For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL34043 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ¢ ¢ Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress ¢ This report, which replaces a 2004 report on the same subject (CRS Report RL32570, Interstate Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste: 2004 Update), provides updated information on interstate shipment of municipal solid waste (MSW). Since the late 1980s, Congress has considered, but not enacted, numerous bills that would allow states to impose restrictions on interstate waste shipments, a step the Constitution prohibits in the absence of congressional authorization. Over this period, there has been a continuing interest in knowing how much waste is being shipped across state lines for disposal, and what states might be affected by proposed legislation. This report provides data useful in addressing these questions. It generally presents data as of 2005. Total interstate waste shipments continue to rise due to the closure of older local landfills and the consolidation of the waste management industry. More than 42 million tons of municipal solid waste crossed state lines for disposal in 2005, an increase of 8% over 2003. Waste imports have grown significantly since CRS began tracking them in the early 1990s, and now represent 25.3% of the municipal solid waste disposed at landfills and waste combustion facilities. In the last 10 years, reported imports have increased 147%. Pennsylvania remains the largest waste importer. The state received more than 7.9 million tons of MSW and 1.7 million tons of other non-hazardous waste from out of state in 2005. Most of this waste came from New Jersey and New York. Pennsylvania's waste imports represented 19% of the national total. Virginia and Michigan, the second and third largest importers, received 5.7 million tons and 5.4 million tons from out of state respectively in 2005, each of them about 30% less than the amount received by Pennsylvania. With the exception of Pennsylvania, each of the 15 largest importers showed an increase in waste imports, compared to our last survey, which provided data as of 2003. Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin showed particularly large increases, with Ohio, New York, Oregon, and Georgia also increasing substantially. In each of these states, waste imports increased by 300,000 tons or more, in some cases substantially more. In all, 30 states had increased imports in the current report, and 11 states reported imports that exceeded 1 million tons. While waste imports increased overall, Pennsylvania, the leading importer, reported a sharp decline in imports. Pennsylvania's imports fell for the fourth year in a row: about 2.7 million fewer tons of out-of-state MSW were received at Pennsylvania landfills in 2005 than in 2001. Factors causing this decline included the imposition of an additional $4.00 per ton state fee on waste disposal and the absence of rail service at Pennsylvania landfills. New York remains the largest exporter of waste, with New Jersey in second place. Nine other states (Illinois, Missouri, Maryland, Massachusetts, Washington, Minnesota, North Carolina, Indiana, and Florida), the District of Columbia, and the Canadian province of Ontario also exported more than 1 million tons each. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Total Shipments ............................................................................................................................... 2 Waste Import Highlights.................................................................................................................. 9 Major Exporters..............................................................................................................................11 Net Imports and Exports................................................................................................................ 12 Additional Information.................................................................................................................. 12 Figure 1. Imports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2005 or Latest Year, in Tons..................................... 3 Figure 2. Exports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2005 or Latest Year, in Tons..................................... 3 Table 1. Imports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2005 or Latest Year.................................................... 4 Table 2. Exports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2005 or Latest Year.................................................... 5 Table 3. Net Imports/Exports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2005 or Latest Year................................ 7 Table 4. Amount and Destination of Exported MSW, and Amount and Sources of Imported MSW, by State ............................................................................................................ 14 Author Contact Information .......................................................................................................... 29 This report provides updated information on interstate shipment of municipal solid waste (MSW). Concerned about increased waste imports, some states have attempted to regulate this commerce, by imposing barriers or requirements specific to waste importation; federal courts, however, have declared such state restrictions unconstitutional. If states are to have such authority, these decisions say, congressional action is required. Since the late 1980s, Congress has considered, but not enacted, numerous bills that would grant such authority.1 Over this period, there has been a continuing interest in knowing how much waste is being shipped across state lines for disposal, and what states might be affected by proposed legislation. This report provides data useful in addressing these questions. It updates information provided in earlier CRS reports.2 The report presents information gathered through telephone contacts with solid waste officials in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the Canadian province of Ontario (which ships large quantities of waste to the United States, principally to Michigan). The data obtained from these contacts are summarized in Tables 1, 2, and 3, and Figures 1 and 2. Table 4 presents additional information, including the names and telephone numbers of state contacts, and in some cases links to detailed reports on solid waste management in the specific state that are available on the Web. Not all states require reporting of waste imports, and very few track exports, so the available data are incomplete, and in some cases represent estimates rather than actual measurements. In a number of cases, faced with conflicting reports from exporters and importers or no quantitative data at all, the report provides CRS's best estimate, based on discussions with state officials or other sources. Seven of the states provided data for a period other than calendar year 2005--either a fiscal year that included part of 2005 or a different calendar year. This adds another layer of imprecision: CRS generally combined data for whatever was the reporting period closest to 2005, even though in these seven cases, this meant combining data from somewhat different time periods. The exceptions are noted in the appropriate tables. As a result, many of the totals reported here represent a best estimate rather than precise figures. 