For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL33690 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ¢ Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress ¢ Among the titles dealing with farm-support and other agriculture-related issues, Title IV of the 2002 farm bill (the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act; P.L. 107-171) reauthorized appropriations for and substantially revised the Food Stamp program. It also included provisions affecting several other domestic food aid programs/activities operated under the aegis of the Department of Agriculture that have typically been included in farm bills: nutrition assistance block grants to Puerto Rico and American Samoa, the Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations (FDPIR), The Emergency Food Assistance Program (TEFAP), the Commodity Supplemental Food Program (CSFP), Community Food Projects, and rules governing foods used in domestic feeding programs such as the School Lunch program. Beyond this traditional array of food assistance programs, the 2002 bill encompassed provisions for a new Seniors Farmers' Market program, a new Fruit and Vegetables pilot program, a set-aside to purchase fresh fruit and vegetables for schools, a Congressional Hunger Fellows program, the purchase of locally produced food, and changed eligibility rules for free and reduced-price school meals and the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (the WIC program). As a historical source and in the expectation that the issues raised in and the results of actions taken during consideration of the 2002 farm bill may come up again in the next scheduled farm bill (2007), this report presents in some detail what happened with regard to nutrition programs in 2002. The nutrition title of the 2002 farm bill (Title IV): substantially expanded food stamp eligibility for legally resident noncitizens (the single largest change), liberalized food stamp benefits and eligibility rules, provided new options for states to vary from regular Food Stamp program rules, greatly changed the system for penalizing states with high rates of erroneous benefit and eligibility determinations, increased funding for TEFAP and CSFP, and, as noted above, introduced several new programs. It was estimated to cost $2.7 billion to $2.8 billion over FY2002-FY2007. However, a number of issues were raised but not addressed: Administration requests to loosen the food stamp asset test as it relates to vehicles and to limit state options to make public assistance recipients automatically eligible for food stamps, a provision to increase benefits for those with very high shelter costs, recommendations to open up work requirements for able-bodied adults without dependents, a change to allow states to conform their method of reviewing households' food stamp eligibility to the method used for other public assistance programs, and a proposal to allow food stamps to be used for dietary supplements. Overall, the basic themes of the nutrition title of the 2002 farm bill were expanded eligibility for legal noncitizens, more leeway for states to establish their own version of food stamp rules, and support for expanded availability of fresh fruit and vegetables. This report will not be updated. Background ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Nutrition Programs and Activities Covered by the Farm Bill ................................................... 1 Overview of Nutrition Programs in the 2002 Farm Bill.................................................................. 2 Nutrition Programs in the Funding Context of the Farm Bill ................................................... 3 Nutrition Program Issues in the Farm Bill ................................................................................ 3 Food Stamps........................................................................................................................ 3 TEFAP................................................................................................................................. 4 The CSFP............................................................................................................................ 5 Fruit and Vegetable Initiatives ............................................................................................ 5 Major House-Senate Differences in the Farm Bill.................................................................... 5 Nutrition Program Costs in the Farm Bill ................................................................................. 5 Cost Estimates..................................................................................................................... 6 Experience Since the 2002 Farm Bill ................................................................................. 6 Outline of the Enacted Nutrition Program Provisions............................................................... 6 Reauthorization................................................................................................................... 6 Food Stamp Eligibility for Noncitizens .............................................................................. 6 Increased Food Stamp Benefits and Liberalized Food Stamp Financial Eligibility Rules ................................................................................................................................ 7 Significant New State Options in Administering the Food Stamp Program ....................... 7 Changes to Quality-Control-Based Penalties and Bonus Payments ................................... 8 Changes to Employment and Training Provisions.............................................................. 8 Puerto Rico and American Samoa ...................................................................................... 8 Program Access Grants ....................................................................................................... 8 TEFAP................................................................................................................................. 8 CSFP ................................................................................................................................... 8 School Meal and WIC Eligibility........................................................................................ 9 Community Food Projects .................................................................................................. 9 Purchase of Locally Produced Foods.................................................................................. 