaeH %1.6 561 551 851 )SRCB( ecivreS dna tnemtiurceR naicinilC fo uaeruB ,latotbuS b)648 %9.14 44 13 13 .ceS( tnemyapeR naoL/spihsralohcS gnisruN %001- 0 1 1 a)837 .ceS( spihswolleF/tnemyapeR naoL %0.2- 121 321 621 sproC ecivreS htlaeH lanoitaN %3.1 011,2 380,2 600,2 )CHPB( eraC htlaeH yramirP fo uaeruB ,latotbuS %1.2 81 81 81 smargorP CHPB rehtO %3.1 290,2 560,2 889,1 sretneC htlaeH 80YF .sv 90YF tseuqer detcane lautca smargorP dna ,seciffO ,suaeruB egnahc % .serP9002YF 8002YF 7002YF )snoill im ni sra llod( )ASRH( noitartsinimdA secivreS dna secruoseR htlaeH .6 elbaT Wright. Appropriations History (FY2002-FY2009), by Bernice Reyes-Akinbileje and Mary Vennetta Professions Programs in Title VII and Title VIII of the Public Health Service (PHS) Act: appropriations on programs in Title VII and Title VIII, see CRS Report RS22438, Health Table 6 presents funding levels for HRSA programs for FY2007 through FY2009. For detailed Program, which supports clinics that provide services to retired coal miners and others. of the Federal Mine Safety and Health Amendments Act (P.L. 95-164) authorizes the Black Lung Health Block Grants and the Rural Health Policy Development Programs. Finally, Section 427(e) HIV/AIDS programs. Various sections of the Social Security Act authorize Maternal and Child .)tcA SHP fo 142 §( edisA-teS noitaulavE SHP morf smargorp SDIA etihW nayR rof sdnuf lanoitiddA .g .) P.L. 109-171 ( 5002 fo tcA noitcudeR ticifeD eht ni detairporppa uaeruB htlaeH dlihC dna lanretaM rof sdnuf yrotadnaM .f .snoisseforP htlaeH fo uaeruB rof elbaliava seef resU .e .)noillim 52$( gnidnuf paT noitaulavE SHP rof tnuoma eht sedulcxE .d .sretneC noitamrofnI htlaeH ylimaF ot ylimaF rof gnidnuf yrotadnam sedulcxE .c .noillim 011$ ,tseuqer 9002YF dna ;noillim 651$ ,8002YF ;noillim 051$ ,7002YF :swollof sa era smargorp IIIV eltiT rof snoitairporppa latoT .rPHB eht yb deretsinimda smargorp tnempoleved ecrofkrow gnisrun suoirav eht rof snoitairporppa eht ot ,SRCB eht yb deretsinimda ,648 .ceS rof noitairporppa eht gnidda yb deniatbo era smargorp IIIV eltiT rof snoitairporppa latoT .b .0$ ,tseuqer 9002YF dna ;noillim 491$ ,8002YF ;noillim 581$ ,7002YF :swollof sa era smargorp IIV eltiT rof snoitairporppa latoT .rPHB eht yb deretsinimda smargorp snoisseforp htlaeh suoirav eht rof snoitairporppa eht ot ,SRCB eht yb deretsinimda ,837 .ceS rof noitairporppa eht gnidda yb deniatbo era smargorp IIV eltiT rof snoitairporppa latoT .a .gnidnuor ot eud yltcaxe etupmoc ton yam segatnecrep dna slatoT :setoN .41=egap#fdp.90noitacifitsujtegdub/tuoba/vog.asrh.ptf//:ptf ta ,7 .p ,elbaT esopruP-llA ,9002YF ,seettimmoC snoitairporppA rof setamitsE fo noitacifitsuJ ,ASRH morf SRC yb detpadA :ecruoS %4.41- 229,5 719,6 744,6 level margorp ASRH ,latoT %0.0 1 1 1 tnuoccA gnitadiuqiL LAEH %0.0 52 52 52 ggnidnuf paT noitaulavE SHP f)yrotadnam( %0.52 5 4 3 sretneC noitamrofnI htlaeH ylimaF ot ylimaF e)seeF resU( knaB %0.001- 0 4 4 ataD noitcetorP dna ytirgetnI eraC htlaeH %8.1 91 91 61 e)seeF resU( knaB ataD renoititcarP lanoitaN %5.41- 278,5 468,6 893,6 ytirohtua tegdub yranoitercsid ASRH ,latoT %2.61- 5 5 4 snoitarepo tcerid margorP noitasnepmoC yrujnI eniccaV %1.2 3 3 3 )LAEH( snaoL ecnatsissA noitacudE htlaeH %5.41- 568,5 658,6 193,6 yranoitercsid ,tnuocca secivreS dna secruoseR htlaeH ,latoT %7.53- 484 257 634 smargorP ASRH rehtO ,latotbuS %0.0 003 003 382 gninnalP ylimaF %1.0 841 841 351 tnemeganaM margorP + htlaeheleT 80YF .sv 90YF tseuqer detcane lautca smargorP dna ,seciffO ,suaeruB egnahc % .serP9002YF 8002YF 7002YF The Indian Health Service (IHS) provides, or funds the provision of, direct health care services to members of the nation's 562 federally recognized Indian32 tribes (totaling about 1.8 million Indians in 35 states) who are in IHS service delivery areas.33 Services are provided through IHS- funded clinics, hospitals, health centers, and other facilities, operated by IHS itself, Indian tribes, tribal organizations, or urban Indian organizations. Health care services are also provided through contracts with private health services providers. Besides services, IHS also funds the construction, equipping, operation, and maintenance of health care and sanitation facilities. IHS health care services cover almost the entire range of clinical health services, including ambulatory, inpatient, preventive, mental health, and dental care. IHS's public health services include home and community sanitation facilities, public health nurses, and epidemiology. Besides providing general clinical health services, IHS also focuses on special Indian health problems, such as fetal alcohol syndrome, diabetes prevention and treatment, alcoholism and mental health, hepatitis B, and maternal and child health. Eligible Indians receive free IHS health services regardless of their ability to pay. The federal