1 Legislation on interstate shipment of waste has been introduced in every Congress since the 100th. In the 104th Congress, the Senate passed S. 534, which would have granted states authority to restrict new shipments of municipal solid waste from out of state, if requested by an affected local government. In the 103rd Congress, both the House and Senate passed interstate waste legislation (H.R. 4779 and S. 2345), but lack of agreement on common language prevented enactment. For a discussion of the issues addressed in these bills, see CRS Report RS20106, Interstate Waste Transport: Legislative Issues, by James E. McCarthy. 2 This report replaces CRS Report RL32570, Interstate Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste: 2004 Update, by James E. McCarthy. Earlier reports, many of which are now out of print but available directly from the author, were prepared in 2002, 2001, 2000, 1998, 1997, 1996, 1995, and 1993. The data show that total interstate waste shipments continue to rise:3 imports in the current survey totaled 42.2 million tons, 17% of the 245.7 million tons of municipal solid waste generated in the United States.4 Of municipal waste disposed (as opposed to recycled or composted), the percentage is higher. EPA estimates that 79.0 million tons of municipal solid waste were recycled or composted in 2005, leaving 166.7 million tons to be disposed in landfills or incinerators. Of this amount, 25.3% crossed state lines for disposal.5 Between CRS's year 2004 report (reporting largely 2003 data) and the current survey (reporting generally 2005 data), imports increased 3.2 million tons, or 8%. Since 1995, reported imports have risen 147%, from 17.1 million tons in 1995 to 42.2 million tons in the current survey. 3 We rely on imports rather than exports as our measure of total shipments, because we believe that waste management facilities and states have a greater interest in accurately measuring imports than they do exports. Often the amounts received and their source are subject to formal legal reporting requirements and/or fees, with penalties for failure to report. Exports are not generally subject to such requirements. 4 Because many of the larger importing states now differentiate MSW from other non-hazardous waste imports, we compared total MSW imports to EPA's national estimate of MSW generation (245.7 million tons in 2005). For EPA data on waste generation, see Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 2005 Facts and Figures, at http://www.epa.gov/msw/pubs/mswchar05.pdf. State-reported waste generation, summarized in BioCycle magazine's biannual survey, is substantially higher (509 million tons in 2004) but may include other nonhazardous waste, provided it was disposed at MSW facilities. For state-reported data, see Phil Simmons, Nora Goldstein, Scott M. Kaufman, Nickolas J. Themelis, and James Thompson, Jr., "The State of Garbage in America," BioCycle, April 2006, p. 26. Removing Canadian waste from the total imports would also reduce the percentage of waste crossing state lines for disposal, from 17% to 16%. 5 Much of the waste destined for recycling may also have crossed state lines, but waste destined for recycling is not as controversial as that sent for disposal. In addition, recycling facilities do not generally require permits by state agencies. Thus, amounts shipped across state lines for recycling cannot generally be tracked by the solid waste agencies. snoT ni ,raeY tsetaL ro 5002 ,etsaW diloS lapicinuM fo stropxE .2 erugiF snoT ni ,raeY tsetaL ro 5002 ,etsaW diloS lapicinuM fo stropmI .1 erugiF 736,641 amabalA 647,741 notgnihsaW 548,961 sttesuhcassaM 719,491 ainigriV tseW 858,722 iruossiM 040,952 saxeT 110,682a dnalyraM 825,003d awoI 917,183 adaveN 868,004 amohalkO 009,204 erihspmaH weN 004,334 anozirA 214,634 eniaM 543,174 ocixeM weN 277,355 ippississiM 586,366 ykcutneK 114,286 eessenneT 380,967 kroY weN 813,008 sasnaK 399,342,1a aniloraC htuoS 074,986,1a oihO 927,137,1 yesreJ weN 713,447,1 aigroeG 179,597,1 nogerO 898,411,2c sionillI 331,341,2 nisnocsiW 838,824,2a anaidnI 440,244,5c,b nagihciM 144,907,5b ainigriV 489,139,7a ainavlysnneP detropmI ytitnauQ etatS )snot ni( 1 elba raeY tsetaL ro 5002 ,etsaW diloS lapicinuM fo stropmI . T 185,160,1 anaidnI 683,470,1 aniloraC htroN 000,580,1 atosenniM 171,547,1 notgnihsaW 549,689,1 sttesuhcassaM 402,840,2 dnalyraM 568,893,2 iruossiM 993,679,3a adanaC ,oiratnO 976,144,4 sionillI 838,277,5 yesreJ weN 846,891,7 kroY weN detropxE ytitnauQ etatS )snot ni( rae tsetaL ro 5002 ,etsaW diloS lapicinuM fo st ropxE .2 elba Y T .6002/03/6 - 5002/1/7 .e .5002/03/6 - 4002/1/7 .d .SRC yb sdray cibuc morf detrevnoC .c .5002/03/9 - 4002/1/01 .b .4 elbaT eeS .etsaw suodrazah-non rehto ro ,)D&C ( noitilomed dna noitcurtsnoc ,lairtsudni fo stnuoma laitnatsbus deviecer etats eht ,noitidda nI .a .sliated/snoitacifilauq rof 4 elbaT dna txet eeS .slaiciffo margorp etats yb dedivorp atad no desab ,SRC :ecruoS 527,491,24 latoT 005,1 atokaD htuoS 820,5d aksarbeN 429,5 dnalsI edohR 475,7 sasnakrA 830,61a hatU 502,23 anatnoM 129,34 tucitcennoC 437,57 ainrofilaC 091,77e anaisiuoL 000,88 atokaD htroN 892,731e aniloraC htroN detropmI ytitnauQ etatS 102,52 aksalA 000,03 erawaleD 834,25 nogerO 650,36 ohadI 973,17 eniaM 770,67 dnalsI edohR 558,99 nagihciM 438,101a adanaC ,aibmuloC hsitirB 872,401 tnomreV 000,011 amohalkO 000,521 aigroeG 303,161 sasnakrA 646,361 aniloraC htuoS 000,571 erihspmaH weN 461,491 ippississiM 886,012 ainigriV 007,132 amabalA 885,062 anaisiuoL 621,362 nisnocsiW 832,892 ainigriV tseW 562,833 ainavlysnneP 188,904 awoI 051,644 sasnaK 000,064 saxeT 751,884 ykcutneK 698,815 eessenneT 995,636 tucitcennoC 905,658 ainrofilaC 500,578 oihO 116,930,1 adirolF 855,160,1 aibmuloC fo tcirtsiD detropxE ytitnauQ etatS 000,58 000,3 000,88 atokaD htroN 515,361 698,815 114,286 eessenneT 825,571 751,884 586,366 ykcutneK 009,722 000,571 009,204 erihspmaH weN 868,092 000,011 868,004 amohalkO 861,453 051,644 813,008 sasnaK 806,953 461,491 277,355 ippississiM 330,563 973,17 214,634 eniaM 912,773 005,4 917,183 adaveN 004,624 000,7 004,334 anozirA 543,174 - 543,174 ocixeM weN 564,418 500,578 074,986,1 oihO 743,080,1 646,361 399,342,1 aniloraC htuoS 752,763,1 185,160,1 838,824,2 anaidnI 713,916,1 000,521 713,447,1 aigroeG 335,347,1 834,25 179,597,1 nogerO 700,088,1 621,362 331,341,2 nisnocsiW 981,243,5 558,99 440,244,5 nagihciM 357,894,5 886,012 144,907,5 ainigriV 917,395,7 562,833 489,139,7 ainavlysnneP )-(stropxE teN/ stropxE stropmI etatS stropmI teN )snot ni( raeY tsetaL ro 5002 ,etsaW diloS lapicinuM fo stropxE/stropmI teN .3 elbaT setatS detinU eht ot stropxe .a .snoitacifilauq dna noitamrofni lanoitidda rof seirtne 4 elbaT dna txet eeS .setats gniviecer yb delipmoc atad