9 Seniors Farmers' Market Nutrition Program ...................................................................... 9 Fruit and Vegetable Pilot Program ...................................................................................... 9 Congressional Hunger Fellows ........................................................................................... 9 Outline of Significant Issues Not Addressed in the Farm Bill .................................................. 9 Administration Proposals.................................................................................................. 10 Shelter Costs ..................................................................................................................... 10 Able-Bodied Adults Without Dependents......................................................................... 10 Eligibility Reviews............................................................................................................ 10 Dietary Supplements......................................................................................................... 10 Table 1. Title IV (Nutrition) Provisions of the 2002 Farm Bill (Including Cost Estimates) ..........11 Author Contact Information .......................................................................................................... 36 Federal nutrition program policies, as well as farm support and other agriculture-related programs, are governed by a variety of separate laws. Although these laws may be and often are considered and amended in free-standing legislation, many of them, including those setting rules for food stamps and several other nutrition programs, are evaluated periodically, revised, and renewed through an omnibus, multi-year farm bill. The most recent farm bill, the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act (FSRIA) of 2002 (P.L. 107-171), the first since 1996, reauthorized appropriations for and substantially revised the Food Stamp program and a number of other domestic food aid programs. Much of the Agriculture Department's mandatory spending is and was for food stamps and other programs in its nutrition title (Title IV). In 2007, Congress is scheduled to take up the next farm bill because many of the provisions and authorizations for appropriations expire at the end of FY2007. Proposed changes affecting food stamps and other nutrition programs covered by the farm bill will likely, as in 2002, play a major role in any congressional consideration. As a historical source and in the expectation that some of the same nutrition program issues and provisions of law addressed in 2002 will again come up--and that the effects of the changes made in 2002 will be explored in designing any 2007 farm bill--this report lays out in some detail what happened in 2002.1 ¢ Farm bills typically cover the following nutrition/domestic food assistance programs and activities, all within the jurisdiction of the House Committee on Agriculture and the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry:2 · the Food Stamp program, operated under the Food Stamp Act; · inflation-indexed nutrition assistance block grant programs, included in the Food Stamp Act, for Puerto Rico and American Samoa--that are operated in lieu of the regular Food Stamp program;3 · the Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations (FDPIR)--offered, under the Food Stamp Act, in lieu of the regular Food Stamp program to those tribal organizations that choose it; · The Emergency Food Assistance Program (TEFAP), governed by provisions of the Food Stamp Act and the Emergency Food Assistance Act; 1 Another report--CRS Report RL31195, The 2002 Farm Bill: Overview and Status, by Geoffrey S. Becker and Jasper Womach--provides abbreviated coverage of the entire 2002 law. 2 Other domestic nutrition programs, like the School Lunch and Breakfast programs, the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (the WIC program), and Older Americans Act nutrition programs are reauthorized separately. 3 It is unclear whether farm bills can cover a similar nutrition assistance block grant for the Northern Mariana Islands. This grant is authorized by a 1980 law (P.L. 96-597), which, as part of a larger act dealing with the relationship between the Northern Mariana Islands and the United States, allowed the Agriculture Department to extend programs it operates to the Northern Mariana Islands. No farm bill since 1980 has dealt with this grant program. The authority granted in the 1980 act was implemented in July 1982. · the Commodity Supplemental Food Program (CSFP), authorized under Sections 4 and 5 of the Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act of 1973 and Section 1114(a)(2) of the Agriculture and Food Act of 1981 (i.e., the 1973 and 1981 farm bills); · Community Food Projects, established under the Food Stamp Act; and · rules governing the provision of federally acquired food commodities to domestic feeding programs (e.g., school meal programs). In addition, the 2002 farm bill included new programs and provisions in areas not included in past farm bills: · It put into law a Seniors Farmers' Market Nutrition program. · It established a Fruit and Vegetable pilot program for schools and authorized a program to increase domestic consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables. · It set aside funding to be used to purchase fresh fruit and vegetables for schools. · It authorized Congressional Hunger Fellowships.4 · It included provisions to encourage schools to purchase locally produced foods. · It changed eligibility rules affecting military families applying for free or reduced-price school meals and benefits under the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (the WIC program). The Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry exercises jurisdiction over all the programs/activities noted above. On the other hand, the House Committee on Agriculture has more limited jurisdiction. It shares jurisdiction over provisions affecting school meal programs (the provision of commodities) with the House Committee on Education and the Workforce and has no jurisdiction over the WIC program (which is covered by the Education and the Workforce Committee). As a result, farm bills covering shared jurisdictional areas have involved participation by the Committee on Education and the Workforce. The 2002 farm bill--the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act (FSRIA) of 2002 (P.L. 107-171; H.Rept. 107-424)--was enacted on May 13, 2002. Earlier, the House approved its version (H.R. 2646; the Farm Security Act of 2001) on October 5, 2001; the Senate approved its version (S. 1731; the Agriculture, Conservation, and Rural Enhancement Act of 2001) on January 13, 2002; and the House and Senate agreed to the conference report on the renamed Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (H.Rept. 107-424) on May 2, 2002, and May 8, 2002 respectively.5 With the exception of an expansion of the Fruit and Vegetable pilot project established by the 4 These fellowships were already funded under annual Agriculture Department appropriations acts. 5 A full chronology is presented in Appendix B of CRS Report RL31195, The 2002 Farm Bill: Overview and Status, by Geoffrey S. Becker and Jasper Womach. 