government considers its provision of these health services to be based on its trust responsibility for Indian tribes, a responsibility derived from federal statutes, treaties, court decisions, executive actions, and the Constitution (which assigns authority over Indian relations to Congress). IHS programs are not entitlement programs, but rather are funded through discretionary appropriations, plus reimbursements from third parties, including Medicare and Medicaid. Available funding is not sufficient to cover all Indian health services needs, however, so IHS does not provide the same health care services in all areas. Services vary from place to place and from time to time. £ ¢ To carry out its roles for health care services and health care facilities, the IHS is organized into a headquarters office, 12 regions (each directed by an area office), and 163 service units (each assigned to an area office).34 At the headquarters level, and within area offices and service units where relevant, there are programmatic offices for the following activities: · clinical and preventive health services, including clinical and community services, behavioral health, nursing services, oral health, and diabetes treatment and prevention; 32 In this report, the term "Indian" means American Indians and Alaska Natives. The latter term includes the Eskimos (Inuit and Yupik), Aleuts, and American Indians of Alaska. 33 IHS also funds limited health services to Indians in certain urban areas. 34 A service unit is an administrative entity within a defined geographical area, through which services are directly or indirectly provided to eligible Indians. A service unit may cover a number of small reservations, or, conversely, a large reservation may be covered by several service units. · public health support, including disease prevention and epidemiology, and health professions recruitment and scholarship programs; and · environmental health and engineering, including health facilities planning and construction, sanitation facilities construction, facilities operation, engineering, and environmental health services. Direct clinical health care is provided through 46 inpatient hospitals and 633 ambulatory facilities (which include 304 health clinics, 143 health stations, 166 Alaska village clinics, and 20 school health centers). Fifteen of the hospitals and 550 of the ambulatory facilities are operated by tribes and tribal organizations, under contracts and compacts pursuant to the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975.35 The remaining facilities are operated by the IHS. In addition, IHS funds 34 urban Indian health projects in 41 urban sites through federal contracts and grants.36 The IHS offers information on its programs through its website at http://www.ihs.gov. ¢ Health care services for Indians developed gradually over the course of the 19th century, pursuant to congressional appropriations but without an explicit statutory establishment of an Indian medical agency. What health services were provided were under the War Department before 1849, and under the Department of the Interior after 1849, when the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) was transferred to Interior. While the number of BIA hospitals and physicians gradually increased in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, BIA did not have a bureau-wide medical supervisor until 1908. The Snyder Act of 192137 authorized federal programs for Indians within the BIA, including health care, but did not establish an Indian medical agency. In 1954, Congress passed the Transfer Act, directing that Interior's and the BIA's responsibilities, functions, and facilities for Indian health care be transferred to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service in the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.38 The transfer occurred on July 1, 1955, and since then, IHS has been a part of the PHS. Besides general statutory authority under the Snyder Act and the Transfer Act, specific IHS programs are authorized by the Indian Sanitation Facilities Act of 1959,39 authorizing the PHS to construct sanitation facilities for Indian communities and homes; the Indian Health Care Improvement Act (IHCIA) of 1976,40 which established many specific IHS programs, such as urban health, professions recruitment, and mental health, and which also amended the Social Security Act to authorize IHS to make direct collections from Medicare/Medicaid and third-party insurers; and the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975,41 which 35 P.L. 93-638, act of January 4, 1975, 88 Stat. 2203, as amended; 25 U.S.C. § 450 et seq. 36 Statistics in this paragraph are from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Indian Health Service, Justification of Estimates for Appropriations Committees, Fiscal Year 2009, pp. CJ-123 and CJ-218. 