no desab si tnuoma eht ,sesac ynam nI .slaiciffo margorp etats yb dedivorp atad no desab ,SRC :ecruoS 335,667,24 latoT 002 gnimoyW 005,1 hatU 000,3 atokaD htroN 005,4 adaveN 000,7 anozirA 514,21 aksarbeN detropxE ytitnauQ etatS .4 dna ,2 ,1 selbaT dna txet ees :snoitacifilauq ot tcejbus ataD .sweivretni enohpelet no desab ,SRC :ecruoS 565,924,6- 846,891,7 380,967 kroY weN 901,140,4- 838,277,5 927,137,1 yesreJ weN 187,623,2- 976,144,4 898,411,2 sionillI 700,171,2- 568,893,2 858,722 iruossiM 001,718,1- 549,689,1 548,961 sttesuhcassaM 391,267,1- 402,840,2 110,682 dnalyraM 524,795,1- 171,547,1 647,741 notgnihsaW 000,580,1- 000,580,1 -- atosenniM 855,160,1- 855,160,1 -- aibmuloC fo tcirtsiD 116,930,1- 116,930,1 -- adirolF 880,739- 683,470,1 892,731 aniloraC htroN 577,087- 905,658 437,57 ainrofilaC 876,295- 995,636 129,34 tucitcennoC 069,002- 000,064 040,952 saxeT 893,381- 885,062 091,77 anaisiuoL 927,351- 303,161 475,7 sasnakrA 353,901- 188,904 825,003 awoI 872,401- 872,401 -- tnomreV 123,301- 832,892 719,491 ainigriV tseW 360,58- 007,132 736,641 amabalA 351,07- 770,67 429,5 dnalsI edohR 650,36- 650,36 -- ohadI 000,03- 000,03 -- erawaleD 102,52- 102,52 -- aksalA 783,7- 514,21 820,5 aksarbeN 835,41 005,1 830,61 hatU )-(stropxE teN/ stropxE stropmI etatS stropmI teN Thirty states had increased imports of municipal waste since 2003, with the largest increases occurring in Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin. These three states, along with Pennsylvania and Virginia, accounted for 56% of total municipal waste imports in 2005. As shown in Table 1, Pennsylvania continues to be the largest waste importer. Disposal facilities in the state received 7.9 million tons of MSW and 1.7 million tons of other nonhazardous waste from out of state in 2005. The amounts represented 39% of all solid waste disposed in the state and 19% of the national total for interstate MSW shipments. Pennsylvania has abundant landfill capacity, relatively low tipping fees, and is near two major states that have a shortage of disposal capacity: New York and New Jersey. Despite the state's continued predominance on the list of waste importers, Pennsylvania's MSW imports actually declined for the fourth year in a row in 2005--a cumulative decrease of more than 2.7 million tons. This happened simultaneously with continued growth of interstate waste shipments along the Eastern seabord. Several factors appear to have been at work. First, beginning in 2002, Pennsylvania imposed a new state fee of $4.00 per ton on waste disposal. Added to pre-existing fees, the state and local governments in Pennsylvania now collect $7.25 on each ton of waste disposed in the state. This may have provided sufficient economic incentive for some haulers to dispose elsewhere. Second, the state appears to be receiving less waste from New York City, whose Mayor has adopted a goal of shipping all of New York City's waste by rail, rather than truck. Pennsylvania has no landfills served by rail, so some of this waste has been diverted to large landfills in Virginia that do have rail service. After Pennsylvania, Virginia is the largest waste importer, with imports totaling 5.7 million tons of MSW and 1.3 million tons of other nonhazardous waste. Waste imports to Virginia have increased 45% since 2001, when they totaled 4.1 million tons of MSW and 0.7 million tons of other waste. The state has attempted to restrict imports, but has not been as successful as Pennsylvania, in part because it has chosen a variety of measures that have run afoul of the Constitution's interstate commerce clause. These included a ban on barge shipping of wastes on Virginia rivers, truck regulations that applied only to commercial solid waste transporters, and daily limits on the amount of waste that Virginia landfills could accept.6 Michigan, the third-largest waste importer for the past several years, has also seen substantial growth in imports. Significant amounts of waste come to Michigan from Indiana, Illinois, and other neighboring states; but the biggest source, accounting for 69% of Michigan's out-of-state waste, is Ontario, Canada. Ontario is also Michigan's neighbor, but the fact that it lies in a foreign country and that it has large expanses of open land where landfills might be sited seems to have added additional notoriety to its waste shipments. Ontario's shipments to Michigan have grown as Toronto, Canada's largest city, awarded new contracts for waste disposal and closed its last two landfills. At the beginning of 1999, the Toronto area was generating about 2.8 million tons of waste annually, of which about 700,000 tons were shipped to Michigan. By early 2003, however, 6 See "Federal Appeals Court Strikes Majority of Virginia Restrictions on Trash Imports," Daily Environment Report, June 7, 2001, p. A-2. The case decided was Waste Management Holdings, Inc. v. Gilmore, 252 F.3d 316 (4th Cir 2001). there was virtually no local disposal capacity in the Toronto area, and almost all of the waste was being shipped to Michigan, where large disposal sites offered very low cost disposal. In August 2006, the Ontario Minister of the Environment reached an agreement with Michigan's two Senators, under which Ontario will eliminate shipments of municipally managed waste to Michigan by the end of 2010. In return, the Senators agreed not to pursue passage of legislation that would have imposed large inspection fees and other requirements on Ontario's waste shipments to the United States.7 On September 19, 2006, Toronto's City Council approved a letter of intent to purchase a landfill near London, Ontario, where it is expected to ship its waste as it phases out shipments to Michigan. The agreement reached by the two Michigan Senators in their exchange of letters with Ontario's Minister of the Environment would not eliminate the majority of the waste shipped from Ontario to Michigan, however. The agreement refers to "municipally managed waste," and specifically uses a 2005 baseline amount of 1.34 million metric tons of municipal waste shipped.8 About two- thirds of the waste shipped from Ontario is not "municipally managed"--it is waste collected by private haulers and shipped to Michigan landfills under private contracts. These wastes are exported to Michigan either because it provides lower cost disposal options or because the landfills in Michigan are controlled by the same company that collects the waste in Canada. The provincial government and the local governments within the province have no authority to prevent these private waste shipments from leaving Ontario. (For additional information on Canadian waste import issues, see CRS Report RL33720, Imports of Canadian Waste.) In other highlights from the CRS survey: · Eleven states reported imports exceeding 1 million tons per year, an increase from 10 in CRS's last survey. Indiana, the additional state, jumped from 11th to 4th on the list with an increase of 1.5 million tons. · In addition to the 11 states that imported more than a million tons, another 20 states had imports exceeding 100,000 tons. · Besides the three big increases