37 Act of November 2, 1921, 42 Stat. 208, as amended; 25 U.S.C. § 13. 38 P.L.83-568, act of August 5, 1954, 68 Stat. 674, as amended; 42 U.S.C. § 2001 et seq. 39 P.L.86-121, act of July 31, 1959, 73 Stat. 267; 42 U.S.C. § 2004a. 40 P.L. 94-437, act of September 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 1400, as amended; 25 U.S.C. § 1601 et seq., and 42 U.S.C. § 1395qq, § 1396j (and amending other sections). 41 P.L. 93-638, act of January 4, 1975, 88 Stat. 2203, as amended; 25 U.S.C. § 450 et seq. provides for tribal administration of federal Indian programs, especially BIA and IHS programs, under self-determination contracts and self-governance compacts. Unlike most other PHS agencies, the IHS receives its appropriations under the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, not under the Labor-HHS-Education Appropriations Act. The Snyder Act, as it currently stands, can be considered a permanent, general authorization for IHS. The IHCIA's authorizations of appropriations, however, which are more program-specific, expired at the end of FY2001. Congress continues to appropriate funds for IHS and has been considering IHCIA reauthorization bills since the 106th Congress. In the 110th Congress, the Senate's IHCIA reauthorization bill (S. 1200) was passed by the Senate on February 26, 2008, and forwarded to the House, while the House bill (H.R. 1328) has been ordered reported from one committee and must be considered by two other committees of jurisdiction. Table 7 presents funding levels for IHS programs for FY2007 through FY2009. For further information on IHS, see CRS Report RL33022, Indian Health Service: Health Care Delivery, Status, Funding, and Legislative Issues, by Roger Walke. )SHI( eciv reS htlaeH naidnI .7 elbaT )snoill im ni sra llod( 8002YF 7002YF .serP 9002YF 90YF egnahc % smargorP detcane lautca tseuqer 80YF .sv secivreS htlaeH secivreS lacinilC scinilC htlaeH dna slatipsoH 114,1 484,1 225,1 %6.2 htlaeH latneD 521 431 831 %2.3 htlaeH latneM 16 46 66 %6.3 esubA ecnatsbuS dna lohoclA 841 371 261 %5.6- eraC htlaeH tcartnoC 345 355 365 %9.1 dnuF ycnegremE htlaeH cihportsataC A/N 72 52 %0.6- secivreS lacinilC ,latotbuS 982,2 434,2 674,2 %7.1 htlaeH evitneverP gnisruN htlaeH cilbuP 25 65 85 %2.4 noitacudE htlaeH 41 51 52 %6.1 .speR htlaeH ytinummoC 55 55 65 %6.1 )aksalA( noitazinummI 2 2 2 %6.1 htlaeH evitneverP ,latotbuS 321 821 131 %7.2 secivreS htlaeH rehtO stcejorP htlaeH nabrU 43 53 0 %0.001- snoisseforP htlaeH naidnI 13 63 22 %7.93- tnemeganaM labirT 2 2 3 %6.1 snoitarepO tceriD 46 46 36 %6.1- See http://www.nih.gov/about/. 42 through grant, contract, and training awards to extramural scientists working in universities, and total employment of more than 18,000 people. Over 80% of NIH's annual funding goes out NIH is the largest of the PHS agencies, with a budget of $29.2 billion in FY2008 (see Table 9) disability."42 the application of that knowledge to extend healthy life and reduce the burdens of illness and science in pursuit of fundamental knowledge about the nature and behavior of living systems and training and health information dissemination. According to the NIH website, "Its mission is conducting and supporting biomedical and behavioral research. It also has major roles in research The National Institutes of Health is the primary agency of the federal government charged with .)3-c452 .C.S.U 24 ;371-011 .L.P dna ,063-701 P , P , P .L. 455-601 .L. 33-501 .L. ( snaidnI rof margorP setebaiD laicepS rof SHI ot elbaliava sdnuF .a .gnidnuor ot eud yltcaxe etupmoc ton yam segatnecrep dna slatoT :etoN .psa.snoitacifitsuj_gnoc_fb /noitalumroFtegduB/smargorPlacideMnoN/vog.shi.www//:ptth ta ,3-JC .p ,elbaT esopruP -llA ,9002 raeY lacsiF ,seettimmoC snoitairporppA rof setamitsE fo noitacifitsuJ ,SHI morf SRC yb detpadA :ecruoS %5.0- 162,4 282,4 301,4 level margorp SHI ,latoT %0.0 051 051 051 a snaidnI rof margorP setebaiD laicepS %0.0 687 687 377 snoitcelloC ytirohtua %6.0- 523,3 643,3 081,3 tegdub yranoitercsid SHI ,latoT %7.5- 353 573 163 seitilicaF htlaeH ,latotbuS %0.0 12 12 22 tnempiuqE troppuS %3.0- 961 071 561 htlaeH latnemnorivnE/seitilicaF %8.65- 61 73 62 noitcurtsnoC seitilicaF eraC htlaeH %0.0 49 49 49 noitcurtsnoC seitilicaF noitatinaS %0.0 35 35 55 tnemevorpmI dna ecnanetniaM seitilicaF htlaeH %0.0 279,2 279,2 918,2 secivreS htlaeH ,latotbuS %1.11- 563 014 704 secivreS htlaeH rehtO ,latotbuS %6.1 272 762 072 stsoC troppuS tcartnoC %6.1 6 6 6 ecnanrevoG-fleS 80YF .sv tseuqer detcane lautca smargorP 90YF egnahc % .serP 9002YF 8002YF 7002YF academic health centers, hospitals, and independent research institutions in the United States and abroad. The NIH intramural research program, accounting for about 10% of the budget, includes more than 6,500 scientists and technical support staff who are government employees, and several thousand additional scientific fellows, guest researchers, and contractors. The remainder of the budget is for research management, administration, and physical infrastructure. £ ¢ The agency's organization consists of the Office of the NIH Director and 27 institutes and centers. The Office of the Director (OD) sets overall policy for NIH and coordinates the programs and activities of all NIH components, particularly trans-institute research initiatives and issues. The individual institutes and centers (ICs), each of which focuses on particular diseases, areas of human health and development, or aspects of research support, plan and manage their own research programs in coordination with the Office of the Director. As shown in Table 9, Congress provides separate appropriations to 24 of the 27 ICs, to OD, and to a buildings and facilities account. (The remaining three centers, not included in the table, are funded through the NIH Management Fund, financed by taps on other NIH appropriations.) NIH occupies a 317-acre main campus in Bethesda, MD, as well as numerous off-campus sites, including locations in Maryland, North Carolina, and Montana. The institutes and centers, listed in the order found in appropriations acts, are briefly described below.43 Each leads a national research and information program in the research areas indicated. · Office of the Director (OD) has charge of overall NIH leadership, and liaison with HHS. It includes special offices for research on AIDS, women's health, behavioral and social sciences, and disease prevention (including rare diseases and dietary supplements). · National Cancer Institute (NCI, established 1937). All aspects of cancer-- cause, diagnosis, prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and continuing care of patients. · National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI, established 1948). Diseases of the heart, blood vessels, lungs, and blood; sleep disorders; and blood resources management. It also administers the NIH Woman's Health Initiative. · National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR, established 1948). Infectious and inherited oral, dental, and craniofacial diseases and disorders. · National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK, established 1948). Diabetes, endocrinology, metabolic diseases; digestive diseases and nutrition; and kidney, urologic, and hematologic diseases. · National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS, established 1950). Convulsive, neuromuscular, demyelinating, and dementing disorders; fundamental neurosciences; stroke, trauma. 43 For further information on each component, see http://www.nih.gov/icd/. See also the NIH Almanac, 2006-2007, at http://www.nih.gov/about/almanac/about.htm. · National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID, established 1948). Infectious, immunologic, and allergic diseases. · National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS, established 1962). Research and research training in basic biomedical sciences (cellular and molecular biology, genetics, pharmacology, physiology). Special focus on minority researchers. · National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD, established 1962). Reproductive biology; population issues; embryonic development; maternal, child, and family health; medical rehabilitation. · National Eye Institute (NEI, established 1968). Eye diseases, visual disorders, visual function, preservation of sight, health problems of the visually impaired. · National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS, established 1969). Interrelationships of environmental factors, individual genetic susceptibility, and age as they affect health. · National Institute on Aging (NIA, established 1974). Biomedical, social, and behavioral research on the aging process; diseases, problems, and needs of the aged. · National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS, established 1986). Arthritis; bone, joint, connective tissue and muscle disorders; skin diseases. · National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD, established 1988). Normal mechanisms and disorders of hearing, balance, smell, taste, voice, speech, and language. · National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR, established 1986). Management of acute and chronic illness, health promotion/disease prevention, nursing systems, clinical therapeutics. · National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA, established 1970). Causes of alcoholism, how alcohol damages the body, prevention and treatment strategies. · National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA, established 1973). Social, biological, behavioral, and neuro-scientific bases of drug abuse and