discussed above (Indiana, Virginia, and Michigan), states that reported major increases in imports compared to CRS's previous survey were Wisconsin, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Georgia, Illinois, Maine, Tennessee, and Kansas, each of which reported an increase of at least 100,000 tons. Growth of waste imports in the Great Lakes states was particularly strong: together, Indiana, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, and Illinois saw an increase of 3.65 million tons in MSW imports. · New Jersey remains on the list of major importers, with 1.7 million tons of MSW imports in 2005. The state is also a major exporter of waste: receiving states estimated New Jersey's exports at 5.8 million tons. The absence of flow control (local government requirements that waste within their jurisdiction be disposed at local facilities, which were overturned by the courts in the mid-1990s) has led to increased waste exports from New Jersey over the last decade. Waste-to-energy facilities in New Jersey, in turn, began importing MSW in order to replace local 7 Letter of Senators Stabenow and Levin to Hon. Lauerl C. Broten, Ontario Minister of the Environment, August 30, 2006. 8 Letter of Laurel C. Broten, Ontario Minister of the Environment, to Senators Stabenow and Levin, August 30, 2006. waste flowing elsewhere. As a result, large amounts of waste have entered New Jersey from New York in recent years. On April 30, 2007, the Supreme Court held, in the United Haulers case, that flow-control ordinances requiring delivery of local waste to a publicly-owned processing facility do not violate the Constitution's commerce clause, making it clear that some forms of flow control can survive judicial scrutiny.9 New Jersey officials do not expect the decision to have much impact on waste exports or imports, however.10 · Besides Pennsylvania, only Alabama experienced a major decrease in imports in 2005. Imports to Alabama have been particularly volatile. They declined by almost 270,000 tons (65%) in 2005, compared to 2003, but rebounded 150,000 tons in 2006. Even after that increase, they were less than half the peak amount recorded in 2002. · Ten other states reported declines in waste imports. The declines were generally small--in half the cases, less than 20,000 tons. · Although there are no comprehensive data, imports to transfer stations11 have been a political issue in some locations. Transfer stations are generally located in urban areas and are subject to less stringent regulation than disposal facilities. Heavy truck traffic and odors have aroused concerns in some neighboring communities. Connecticut, Rhode Island, the District of Columbia, and South Carolina have reported significant amounts of out-of-state waste imported to transfer stations, then exported to other states for disposal. A New York City plan to export most of its waste to transfer stations in New Jersey raised substantial controversy, before being rescinded. ¡ As shown in Table 2, eleven states (New York, New Jersey, Illinois, Missouri, Maryland, Massachusetts, Washington, Minnesota, North Carolina, Indiana, and Florida) and the District of Columbia each exported more than 1 million tons of waste to facilities in other states in the latest reporting period, and 21 other states exported more than 100,000 tons. As noted above, the Canadian province of Ontario also exported a substantial amount of municipal waste (nearly 4 million tons), most of it to Michigan.12 Although the reported amount of total waste exports grew by more than 4 million tons, shipments from the two largest exporting states, New York and New Jersey, did not increase. Compared to CRS's last survey, New York's exports fell more than a million tons to 7.2 million tons in 2005, according to 10 receiving states. New Jersey's estimated exports, 5.8 million tons, remained steady. 9 United Haulers Ass'n v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Mgmt. Auth., 127 S. Ct. 1786 (2007). 10 Personal communication, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, May 30, 2007. 11 Transfer stations receive waste from collection trucks, compact it, bale it, and load it on larger trucks for disposal elsewhere. 12 Another Canadian province, British Columbia, also exports waste to the United States, but the amount is substantially smaller (about 100,000 tons to Washington state). By far, the largest growth in exports came from Illinois, whose exports more than doubled, to 4.4 million tons.13 Most of the exports originate in Cook County (Chicago and its suburbs), which has a relative shortage of disposal capacity. Illinois as a whole has reported a more than doubling of landfill capacity since 1995, but Chicago is located near the border of both Indiana and Wisconsin; so increases in capacity elsewhere in Illinois may not affect disposal decisions in the Chicago metropolitan area. In all, 10 states and Ontario increased waste exports by more than 100,000 tons each in the period. In addition to Illinois and Ontario, Minnesota and Florida showed the largest increases. Five states and D.C. had decreases of more than 100,000 tons. Besides New York, the others were Georgia, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Michigan. ¡ Table 3 combines import and export data to rank the states by net amounts imported or exported. The table shows that 21 states were net importers; 24 plus the District of Columbia were net exporters. Thirty-eight of the 50 states had net imports or exports exceeding 100,000 tons in the reporting period; 22 exceeded 500,000 tons. Perhaps most interesting, given the tendency to identify states as either exporters or importers, 25 states both exported and imported in excess of 100,000 tons of municipal solid waste, an increase from 23 in CRS's last report. Several factors are at work here. In the larger states, there are sometimes differences in available disposal capacity in different regions within the state. Areas without capacity may be closer to landfills (or may at least find cheaper disposal options) in other states. A good example is Illinois: the Chicago area, which is close to two other states, exports significant amounts of waste out of state. Downstate, however, Illinois has substantial available landfill capacity, and imported 2 million tons from St. Louis, other locations in Missouri, and Iowa. As noted earlier, the movement of waste also represents the regionalization and consolidation of the waste industry. In 2005, the three largest firms (Waste Management, Allied Waste, and Republic Services) accounted for 66% of total revenues of the industry's 100 largest firms.14 These large firms offer integrated waste services, from collection to transfer station to disposal site, in many locations. Often, they ship waste to their own disposal facility across a border, rather than dispose of it at an in-state facility owned by a rival. As small landfills continue to close--the number of U.S. landfills declined 63% between 1993 and 2004, from 4,482 to 1,65415--this trend toward regionalization, consolidation, and waste shipment across state lines is likely to continue. The remainder of this report consists of a table summarizing waste import and export data, by state. All 50 states and the District of Columbia are listed in alphabetical order, with data for the 13 Illinois, like most states, does not report waste exports. This export estimate was derived from data provided by neighboring states. 