addiction; causes, prevention, and treatment strategies. · National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, established 1949). Brain research, mental illness, and mental health. · National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI, established 1989). Chromosome mapping, DNA sequencing, database development, ethical/legal/social implications of genetics research. · National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB, established 2000). Research, training and coordination in biomedical imaging, bioengineering and related technologies and modalities, including biomaterials and informatics. · National Center for Research Resources (NCRR, established 1962). Extramural and intramural research resources and technologies, including general clinical research centers, computers, instrument systems, animal resources and facilities, and nonmammalian research models. · National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM, established 1999). Identifies, evaluates, and researches unconventional health care practices. · National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NCMHD, established 1993). Research, training, and coordination on minority health conditions and populations with health disparities. · John E. Fogarty International Center (FIC, established 1968). Focal point for NIH's international collaboration activities and scientific exchanges; provides leadership in global health. · National Library of Medicine (NLM, established 1956). Collects, organizes, and makes available biomedical information; sponsors programs to improve biomedical communications and U.S. medical library services. · NIH Clinical Center (CC, established 1953). NIH's hospital and outpatient facility for clinical research. · Center for Scientific Review (CSR, established 1946). Receives, assigns, and reviews research and training grant applications. · Center for Information Technology (CIT, established 1964). Provides, coordinates, and manages information technology for NIH; research to advance computational science. ¢ NIH traces its roots to 1887, when a one-room Laboratory of Hygiene was established at the Marine Hospital in Staten Island, New York. Relocated to Washington, DC, in 1891, and renamed the Hygienic Laboratory, it operated for its first half century as an intramural research lab for the Public Health Service. Congress designated the lab the National Institute of Health in 1930 (P.L. 71-251). It moved to donated land in the Maryland suburbs in 1938. By 1948, several new institutes and divisions had been created, and the agency became the National Institutes of Health (P.L. 80-655). As indicated in the list above, Congress continued to add new institutes and centers for several decades, most recently in 2000. Section 301 of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. § 241) grants the Secretary of HHS broad permanent authority to conduct and sponsor research. In addition, Title IV, "National Research Institutes" (42 U.S.C. § 281-290b), authorizes in greater detail various activities, functions, and responsibilities of the NIH Director and the institutes and centers. All of the institutes and centers are covered by specific provisions in the PHS Act. Prior to passage of the NIH Reform Act of 2006 (P.L. 109-482), nine of the ICs and a variety of individual programs had time-and-dollar limits on their authorizations of appropriations. Most of the authorizations had expired, but § 301 provided authority for the programs. The other institutes and centers and most NIH programs did not require periodic reauthorization by Congress, and there was no overall authorization for the agency. The NIH Reform Act added a number of authorities for the NIH %8.0 323 123 023 )MLN( enicideM fo yrarbiL %1.0 76 76 66 )CIF( retneC lanoitanretnI ytragoF %1.0 002 002 991 )DHMCN( seitirapsiD htlaeH/htlaeH ytironiM %1.0 221 221 121 )MACCN( deM evitanretlA/yratnemelpmoC %0.1 061,1 941,1 441,1 )RRCN( secruoseR hcraeseR %5.0 003 992 892 )BIBIN( gnireenigneoiB/gnigamI lacidemoiB %2.0 884 784 684 )IRGHN( hcraeseR emoneG namuH e %1.0 704,1 504,1 404,1 )HMIN( htlaeH latneM %1.0 200,1 100,1 000,1 )ADIN( esubA gurD %1.0 734 634 634 )AAAIN( msilohoclA/esubA lohoclA %1.0 831 731 731 )RNIN( hcraeseR gnisruN %2.0 593 493 493 )DCDIN( sredrosiD noitacinummoC/ssenfaeD %1.0 905 905 805 )SMAIN( nikS/lateleksolucsuM/sitirhtrA %1.0 840,1 740,1 740,1 )AIN( gnigA %1.0 346 246 246 )SHEIN( secneicS htlaeH latnemnorivnE %1.0 866 766 766 )IEN( eyE %1.0 652,1 552,1 452,1 )DHCIN( tnempoleveD namuH/htlaeH dlihC %1.0 839,1 639,1 639,1 )SMGIN( secneicS lacideM lareneG d, %2.0 965,4 165,4 663,4 c)DIAIN( sesaesiD suoitcefnI/ygrellA %1.0 545,1 445,1 535,1 )SDNIN( ekortS/sredrosiD lacigolorueN %1.0 807,1 707,1 607,1 )KDDIN( yendiK/evitsegiD/setebaiD %1.0 193 093 093 )RCDIN( hcraeseR