14 "Waste Age 100," Waste Age, June 2006, p. 22. 15 "The State of Garbage in America," BioCycle, April 1994, p. 51, and April 2006, pp. 38, 40. amount of waste exported, destination of exports, amount of waste imported, source of imports, and a state agency contact for additional information. .etats-ni desopsid tnuoma snot 000,94 nogerO eht fo %2 tuoba ylno psa.slatoTWS/ediwetatS /stropeR/srd/lartnecgl/vog.ac.bmwic.www//:ptth snot tneserper yeht ,laitnatsbus 900,973 adaveN era stropxe hguohtlA 4026-143 )619( .ainrofilaC morf deppihs draoB tnemeganaM etsaW detargetnI AC .morf semoc etsaw snot WSM fo snot 905,658 ,erooM-alaS yrrehS erehw fo kcart peek ton seod etatS .5002 ni snot 437,57 005,824 anozirA troper setats gnivieceR ainrofilaC notgnihsaW ot gnidrocca adanaC ,setatS detinU eht ot ,aibmuloC .A.N .A.N .A.N notgnihsaW snot 438,101 deppihs .C.B hsitirB snot 342,7 eessenneT .3002 snot 125,22 saxeT ecnis snot 000,05 tsomla .saera redrob ot snot 598,92 ippississiM fo esaercni na ,sasnakrA 0060-286 )105( denifnoc dna llams ylevitaler morf snot 303,161 ygolocE dna lortnoC noitulloP fo .tpeD RA .6002 ni sasnakrA ot deppihs era stropmi taht seveileb tub snot gniviecer detroper ,ekaepS nasuS snot 475,7 detroper iruossiM ,stropmi kcart ton seod etatS 446,101 )60`( iruossiM setats gniviecer ruoF sasnakrA .snot 000,7 ta stropxe latot setamitse SRC ,setamitse etats no desaB .hatU dna ,adaveN ,ocixeM weN ot .)snot 004( ocixeM .hatU ot snot 005 dna ;adaveN saera redrob morf swolf 3714-177 )206( weN dna )snot 005,4( adaveN ot snot 002,1 ;ocixeM weN ot llams era erehT .WSM ytilauQ latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD ZA morf stnuoma llamS .ainrofilaC wolf yam snot 000,01 dna 000,1 fo stnuoma tnacifingis ,eknaJ divaD morf )snot 005,824( lla ylraeN .5002 ni snot 004,334 neewteb taht setamitse anozirA tropxe ton seod anozirA anozirA 3557-962 )709( noitavresnoC latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD KA .notgnihsaW ot gnidrocca ,streboR refinneJ .A.N .stropmi oN .notgnihsaW ,5002 ni snot 102,52 aksalA .)2002 ni snot 000,576( tnuoma snot 91 aigroeG .eldnahnap adirolF kaep eht flah naht ssel snot 715,79 ippississiM 5577-172 )433( eht dna aigroeG morf yltsom deniamer tub ,6002 ni snot .5002 ni amabalA morf tnemeganaM latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD LA si ti seveileb tub ,etsaw detropmi fo 783,792 ot ,delbuod stropmI snot WSM fo snot 007,132 ,sivaD pilihP snigiro eht kcart ton seod etats ehT .5002 ni snot 736,641 461,431 eessenneT troper setats gnivieceR amabalA noitamrofnI etsaW detropmI detropmI WSM etsaW detropxE detropxE WSM etatS lanoitiddA fo secruoS fo tnuomA fo noitanitseD fo tnuomA etatS yb ,WSM detropmI fo secruoS dna tnuomA dna ,WSM detropxE fo noitanitseD dna tnuomA . 4 elbaT .dnalyraM ni setanigiro snoitats refsnart .C.D ta deldnah etsaw eht fo retrauq eno tuoba ,.C.D ot gnidroccA .lasopsid rof detropxe neht si etsaw sihT .tcirtsiD eht ni detacol snoitats refsnart ot dnalyraM .llew sa ,dnalyraM morf etsaw fo stnuoma ot tnew tnuoma niatrecnu nA .ainigriV 1415-546 )202( laitnatsbus detropmi snot 858,1 ainavlysnneP ot tnew hcihw fo klub eht noisiviD sah .C.D tub ,aibmuloC ,5002 ni snot 855,160,1 etsaW diloS ,skroW cilbuP fo .tpeD .C.D fo tcirtsiD eht ni seitilicaf snot tsael ta gniviecer aibmuloC ,nosredneH samohT .dnalyraM lasopsid on era erehT 007,950,1 ainigriV detroper setats gnivieceR fo tcirtsiD .etsaw etats-fo-tuo .3002 ecnis %57 gnitpecca morf detibihorp tuoba fo enilced a ,setats era dna etats eht yb denwo .yesreJ weN gniviecer morf stroper no 3049-937 )203( era etats eht ni sllifdnal WSM dna dnalyraM ot stnuoma llamS desab 5002 ni snot 000,03 ,lortnoC latnemnorivnE llA .tnuoma elbigilgen a ylekil snot 147,8 ainavlysnneP ta stropxe setamitse dna secruoseR larutaN fo .tpeD ED si ti syas tub stropmi WSM SRC .stropxe WSM ,rukraM ycnaN .A.N kcart ton seod etats ehT snot 735,81 ainigriV kcart ton seod etats ehT erawaleD snot 92 .aV tseW snot 63 nagihciM snot 968,3 aigroeG snot 151,18 sttesuhcassaM snot 108,131 oihO snot 812,3 dnalsI edohR snot 007,102 ainavlysnneP 7323-424 )068( snot 967,3 kroY weN .5002 .5002 ni tucitcennoC morf noitcetorP latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD TC ni stropmi WSM fo snot snot snot 995,636 gniviecer ,lavaleB yduJ snot 429,63 sttesuhcassaM 129,34 stroper tucitcennoC 310,812 kroY weN detroper setats xiS tucitcennoC .aksarbeN .setats gnirobhgien ot 8433-296 )303( dna sasnaK morf detropmi detropxe eb yam stnuoma tnemnorivnE dna htlaeH cilbuP fo .tpeD OC eb yam stnuoma llamS llams yreV .stropxe ,nosnhoJ selrahC aksarbeN ,sasnaK .stropmi kcart ton seod etatS ocixeM weN ,aksarbeN ,sasnaK kcart ton seod etatS odaroloC noitamrofnI etsaW detropmI detropmI WSM etsaW detropxE detropxE WSM etatS lanoitiddA fo secruoS fo tnuomA fo noitanitseD fo tnuomA .revewoh ,iiawaH morf seititnauq laitnatsbus tropmi ot noissimrep rof deilppa sah smetsyS etsaW ohadI .yltnerruc detropmi snot 008,1 nogerO .5002 ni 6140-373 )802( etsaw fo tnuoma egral a snot 000,92 anatnoM snot 650,36 troper setats ytilauQ latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD DI .adaveN ton si ereht syas tub ,stropmi gniviecer eerhT .stropxe ,trelhE naeD dna nogerO morf stnuoma llamS kcart ton seod ohadI snot 652,23 notgnihsaW kcart ton seod ohadI ohadI .noitaredisnoc rednu era ohadI ro etats notgnihsaW 4424-685 )808( ot uhaO morf etsaw htlaeH fo .tpeD IH tropxe ot slasoporP .5002 ,uiS yraG .A.N .WSM fo stropmi oN .A.N ni WSM fo stropxe oN iiawaH snot 489,11 srehto 21 snot 454,92 dnalyraM snot 380,03 eessenneT snot 786,83 dnalsI .hR snot 866,24 aniloraC .N snot 543,57 kroY weN .3002 ni snot 000,006 detamitse na snot 837,18 aniloraC .S morf desaerced stropxE .2002 ecnis snot 650,71 eessenneT .setats gniviecer eerht snot 747,493 yesreJ .N 3354-263 )404( snot 000,057 yb desaercni snot 018,82 aniloraC .S morf elbaliava noitamrofni secruoseR larutaN fo .tpeD AG snot evah stropmi etsaW no desab stropxe fo snot ,nosneH ttocS 116,930,1 adirolF .5002 ni snot 713,447,1 snot 000,57 amabalA 000,521 setamitse SRC aigroeG .noitareneg etsaw s'adirolF fo %3 ylno tneserper .redrob adirolF eht llits tub ,3002 ecnis snot raen seitic etats-fo-tuo rojam 000,053 desaercni aigroeG on era ereht dna ,aigroeG .amabalA ot stropxE .5002 ni ni evisnepxe ssel si lasopsid ot og yam stnuoma llamS adirolF morf WSM fo snot 4178-542 )058( ecnis ,tropmi ot evitnecni noillim 1 revo gniviecer noitcetorP latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD LF elttil si erehT .stropmi snot stroper aigroeG .stropxe ,neroG reteP .A.N kcart ton seod etats ehT 116,930,1 aigroeG kcart ton seod etats ehT adirolF noitamrofnI etsaW detropmI detropmI WSM etsaW detropxE detropxE WSM etatS lanoitiddA fo secruoS fo tnuomA