laicafoinarC/latneD %1.0 529,2 229,2 919,2 )IBLHN( doolB/gnuL/traeH %1.0 018,4 508,4 597,4 )ICN( recnaC 80YF .sv tseuqer bdetcane alautca )sCI( sretneC dna setutitsnI 90YF egnahc % .serP 9002YF 8002YF 7002YF )snoill im ni sra llod( )HIN( htlaeH fo setutitsnI lanoitaN .8 elbaT F. Sargent Jr. et al. section of CRS Report RL34048, Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2008, by John (NIH): Organization, Funding, and Congressional Issues, by Pamela W. Smith, and the NIH For additional information on NIH, see CRS Report RL33695, The National Institutes of Health eliminated all of the other specific authorizations in Title IV. Director, authorized total funding levels for NIH appropriations for FY2007 to FY2009, and administering two block grants (one for substance abuse prevention and treatment services, the abuse and mental health disorders. SAMHSA provides federal support for these services by SAMHSA supports states' efforts to enhance prevention and treatment programs for substance .)tcA SHP fo 142 §( edisA-teS noitaulavE SHP morf MLN rof sdnuf lanoitiddA .h .) P.L. 110-173dna , 107-360 , P.L. 106-554 P.L. yb dezirohtua( B033 § tcA SHP rednu hcraeser setebaid rof KDDIN ot elbaliava sdnuF .g .dnufrepuS ot detaler seitivitca hcraeser SHEIN rof noitairporppa seicnegA detaleR/tnemnorivnE/roiretnI eht ni tnuocca etarapeS .f .eettimmoC gnitanidrooC msituA ycnegaretnI eht retsinimda ot HMIN ot yraterceS eht fo eciffO morf noillim 389.0$ fo refsnart stcelfer tnuoma 8002YF .e .)DO morf m5.94$ dna DIAIN morf m5.94$( esnopseR dna ssenderaperP rof yraterceS tnatsissA eht ot serusaemretnuoC lacideM fo tnempoleveD decnavdA eht rof gnidnuf derrefsnart )7002 ,52 yaM , ( tca snoitairporppa latnemelppus ycnegreme/raw eht ,7002YF roF .d P.L. 110-28 .airalaM dna ,BT ,SDIA/VIH thgiF ot dnuF labolG eht ot refsnart rof sdnuf edulcni slatot DIAIN .c .)noillim 554.0$( RCDIN ot MLN morf dna )noillim 618.0$( KDDIN ot IBLHN morf srefsnart CI evitarapmoc sedulcni 8002YF .7002YF revo )%5.0( noillim 331$ fo esaercni na si level margorp 8002YF ehT .b .sCI HIN gnoma dna )m245.0$( SHH ot srefsnart evitarapmoc stcelfer osla 7002YF .)d eton ees( P.L. 110-28,tca snoitairporppa latnemelppus 7002YF eht yb detadnam sa ,yraterceS eht fo eciffO eht ot HIN morf noillim 99$ fo refsnart eht stcelfer 7002YF .a .gnidnuor ot eud yltcaxe etupmoc ton yam segatnecrep dna slatoT :etoN .fdp.atad02%ralubat/8002/IU/vog.hin.do.tegdubfoeciffo//:ptth ta ,1-DT .p ,ataD ralubaT , 9002 raeY lacsiF ,seettimmoC snoitairporppA rof setamitsE fo noitacifitsuJ ,HIN morf SRC yb detpadA :ecruoS %0.0 561,92 171,92 830,92 level margorp HIN ,latoT %8.1 003- 592- 99- c)airalaM/BT/SDIA( refsnart dnuF labolG %0.0 8 8 8 h gnidnuf paT noitaulavE SHP %0.0 051 051 051 gsdnuf setebaid 1 epyT detairporppa-erP ytirohtua %0.0 703,92 703,92 879,82 tegdub yranoitercsid HIN ,lato T %0.0 87 87 97 f )SHEIN ot porppa roiretnI( dnufrepuS %0.0 032,92 032,92 998,82 noitairporppA SHH/robaL ,latotbuS %6.5 621 911 18 )F&B( seitilicaF & sgnidliuB %7.7 )435( )694( )384( )dda-non( dnuF nommoC %7.4- 750,1 901,1 740,1 d)DO( rotceriD fo eciffO 80YF .sv tseuqer bdetcane alautca )sCI( sretneC dna setutitsnI 90YF egnahc % .serP 9002YF 8002YF 7002YF other for mental health services), two other formula grants, and discretionary grants to local communities, states, and private entities to address the public health issues of substance abuse and mental illness. SAMHSA funds a wide range of activities, including strategic planning, education and training, prevention programs, early intervention, and treatment services. In April 2006, SAMHSA published a matrix of the priority mental health and substance abuse issues addressed by the agency, along with the agency's cross-cutting principles.44 The priority issue areas include individual health concerns such as co-occurring mental health and substance abuse disorders, suicide, and behavioral health issues for individuals with hepatitis and HIV/AIDS; societal issues such as homelessness and criminal justice; and systems-level issues such as treatment capacity and workforce development. In addition, SAMHSA has identified principles to guide program, policy, and resource allocation within the agency. These principles include use of evidence-based practices, evaluation, collaboration, cultural competence, stigma reduction, and cost-effectiveness. £ ¢ For FY2008, SAMHSA has a total budget of nearly $3.4 billion and a staff of approximately 534.45 For a breakdown of the agency's budget, see Table 9. SAMHSA is composed of three centers of operation, as described below. Each center has a director who reports to SAMHSA's Administrator. Each center has general authority to fund states and communities to address priority substance abuse and mental health needs. This authority, called Programs of Regional and National Significance (PRNS), authorizes SAMHSA to fund projects that (1) translate promising new research findings into community-based prevention and treatment services, (2) provide training and technical assistance, and (3) target resources to increase service capacity where it is most needed. SAMHSA determines its funding priorities in consultation with states and other stakeholders. SAMHSA offers information on its programs through its website at http://www.samhsa.gov. SAMHSA centers are as follows: · Center for Mental Health Services (CMHS).46 CMHS supports mental health services provided by the states and local governments through its mental health block grant and discretionary grant programs. CMHS is authorized to prevent mental illness and promote mental health by providing funds to evaluate, improve, and implement effective treatment practices, address violence among children, provide technical assistance to state and local mental health agencies, and collect data. · Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP).47 CSAP aims to improve the quality of substance abuse prevention practices nationwide. Through its discretionary grant programs, CSAP provides states, communities, organizations, 44 SAMHSA, Matrix of Priorities, April 2006, at http://www.samhsa.gov/Matrix/Matrix_Brochure_2006.pdf. 45 SAMHSA, Justification of Estimates for Appropriations Committees, Fiscal Year 2009, available at http://www.samhsa.gov/Budget/FY2009/SAMHSA_CJ2009.pdf. 46 See http://mentalhealth.samhsa.gov/cmhs/. 47 See http://prevention.samhsa.gov/. and families with tools to promote protective factors and to reduce risk factors for substance abuse. CSAP also supports the National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information (NCADI), the largest federal source of information about substance abuse research, treatment, and prevention available to the public. · Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT).48 CSAT aims to promote the quality and availability of community-based substance abuse treatment services for individuals and families who need them. CSAT works with states and community-based groups to improve and expand existing substance abuse treatment services under the formula-based substance abuse prevention and treatment block grant. CSAT also supports SAMHSA's free treatment referral service to link people with the community-based substance abuse services they need. ¢ SAMHSA's predecessor agency, the Alcohol, Drug Abuse and Mental Health Administration (ADAMHA), was established in 1974. In 1992, Congress passed the ADAMHA Reorganization Act (P.L. 102-321), which, among other things, established SAMHSA as a services agency with programs focused on people with or at risk for mental or substance abuse disorders. The Act also moved the three research institutes--National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)--to NIH, and renamed ADAMHA as SAMHSA to reflect its focus on funding community-based services. SAMHSA is authorized under Title V of the PHS Act, as amended (42 U.S.C. § 290aa--290kk- 3). In PHS Act Title XIX, SAMHSA's block grants are authorized under Part B (42 U.S.C. § 300x-1--300x-66) and some additional programs are authorized under Part C (42 U.S.C. § 300y--300y-11). SAMHSA was last reauthorized in 2000, as part of the Children's Health Act.49 At the time of that reauthorization, most of the agency's programs were extended for three years, through FY2003, and the block grant funding formula was not modified. The 2000 reauthorization focused on improving mental health and substance abuse services for children and adolescents, implementing proposals to give states more flexibility in the use of block grant funds, and replacing some existing categorical grant programs with general authority to give the Secretary of HHS more flexibility to respond to those who require mental health and substance abuse services. Currently, authorizations for all of SAMHSA programs have expired. For additional information on SAMHSA, see CRS Report RL33997, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA): Reauthorization Issues, by Ramya Sundararaman. 48 See http://csat.samhsa.gov/. 