fo noitanitseD fo tnuomA .sasnaK ni denepo llifdnal wen a esuaceb snot 364,3 aksarbeN ,6002 ni "nwod yaw tnew" snot 282,54 iruossiM 4270-692 )587( snot 994,72 amohalkO .iruossiM stropxe etsaW .5002 tnemnorivnE dna htlaeH fo .tpeD SK morf lla tsomla ,5002 snot ni snot 051,644 fo stropxe ,ekcinneM enitsirhC snot 653,967 iruossiM ni WSM fo snot 813,008 868,004 amohalkO WSM stroper sasnaK sasnaK ).noitats refsnart a hguorht gnissap tuohtiw deluah yltcerid etsaw edulcni ton od aksarbeN ot stropxE( snot 109,2 nisnocsiW snot 73 nisnocsiW snot 259,8 aksarbeN snot 820,5 aksarbeN snot 758,01 iruossiM .6002YF ni snot snot 407,6 iruossiM 8694-182 )515( snot 478,11 sionillI 529,182 ot denilced stropmI secruoseR larutaN fo tpeD AI .5002YF ni snot 825,003 snot ,nerraW kraM snot 939,562 atosenniM fo latot a detroper etats ehT 211,893 sionillI .5002 ni snot 188,904 awoI snot 96 ainigriV snot 790,51 srehto 32 snot 458,16 sionillI snot 125,56 nagihciM .5002 ni etats fo tuo morf snot 815,79 oihO fdp.50raf snot 687,901 ykcutneK /dnal/stnemucod/golatac/medi/vog.ni.www//:ptth etsaw dilos rehto fo snot snot snot 984,511 oihO 000,856 deviecer osla etats 078,071 ykcutneK .5002 ni anaidnI morf 4264-332 )713( ehT .3002 morf snot noillim WSM fo snot 185,160,1 tnemeganaM latnemnorivnE fo tpeD NI snot 5.1 fo esaercni na ,5002 snot fo latot a detroper ,elddeW ellehciM 549,221,2 sionillI ni WSM fo snot 838,824,2 072,137 nagihciM setats gniviecer eviF anaidnI snot 233,6 ykcutneK snot 629,21 awoI snot 590,17 iruossiM .setats rehto 6 morf stnuoma llamS snot )%2( nisnocsiW 835,614 nagihciM lmth.xedni /yticapac-llifdnal/dnal/su.li.etats.ape.www//:ptth snot .3002 ecnis delbuod naht )%3( anaidnI ).SRC yb snot ot sdray 351,214,1 erom stropxE .5002 ni nisnocsiW 8829-287 )712( )%91( awoI cibuc morf detrevnoc ataD( sionillI morf WSM fo snot ycnegA noitcetorP latnemnorivnE LI .5002 ni stropmi fo snot snot 976,144,4 gniviecer troper ,nosniboR nellE )%67( iruossiM 898,411,2 stroper etats ehT 536,225,2 anaidnI setats gnirobhgien xiS sionillI noitamrofnI etsaW detropmI detropmI WSM etsaW detropxE detropxE WSM etatS lanoitiddA fo secruoS fo tnuomA fo noitanitseD fo tnuomA .4002 snot 78 .aV tseW fdp.5002_YC_tropeR_DM_ni_deganaM_WS raey radnelac ot derapmoc %73 desaercni stropmI .5002 snot 053,62 ainavlysnneP .ainigriV ot /tnemucod/stessa/su.dm.etats.edm.www//:ptth ni D&C yltsom ,etsaw rehto snot 454,92 aigroeG tnew stropxe eht fo %79 8133-735 )014( fo snot 538,542 dna ,WSM .5002 ni dnalyraM morf tnemnorivnE eht fo tpeD DM .C.D dna ,ainavlysnneP ,ainigriV etats-fo-tuo fo snot 110,682 snot snot 402,840,2 gniviecer ,retxeD drawdE tseW ,kroY weN ,sttesuhcassaM gniviecer detroper etats ehT 313,299,1 ainigriV detroper setats gnivieceR dnalyraM .erihspmaH weN morf semoc ylbaborp tser ehT .sttesuhcassaM 9575-782 )702( morf emoc ot deveileb .5002 .erihspmaH weN ot tser eht noitcetorP latnemnorivnE fo tpeD EM si etsaw eht fo 4/3 ot 3/2 tub ,nigiro ni etsaw D&C dna WSM fo dna ,adanaC ,kciwsnurB weN .5002 ni snot 973,17 ,dlanoDcaM egroeG fo etats troper t'nod seitilicaF snot 214,634 detropmi eniaM ot tnew snot 000,51 tuobA fo stropxe stroper eniaM eniaM ).atad .aL no desab setamitse SRC( snot 005,6 sasnakrA snot 379,701 ippississiM .3002 6623-912 )522( snot 003,01 saxeT morf egnahc elttiL .5002 ytilauQ latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD AL .)6002 ,03 enuJ-5002 ,1 snot ni snot 885,062 detroper ,sregoR nhoJ snot 000,06 ippississiM yluJ( 6002YF ni snot 091,77 516,251 saxeT setats gnirobhgieN anaisiuoL .ainigriV dna ,yesreJ weN ,iruossiM ,sionillI morf stnuoma rellamS snot 772,4 sionillI snot 639,601 .aV tseW snot 976,85 oihO snot 614,621 eessenneT snot 563,141 anaidnI 6176-465 )205( snot 078,071 anaidnI .snot 151,686 ot noitcetorP latnemnorivnE rof .tpeD YK ylthgils esor 6002 ni stropmI snot .3002 ecnis esaercni %84 ,tnayrB nallA snot 209,942 oihO .5002 ni snot 586,366 638,382 eessenneT a ,5002 ni snot 751,884 ykcutneK noitamrofnI etsaW detropmI detropmI WSM etsaW detropxE detropxE WSM etatS lanoitiddA fo secruoS fo tnuomA fo noitanitseD fo tnuomA .stnuoma llams deppihs )yesreJ weN dna ,sttesuhcassaM .%1 naht ssel gnisaercni ,kroY weN( setats rehto eerhT ,6002YF ni ffo delevel stropmI ).SRC yb snot ot snot 846,112 nisnocsiW sdray cibuc morf detrevnoc snot 197,992 oihO ataD( .etsaw dilos lairtsudni .3002 ecnis fdp.5002YFdellifdnaLetsaWdiloStropeR-wsts fo snot 000,127 detropmi snot 000,521 fo esaerced snot 835,614 sionillI osla nagihciM .3002 YF ecnis a ,5002 ni nagihciM morf -mhw-qed/stnemucod/su.im.etats.qed.www//:ptth nisnocsiW snot 072,137 anaidnI snot noillim a flah tsomla fo snot 676,1 snot 558,99 detroper 1474-373 )715( esaercni na ,snot 440,244,5 snot 856,23 oihO setats gnirobhgien ytilauQ latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD IM snot erew WSM fo stropmi eerht tub ,stropxe ,relliM anitsirhC 171,187,3 oiratnO ,)50/9 - 40/01( 5002YF nI snot 125,56 anaidnI kcart ton seod etats ehT nagihciM snot 22 ainigriV snot 372 nagihciM snot 714,5 ainavlysnneP snot 429,5 dnalsI edohR snot 429,63 tucitcennoC snot 763,101 dnalyraM snot 047,861 oihO snot 166,612 kroY weN snot snot 36 eniaM 573,182 erihspmaH .N snot 726 kroY weN snot snot 193,61 tnomreV 000,003 eniaM snot 435,03 dnalsI edohR snot 747,493 aigroeG .5002 8755-292 )716( snot 970,14 erihspmaH .N .snot 548,961 ni sttesuhcassaM morf noitcetorP latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD AM fo latot a gnitropmi detroper snot snot 549,689,1 fo latot a ,egdirdloH nairB snot 151,18 tucitcennoC sttesuhcassaM ,5002 nI 594,574 aniloraC .S detroper setats gnivieceR sttesuhcassaM noitamrofnI etsaW detropmI detropmI WSM etsaW detropxE detropxE WSM etatS lanoitiddA fo secruoS fo tnuomA fo noitanitseD fo tnuomA .WSM .hatU dna gnimoyW morf tser ehT fo tnuoma tnacifingis 4925-444 )604( snot 000,3 atokaD .N .3002 yna tropxe ot deveileb ytilauQ latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD TM ni tnuoma eht ot lacitnedi ton si dna ,stropxe ,yelworC taP snot 000,92 ohadI tsomla--5002 ni snot 502,23 .A.N kcart ton seod anatnoM anatnoM snot 037,2 ykcutneK snot 475,7 )60`( sasnakrA snot 327,9 eessenneT snot 407,6 awoI snot 758,01 awoI snot 495,73 sasnaK snot 653,967 sasnaK 3483-625 )375( snot 719,18 sionillI .6002 ni snot 170,025,2 secruoseR larutaN fo .tpeD OM .3002 revo esaercni snot ,niffirG-llahsraM adnelG snot 446,101 sasnakrA thgils a ,6002 ni snot 858,722 526,895,1 sionillI ;5002 ni snot 568,893,2 iruossiM tnemelEnepO?fdp.noisreV02%beW02% -02%5002tropeRlaunnA /eliF$/tropeRsutatS5002_WS snot 598,92 sasnakrA /fdp/fsn.QEDM/su.sm.etats.qed.www//:ptth snot 715,79 amabalA )6002YF( snot 000,06 anaisiuoL 2805-169 )106( snot 379,701 anaisiuoL .2002 ecnis elbats ylevitaler ytilauQ latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD SM neeb evah stnuoma detropmI snot .setats gniviecer ,lawohB pidarP snot 193,813 eessenneT .5002 ni snot 277,355 461,431 eessenneT ot gnidrocca ,snot 461,491 ippississiM snot 005,1 atokaD .S snot 000,88 atokaD .N snot 939,562 awoI 3727-692 )156( .detropmi .snot ycnegA lortnoC noitulloP NM neeb sah tnuoma elbigilgen snot 000,580,1 tuoba detropxe ,selihC miJ .A.N a ,etats eht ot gnidroccA 462,927 nisnocsiW etats eht ,5002 nI atosenniM noitamrofnI etsaW detropmI detropmI WSM etsaW detropxE detropxE WSM etatS lanoitiddA fo secruoS fo tnuomA fo noitanitseD fo tnuomA snot 658,6 dnalsI edohR snot 166,01 tucitcennoC .2002 ot derapmoc degnahcnu snot 008,94 tnomreV erew stropmI .sttesuhcassaM .setats gniviecer 3173-172 )306( snot 000,45 eniaM morf yliramirp ,WSM morf stroper no desab secivreS latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD HN fo snot 009,204 detropmi .sttesuhcassaM ot ,5002 ni snot 000,571 erihspmaH ,reruaM dlanoD snot 573,182 sttesuhcassaM erihspmaH weN ,5002 nI snot 000,14 ;eniaM ot yltsoM fo stropxe setamitse SRC weN .etats eht fo renroc tsaehtron eht ni seitinummoc redrob morf ohadI ot detropxe .anozirA dna hatU ni seitinummoc si tnuoma llams a ,noitidda 9649-786 )577( gnirobhgien morf detropmi nI .adaveN morf WSM noitcetorP latnemnorivnE fo noisiviD VN si tnuoma llams A .ainrofilaC fo snot 005,4 deviecer ,nospmiS evaD morf )snot 900,973( lla tsomlA .5002 ni snot 917,183 .ohadI ,anozirA ti taht setamitse anozirA adaveN .6002 YF ni aksarbeN morf snot 826,32 deviecer enola awoI .5002 .5002YF ni WSM ni aksarbeN morf snot fo snot 820,5 aksarbeN 514,21 gniviecer detroper 0124-174 )204( gnidnes stroper awoI snot 364,3 sasnaK sasnaK dna awoI tub ytilauQ latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD EN .stropmi WSM no sdrocer ,stropxe WSM no sdrocer ,llewoP htieK .awoI tcelloc ton seod etats ehT snot 259,8 awoI tcelloc ton seod etats ehT aksarbeN noitamrofnI etsaW detropmI detropmI WSM etsaW detropxE detropxE WSM etatS lanoitiddA fo secruoS fo tnuomA fo noitanitseD fo tnuomA .hatU ylbissop dna ,ocixeM ,amohalkO ,anozirA morf si tser ehT 1653-674 )505( snot 000,71 odaroloC .3002 ecnis snot 000,56 .ocixeM weN morf etsaw .tpeD tnemnorivnE MN tuoba fo esaerced a ,5002 ni fo stnuoma llams gniviecer ,siretsaP einnoC snot 000,054 saxeT detropmi erew snot 543,174 .anozirA dna saxeT troper anozirA dna saxeT ocixeM weN snot 085 dnalyraM snot 680,2 .aV tseW snot 631,65 kroY weN snot 617,551 aniloraC .S snot 656,613 oihO snot 471,4 setats rehto 9 snot 900,433 ainigriV snot 986,61 lanoitanretnI snot snot 059,07 ainavlysnneP 747,493 aigroeG 3096-489 )906( .setats gniviecer noitcetorP latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD JN snot .kroY weN morf snot thgie ot gnidrocca ,boroW yaR 619,936,1 kroY weN %49 ,5002 ni snot 927,137,1 809,215,4 ainavlysnneP ,5002 ni snot 838,277,5 yesreJ weN noitamrofnI etsaW detropmI detropmI WSM etsaW detropxE detropxE WSM etatS lanoitiddA fo secruoS fo tnuomA fo noitanitseD fo tnuomA .5002 6615-823 )107( ni anatnoM ot snot 000,3 htlaeH fo .tpeD DN .atosenniM ot gnidrocca detropxe atokaD htroN ,nostolliT evetS atosenniM ,5002 ni snot 000,88 anatnoM taht setamitse anatnoM atokaD htroN .etats eht ni detareneg etsaw eht fo %01 revo ylthgils rof tnuocca snot 079,1 .aV tseW stropxE .lasopsid rof snot 866,24 aigroeG aniloraC htroN ot kcab fdp.60 .aniloraC htroN morf etsaw tnes erew ,gnilab retfa eht deviecer yllanigiro hcihw snot 608,65 eessenneT ,hcihw ,noitats refsnart -50RA/emohws/su.cn.etats.rne.tonetsaw//:ptth ,noitats refsnart aniloraC snot aniloraC htuoS a ot snot 9948-805 )919( htuoS a morf detropmi etsaw 868,814 ainigriV 100,69 detropxe etats secruoseR snot 736,65 ainigriV fo snot 888,701 edulcni eht ,noitidda nI .setats larutaN dna tnemnorivnE fo .tpeD CN ton seoD .)6002 enuJ-5002 snot gniviecer ot gnidrocca aniloraC ,rediehcsroL nellE snot 166,08 aniloraC .S yluJ( 6002YF ni snot 892,731 470,455 aniloraC .S ,5002 ni snot 683,470,1 htroN snot 051 ykcutneK snot 726 sttesuhcassaM snot 523,1 nagihciM snot 967,3 tucitcennoC snot 018,31 .aV tseW snot 674,1 erihspmaH .N snot 543,57 aigroeG snot 411,2 cebeuQ snot snot 780,83 nomreV 999,385 oihO .5002 ni snot 305,070,4 snot 863,14 ainavlysnneP .5002 ni etsaw dilos rehto snot fo stropxe detroper snot 631,65 yesreJ weN fo snot 000,093 detropmi 619,936,1 yesreJ weN seitilicaf kroY weN osla etats ehT .3002 ecnis snot .3002 ecnis snot noillim snot 822,591 oiratnO snot 000,054 fo esaercni 1 revo fo esaerced a ,5002 457,308,1 ainigriV 2668-204 )815( snot 166,612 sttesuhcassaM na ,5002 ni detropmi ni kroY weN morf snot noitavresnoC latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD etatS YN erew WSM fo snot 380,967 snot 846,891,7 fo latot a troper ,rengaW drareG snot 310,812 tucitcennoC taht stroper kroY weN 359,570,3 ainavlysnneP setats gnitropmi neT kroY weN noitamrofnI etsaW detropmI detropmI WSM etsaW detropxE detropxE WSM etatS lanoitiddA fo secruoS fo tnuomA fo noitanitseD fo tnuomA snot 008,1 ohadI .raey taht nogerO snot 000,94 ainrofilaC ni desopsid etsaw eht lla fo 1255-922 )305( %73 rof detnuocca stropmI ytilauQ latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD RO snot .5002 ni WSM fo snot .5002 ni WSM fo snot ,nosredneH yduJ 171,547,1 notgnihsaW 179,597,1 detropmi nogerO .ohadI dna notgnihsaW 834,25 detropxe nogerO nogerO ).SRC yb snot ot sdray cibuc morf detrevnoc erew dna 5002YF rof era nagihciM rof ataD( .latot eht fo %59 snot deviecer nagihciM .setats 822,591 kroY weN gniviecer ot gnidrocca 0244-523 )614( ,5002 ni setatS detinU ygrenE dna tnemnorivnE fo yrtsiniM oiratnO snot eht ot WSM fo snot adanaC ,epoP ecurB .A.N .enoN 171,187,3 nagihciM 993,679,3 deppihs oiratnO ,oiratnO .sasnaK ni denepo llifdnal wen a nehw ,6002 -etal ot dim ni yltnacifingis deppord detropmi ytitnauq eht tub ,5002 ni amohalkO .ocixeM weN ot stnuoma llamS ot aera atihciW eht morf snot 994,72 sasnaK .setats gniviecer 0015-207 )504( deppihs erew etsaw fo snot morf stroper no desab ytilauQ latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD KO 868,004 taht stroper sasnaK snot 000,08 ,5002 ni snot 000,011 ,streboR nhoJ .sasnaK morf yltsoM .stropmi kcart ton seod etatS tuoba saxeT ta stropxe setamitse SRC amohalkO snot 251 ainigriV snot 518 aigroeG snot 238,92 ainavlysnneP snot 984,511 anaidnI .snot 074,986,1 .)%3( ykcutneK dna ,)%4( delatot ,WSM fo tnelaviuqe snot ainigriV tseW ,)%6( anaidnI ,)%8( eht ,etsaw dilos lareneg 420,161 .aV tseW fdp.etsaw_etats_fo_tuo_5002 /stcaf/cip/su.ho.etats.ape.www//:ptth tucitcennoC ,)%01( sttesuhcassaM fo stropmI .WSM-non rehto snot ,)%31( ainavlysnneP ,)%91( dna ,etsaw lairtsudni ,etsaw 209,942 ykcutneK 8635-827 )416( yesreJ weN ,)%53( kroY weN D&C saw ti fo %34 tub .3002 ecnis snot 000,052 ycnegA noitcetorP latnemnorivnE HO erew secruos tsegral ehT .setats ,5002 ni etsaw dilos fo snot snot tsomla fo esaerced ,notneK ellehciM 72 morf etsaw detropmi oihO 254,420,3 detropmi oihO 197,992 nagihciM a ,5002 ni snot 500,758 oihO noitamrofnI etsaW detropmI detropmI WSM etsaW detropxE detropxE WSM etatS lanoitiddA fo secruoS fo tnuomA fo noitanitseD fo tnuomA .lasopsid rof etats -fo-tuo kcab tnes sa detroper .yesreJ weN dna saw IR ot detropmi WSM tucitcennoC ot stnuoma llamS lla ,5002 nI .etats-fo-tuo morf WSM tpecca ton seod snot 658,6 erihspmaH .N 0627x 7972-222 )104( IR ,revewoh ,yllaiciffO .IR ot snot 435,03 sttesuhcassaM .5002 ni dnalsI edohR tnemeganaM latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD IR WSM