49 P.L. 106-310, Titles XXXI-XXXIV. %5.6- 520,3 432,3 602,3 ytirohtua tegdub ASHMAS ,latoT an 2 0 0 noitaulavE ataD an 1 0 0 seitilicaF & sgnidliuB latipsoH shtebazilE .tS %3.4 79 39 39 level margorp tnemeganaM margorP ,latotbuS %5.22 22 81 61 agnidnuf paT noitaulavE SHP %0.0 57 57 77 ytirohtua tegdub tnemeganaM margorP ,latotbuS %6.81- 851 491 391 ytirohtua tegdub PASC ,latotbuS %6.81- 851 491 391 ecnacifingiS lanoitaN dna lanoigeR fo smargorP )PASC( noitneverP esubA ecnatsbuS rof retneC %0.2- 511,2 951,2 851,2 level margorp TASC ,latotbuS %5.71 09 48 48 agnidnuf paT noitaulavE SHP ,latotbuS %5.2- 520,2 670,2 470,2 ytirohtua tegdub TASC ,latotbuS %1.1 )977,1( )957,1( )957,1( )dda-non( level margorp ,tnarG kcolB TPAS %0.0 )97( )97( )97( a)dda-non( gnidnuf paT noitaulavE SHP %1.1 996,1 086,1 976,1 tnarG kcolB )TPAS( tnemtaerT dna noitneverP esubA ecnatsbuS %8.51- )733( )004( )993( )dda-non( level margorp ,SNRP %3.061 )11( )4( )4( a)dda-non( gnidnuf paT noitaulavE SHP %7.71- 623 693 593 ecnacifingiS lanoitaN dna lanoigeR fo smargorP )TASC( tnemtaerT esubA ecnatsbuS rof retneC %9.31- 487 119 488 level margorp SHMC latotbuS %0.0 12 12 12 agnidnuf paT noitaulavE SHP %2.41- 367 988 268 ytirohtua tegdub SHMC ,latotbuS %5.2- 43 53 43 )tnarg alumrof IMIAP( ssenllI latneM htiw slaudividnI rof ycacovdA dna noitcetorP %0.21 06 35 45 )tnarg alumrof HTAP( ssensselemoH morf noitisnarT ni ecnatsissA rof stcejorP %0.21 411 201 401 htlaeH latneM s'nerdlihC %0.0 )124( )124( )824( )dda -non( level margorp ,tnarG kcolB htlaeH latneM %0.0 )12( )12( )12( a)dda-non( gnidnuf paT noitaulavE SHP %0.0 004 004 704 tnarG kcolB htlaeH latneM %1.84- 551 992 362 ecnacifingiS lanoitaN dna lanoigeR fo smargorP )SHMC( secivreS htlaeH latneM rof retneC 80YF .sv tseuqer detcane lautca sretneC 90YF egnahc % .serP 9002YF 8002YF 7002YF )snoill im ni sra llod( )ASHMAS( noitartsinimdA secivreS htlaeH latneM dna esubA ecnatsbuS .9 elbaT 7002YF 8002YF .serP 9002YF 90YF egnahc % sretneC lautca detcane tseuqer 80YF .sv agnidnuf paT noitaulavE SHP ,latoT 121 221 331 %9.8 723,3 653,3 level margorp ASHMAS ,LATOT 851,3 %9.5- raeY lacsiF ,seettimmoC snoitairporppA rof setamitsE fo noitacifitsuJ ,ASHMAS morf SRC yb detpadA :ecruoS .4-yrammuS evitucexE .p ,9002 .gnidnuor ot eud yltcaxe etupmoc ton yam segatnecrep dna slatoT :etoN .)tcA SHP fo 142 §( edisA-teS noitaulavE SHP morf sdnuf lanoitiddA .a Agency Overview Reports CRS Report RL34334, The Food and Drug Administration: Budget and Statutory History, FY1980-FY2007, coordinated by Judith A. Johnson. CRS Report RL33022, Indian Health Service: Health Care Delivery, Status, Funding, and Legislative Issues, by Roger Walke. CRS Report RL33695, The National Institutes of Health (NIH): Organization, Funding, and Congressional Issues, by Pamela W. Smith. CRS Report RL33997, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA): Reauthorization Issues, by Ramya Sundararaman. Appropriations Reports CRS Report RL34132, Agriculture and Related Agencies: FY2008 Appropriations, by Jim Monke. CRS Report RL34448, Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2009, by John F. Sargent Jr. et al. CRS Report RL34461, Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies: FY2009 Appropriations, by Carol Hardy Vincent et al. CRS Report RL34076, Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education: FY2008 Appropriations, by Pamela W. Smith, Gerald Mayer, and Rebecca R. Skinner. Biomedical Research Policy and Funding: http://apps.crs.gov/cli/cli.aspx?PRDS_CLI_ITEM_ID=2257&from=3&fromId=13. Drugs, Biologics, and Medical Devices: http://apps.crs.gov/cli/cli.aspx?PRDS_CLI_ITEM_ID=2678&from=3&fromId=13. Food Safety and Nutrition: http://apps.crs.gov/cli/cli.aspx?PRDS_CLI_ITEM_ID=2621&from=3&fromId=13. Public Health and Emergency Preparedness: http://apps.crs.gov/cli/cli.aspx?PRDS_CLI_ITEM_ID=2628&from=3&fromId=13. Pamela W. Smith, Coordinator Judith A. Johnson Analyst in Biomedical Policy Specialist in Biomedical Policy psmith@crs.loc.gov, 7-7048 jajohnson@crs.loc.gov, 7-7077 Sarah A. Lister Donna V. Porter Specialist in Public Health and Epidemiology Specialist in Nutrition and Food Safety slister@crs.loc.gov, 7-7320 dporter@crs.loc.gov, 7-7032 Bernice Reyes-Akinbileje Andrew R. Sommers Analyst in Health Resources and Services Analyst in Public Health and Epidemiology breyes@crs.loc.gov, 7-2260 asommers@crs.loc.gov, 7-4624 Ramya Sundararaman Susan Thaul Analyst in Public Health Specialist in Drug Safety and Effectiveness rsundararaman@crs.loc.gov, 7-7285 sthaul@crs.loc.gov, 7-0562 Roger Walke Specialist in American Indian Policy rwalke@crs.loc.gov, 7-8641 ¢ ¢ esitrepxE fo aerA emaN enohP yllareneg )SHP( ecivreS htlaeH cilbuP htimS alemaP 8407-7 retsiL haraS 0237-7 ytilauQ dna hcraeseR erachtlaeH rof ycnegA sremmoS werdnA 4264-7 )QRHA( retsiL haraS noitneverP dna lortnoC esaesiD rof sretneC 0237-7 esaesiD dna secnatsbuS cixoT rof ycnegA / )CDC( )RDSTA( yrtsigeR )sgurd( luahT nasuS )ADF( noitartsinimdA gurD dna dooF 2650-7 )sdoof( retroP annoD 2307-7 )scigoloib( nosnhoJ htiduJ 7707-7 )secived( smailliW nirE dna deef lamina( retsiL haraS 0237-7 )sgurd )ASHMAS( noitartsinimdA 5827-7 namararadnuS aymaR secivreS htlaeH latneM dna esubA ecnatsbuS 8407-7 htimS alemaP )HIN( htlaeH fo setutitsnI lanoitaN 1468-7 eklaW regoR )SHI( ecivreS htlaeH naidnI )ASRH( 0622-7 ejelibnikA-seyeR ecinreB noitartsinimdA secivreS dna secruoseR htlaeH enohP emaN esitrepxE fo aerA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL34098