fo snot 429,5 gnidnes morf WSM fo snot 770,67 ,tdimhcS treboR sttesuhcassaM stroper sttesuhcassaM snot 786,83 aigroeG detroper setats gnivieceR dnalsI edohR snot 679,61 srehto 6 snot 053,62 dnalyraM snot 238,92 oihO snot 462,86 .aV tseW snot 007,102 tucitcennoC snot 359,570,3 kroY weN snot .5002 ).atad oihO no desab ,SRC 809,215,4 yesreJ weN ni etats fo tuo morf etsaw yb detamitse oihO ot stropxE( dilos rehto fo snot noillim 7.1 deviecer ainavlysnneP snot 384,1 ainigriV ,WSM ot noitidda nI .stropmi snot 315,9 ainigriV tseW 1=MP&354464=Q&8321=a?psa.weiv/pwc fo latot lanoitan eht fo %02 .5002 tuoba gnitneserper ,WSM fo snot 863,14 kroY weN ni WSM fo snot 562,833 /etsawcerdnal/su.ap.etats.bewped.www//:ptth .5002 retropmi tsegral eht ,raf yb snot 059,07 yesreJ weN detropxe ainavlysnneP 2837-787 )717( ni stropmi WSM s'ainavlysnneP ,llits si etats ehT .1002 ecnis ,setats gnirobhgien noitcetorP latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD AP fo %69 ylraen rof detnuocca snot noillim 7.2 fo enilced snot ot gnidroccA .stropxe ,namhoL yllaS kroY weN dna yesreJ weN a 5002 ni snot 489,139,7 159,412 oihO kcart ton seod etats ehT ainavlysnneP noitamrofnI etsaW detropmI detropmI WSM etsaW detropxE detropxE WSM etatS lanoitiddA fo secruoS fo tnuomA fo noitanitseD fo tnuomA ).atad saxeT no desab detamitse era sasnakrA dna amohalkO( .sasnaK dna ocixeM weN morf stnuoma llamS snot 125,22 sasnakrA )6002YF( snot 003,01 anaisiuoL 3166-932 )215( snot 912,38 amohalkO ytilauQ latnemnorivnE no noissimmoC XT snot ,kcolB drawdE snot 516,251 anaisiuoL .5002 ni snot 040,952 000,054 ocixeM weN .snot 000,064 saxeT )atad 5002( .setats .ainigriV .W dna rehto 5 morf emac redniamer ehT anaidnI ot tnew redniamer ehT snot 380,03 aigroeG snot 608,65 CN snot 508,93 ainigriV .1002 ecnis snot %07 tuoba fo esaercni snot 461,431 ippississiM .6002 ot 3002 614,621 na ,5002 ni eessenneT ykcutneK 0108-235 )516( snot 584,741 ainigriV morf %82 desaercni stropmI morf etsaw fo snot noitavresnoC dna tnemnorivnE fo .tpeD NT .6002 ni snot 065,147 snot 698,815 gniviecer troper ,raehsarB enyaW .A snot 638,382 ykcutneK ,5002 ni snot 114,286 193,813 ippississiM setats gnirobhgien xiS eessenneT .5002 ni atokaD htuoS ot etsaw fo snot 3513-377 )506( 005,1 deppihs gnivah stroper secruoseR larutaN dna tnemnorivnE fo .tpeD DS atosenniM .WSM fo stropmi .WSM fo stropxe ,etneW miJ atosenniM kcart ton seod etats ehT .A.N kcart ton seod etats ehT atokaD htuoS .aniloraC htroN dna ,erawaleD ,aigroeG morf yltsom emac WSM-noN snot 018,82 aigroeG snot 288,92 saxeT .sllifdnal snot 994 ainigriV fdp.f50wsm/smrof/elcycer/vog.cehdcs.www//:ptth snot 617,551 WSM ta desopsid etsaw yesreJ weN dilos rehto fo snot 601,482 snot 847 .aV tseW 9414-698 )308( snot 594,574 sttesuhcassaM sulp ,)50/6-40/7( 5002YF snot 166,08 )6002YF( CN .aniloraC htuoS morf lortnoC latnemnorivnE dna htlaeH fo .tpeD CS ni WSM fo snot 399,342,1 etsaw fo snot 646,361 aniloraC ,snevetS eteP snot 470,455 aniloraC .N detropmi aniloraC htuoS snot 837,18 aigroeG detroper setats gnivieceR htuoS noitamrofnI etsaW detropmI detropmI WSM etsaW detropxE detropxE WSM etatS lanoitiddA fo secruoS fo tnuomA fo noitanitseD fo tnuomA .setats rehto 31 morf stnuoma rellamS snot 900,433 yesreJ weN .3002 htiw derapmoc snot 44 aigroeG snot 868,814 aniloraC .N snot 000,004 tuoba yb desaercni stropmI .)etsaw snot 382 ykcutneK snot lairtsudni dna ,hsa rotarenicni snot 819 ainavlysnneP 007,950,1 CD ,etsaw D&C yltsom( etsaw rehto fo snot noillim snot 123,5 .aV tseW lmth.srwsa/etsaw/vog.ainigriv.qed.www//:ptth snot 457,308,1 kroY weN 3.1 dna 5002 ni WSM fo snot snot 736,65 )6002YF( CN .ainigriV morf stropxe 6734-896 )408( 144,907,5 detropmi etats fo snot 886,012 troper ytilauQ latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD AV snot ehT .retropmi etsaw tsegral snot setats xiS .stropxe WSM ,mharF yhtaK 313,299,1 dnalyraM -dnoces eht sniamer ainigriV 584,741 eessenneT kcart ton seod etats ehT ainigriV .lasopsid rof etats fo tuo seog etats eht ni detareneg snot 193,61 sttesuhcassaM etsaw eht fo %02 6443-142 )208( .etsaw snot 780,83 kroY weN tuobA .setats gniviecer ot noitavresnoC latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD TV etats-fo-tuo yna eviecer gnidrocca ,detropxe erew ,htrabkcaH eiluJ .A.N ton od tnomreV ni seitilicaF snot 008,94 erihspmaH .N snot 872,401 ,5002 nI tnomreV .anatnoM ot snot 05 spahreP .hatU morf etsaw fo snot 005 tuoba stroper anozirA ,oslA .adaveN ,revodneW ot ,hatU ,revodneW morf tnew etsaw 4976-835 )108( .etsaw lairtsudni fo snot 000,1 tuoba ,sraey ytilauQ latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD TU fo snot 738,572 sulp suoiverp ni sA .snot 005,1 ,nhoB hplaR anozirA ,5002 ni WSM fo snot 830,61 anatnoM ,anozirA ,adaveN ta stropxe setamitse SRC hatU noitamrofnI etsaW detropmI detropmI WSM etsaW detropxE detropxE WSM etatS lanoitiddA fo secruoS fo tnuomA fo noitanitseD fo tnuomA elbaliava ton = .A.N :etoN .slaiciffo margorp etats yb dedivorp noitamrofni no desab ,SRC :ecruoS .gnimoyW morf 8643-374 )703( .etats eht retne yam yad snot 002 tuoba detroper ytilauQ latnemnorivnE fo .tpeD YW a snot wef A .atad tropmi anatnoM .atad tropxe ,rotcoD boB .A.N tcelloc ton seod etats ehT anatnoM tcelloc ton seod etats ehT gnimoyW snot 125,1 anaidnI .3002 ecnis %32 fo esaercni snot 676,1 nagihciM .yllaitnatsbus snot 109,2 awoI na ,5002 ni stropxe snot 462,927 .nniM desaercni htob atosenniM snot 650,74 sionillI nisnocsiW fo snot 621,362 1112-662 )806( dna sionillI morf stropmI detroper setats gniviecer secruoseR larutaN fo .tpeD IW snot .3002 ecnis %77 fo esaercni snot ruof tub ,atad tropxe ,relliM yesdniL 351,214,1 sionillI na ,5002 ni snot 331,341,2 846,112 nagihciM tcelloc ton seod etats ehT nisnocsiW ).atad oihO no desab ,SRC .setats rehto 6 morf tser ehT yb detamitse oihO ot stropxE( snot 977,1 setats rehto 3 snot 448,8 dnalyraM snot 411,83 ainigriV snot 326,5 ainigriV .5002 .3002 ecnis degnahcnu ni ainigriV tseW ni lasopsid snot 462,86 ainavlysnneP yllautriv stropxE snot 315,9 .nneP etsaw latot fo %01 tuoba .ainigriV tseW morf snot 103,47 oihO 8440-629 )403( snot 018,31 YN detneserper stropmI .3002 etsaw fo snot 832,892 draoB tnemeganaM etsaW diloS VW ecnis %03 tsomla fo esaerced snot detroper setats gniviecer ,iksworoB naJ snot 420,161 oihO a ,5002 ni snot 719,491 639,601 ykcutneK thgiE .metsys gnikcart oN ainigriV tseW .etsaw fo stnuoma laitnatsbus stropxe etats eht ,stnemegnarra snot 31 anatnoM lautcartnoc fo esuaceb tub snot 102,52 aksalA ,)setar lasopsid tnerruc ta fdp.4207060/sbup/vog.aw.yce.www//:ptth snot 652,23 sraey 83( yticapac lasopsid ohadI fo snot noillim 002 revo 2316-704 )063( snot 455,54 nogerO .etsaw rehto sah notgnihsaW .nogerO ygolocE fo .tpeD AW fo snot 211,76 sulp ,5002 ot gnidrocca ,5002 ,doowyaC nellE snot 438,101 adanaC ,.C.B ni WSM fo snot 647,741 .nogerO ni WSM fo snot 171,547,1 notgnihsaW noitamrofnI etsaW detropmI detropmI WSM etsaW detropxE detropxE WSM etatS lanoitiddA fo secruoS fo tnuomA fo noitanitseD fo tnuomA James E. McCarthy Specialist in Environmental Policy jmccarthy@crs.loc.gov, 7-7225 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL34043