2002 law (see later discussion), no significant changes to the nutrition program provisions of the 2002 farm bill have been made since. At each stage, major provisions affecting food stamps and other nutrition programs were included. This contrasted with the previous farm bill of 1996. In 1996, virtually all of the changes in law affecting food stamps (the largest of the food assistance programs) and other nutrition programs were made in the 1996 welfare reform law (P.L. 104-193). The farm bill of that year included only appropriations authority extensions and minor revisions affecting nutrition programs. ¡ Inclusion of food stamps and other nutrition programs in farm bills has historically been viewed as a way of garnering support for farm legislation from non-farm sectors. However, the balance of any new spending (or spending cuts) between domestic food assistance provisions and other parts of each farm bill has been a subject of negotiation and contention. In the case of the 2002 bill, this was particularly true. In May 2001, Congress agreed to a budget resolution (H.Con.Res. 83) that allowed for substantial added funding for programs covered by the upcoming farm bill. The availability of this "new" money and how it would be divided up among the various farm bill components dominated much of the farm bill debate that began in earnest in July 2001. For example, the Senate version of the farm bill provided more new funding for nutrition programs than the House bill (see the last portion of the table at the conclusion of this report). And the fact that the ability to tap the new funding would end in the spring of 2002, pushed the Agriculture Committees to take up the farm bill earlier than would normally be the case. In the end, the nutrition title of the enacted farm bill claimed between 5% and 6% of the total estimated new spending in the enacted bill, depending on which Congressional Budget Office projection was used (also see later discussion of nutrition program spending under the farm bill). In addition to the debate over how much new spending would go into nutrition programs, significant substantive debate arose with regard to food stamps, TEFAP, the CSFP, and support for initiatives to increase the availability of fresh fruit and vegetables in meal programs like the School Lunch program. Three developments were basic to the farm bill food stamp debate: the relatively low level of program participation at the time; frustration with federal food stamp eligibility, benefit, and administrative policies; and the concerns of some over ineligibility of many legally resident noncitizens (as provided for in the 1996 welfare reform law). Although food stamp enrollment was increasing, in 2001-2002 it was well below its peak in the spring of 1994 and only a bit over 10% higher than the all-time low. More than half of the decline over the 5 years since the last major food stamp amendments was estimated to have come from a sharp drop in the rate at which those who were eligible actually participated. State officials, program advocates, and supporters of the 1996 welfare reform law (with its goal of moving families from welfare to work), maintained that various aspects of food stamp eligibility, benefit, and administrative rules thwarted participation and effective administration--denying needed support to working poor families and others in need, and interfering with efforts to coordinate assistance. They pointed to overly complex policies that burden administrators and applicants/recipients, food stamp rules that differ too much from those applied by states in other welfare programs, and inadequate benefits not worth the "hassle" of applying and maintaining eligibility. Finally, they contended that the program's "quality control" system for measuring state performance penalized too many states too harshly for erroneous benefit/eligibility determinations--thereby pressuring states to "over-administer" the program and limiting participation. Food stamp advocates, states, and welfare reform supporters all expressed their dissatisfaction with this state of affairs, but there was not a single, unified reform agenda, and most alternatives for change imposed significant new costs. States called for simplified federal food stamp rules, much greater state control over policies, lifting federal limits on work and training activities, and revamped and more standardized benefit and eligibility rules to help administrators and applicants/recipients. They also wanted major revision of the quality control system and a more open federal policy as to waiving food stamp rules. Program advocates emphasized the inadequacy of benefits and the need to grant eligibility to legally resident noncitizens. Although they supported reform of the quality control system and selective changes to make eligibility/benefit determinations easier for applicants/recipients, they resisted vesting too much decision-making with states and tampering with what they saw as a nationally uniform food stamp "safety net." Welfare reform supporters also agreed with quality control reforms, but stressed the need to ensure that the food stamp program fulfills a major role in supporting the working poor as its first priority. Within cost constraints, the farm bill's food stamp provisions responded to many of these criticisms, by easing/lifting administrative requirements, allowing states to achieve greater conformity between rules used by food stamps and other welfare programs, reforming the food stamp quality control system, increasing benefits, and opening up eligibility for noncitizens. To a large extent, the Administration's food stamp reform package also recognized the concerns voiced by states, advocates, and welfare reformers. It included: (1) a modest benefit increase for larger households (similar to the final law); (2) standardizing or giving states control over several important federal rules; (3) liberalizing eligibility rules by excluding the value of one vehicle per adult; (4) making eligible all low-income noncitizens who have resided in the U.S. legally for 5 years (similar to the final farm bill); (5) restructuring and reducing spending for employment and training programs for food stamp recipients (similar to the final bill); (6) ending automatic eligibility for some welfare beneficiaries; and (7) significantly reforming the food stamp quality control system to penalize fewer states and give bonuses to states performing well (although in a different way than the final farm bill). Advocates and state representatives welcomed the Administration's proposals, with reservations about the extent of the quality control reforms and restrictions on food stamp eligibility for welfare recipients. While federal food donations under TEFAP had increased in recent years and private-sector donations to emergency feeding organizations were on the rise, many contended that federal help was not keeping pace with growing demand. Perhaps more important, they argued that the costs of storing and distributing food given out by state/local providers, (whether privately or federally donated) were seriously underfunded. Both these criticisms were addressed in the final farm bill. CSFP operators were concerned over limits on how much of the program's funding could be used for administrative and related costs. The enacted farm bill increased money for these costs. Both agriculture and nutrition program advocates argued for specific initiatives to expand the availability of fresh fruit and vegetables. The farm bill took tentative steps to do this (e.g., a pilot project for schools, which was later expanded by the 2004 Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act, P.L. 108-265). In addition to disagreement over how much new spending to allocate to the nutrition title of the farm bill, the House and Senate differed over substantive issues with regard to the Food Stamp program. The House bill included significant structural changes intended to increase benefits to families with children and ease burdens on administrators and applicants/recipients, all of which were largely included in the final bill. The Senate bill included amendments that--much like the House bill--raised benefits to larger households, allowed states to conform some rules to those for the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program and Medicaid and grant transitional food stamps to those leaving the TANF program, eased quality control penalties, and instituted new bonus payments to states for high performance. However, it went well beyond the House measure, primarily by: · Expanding eligibility for noncitizens (more extensively than proposed by the Administration); · Setting up state options to: establish when eligibility will be redetermined, reduce recipient reporting requirements, simplify benefit calculations, and conform asset eligibility rules with TANF and Medicaid standards; · Increasing benefits for recipients with very high shelter costs; · Liberalizing and simplifying work requirements for able-bodied adults without dependents (ABAWDs); · Ending limits on spending of work/training funds and changing the federal share of this spending; and, · Permitting use of food stamp benefits to buy dietary supplements. During the consideration of the 2002 farm bill, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) issued two cost estimates for the farm bill's nutrition title--one based on its April 2001 spending "baseline" and another based on its March 2002 "baseline." However, Congressional decision- makers on the farm bill's provisions used only the first (April 2001) version, although the estimate based on the second (March 2002) version was noticeably higher. Details of the varying cost estimates for the nutrition title are included at the end of this report's table laying out specific provisions of the nutrition title (Title IV). Under the April 2001 baseline estimate, the total new cost of the Title IV nutrition provisions-- over the 6 years until the next scheduled farm bill--was $2.66 billion (new budget authority) and $3.17 billion (outlays). Food stamp revisions represented 82% of new budget authority and 85% of new outlays. On the other hand, the March 2002 baseline estimate envisioned new 6-year costs brought on by Title IV at $2.79 billion (new budget authority) and $3.18 billion (outlays), with food stamps still consuming the lion's share. ¡ No direct measure of the actual cost of the 2002 farm bill's nutrition title (as opposed to costs incurred due to other variables like unforeseen participation changes related to economic conditions or increased participation rates) is available. However, through FY2005, total actual costs--including "baseline" spending and new spending caused by the farm bill--for the domestic food assistance programs covered by Title IV were 12% higher than projected by the March 2002 baseline (including new spending). If current CBO estimates for FY2006 and FY2007 are added in and compared to the March 2002 estimates for those years, the gap widens to 20%. The nutrition title of the final 2002 farm bill made substantial changes to almost every covered domestic food assistance program, although not every proposal on the table was addressed. It also included some new initiatives. The specific provisions of the enacted law and the House and Senate versions are laid out in the table following this outline (in the order of their appearance in the bill), and the specific items discussed are noted by item number, as delineated in the table. £ (Discussed in Table 1--items A23, B1 and B2, and D2.) Title IV reauthorized all expiring authorizations of appropriations and other authorities through FY2007. ¢ £ (Discussed in Table 1--item A26.) Most important, Title IV expanded eligibility for legally resident noncitizens (compared to the limits imposed by the 1996 welfare reform law) by making eligible (1) legal permanent residents under age 18, regardless of their date of entry to the United States or length of residence, (2) legal permanent residents receiving federal disability benefits, without regard to their date of entry or length of residence,6 and (3) individuals who have resided 6 The effect of this change for the disabled is substantially mitigated by the fact that the primary federal disability payment to those likely to be financially eligible for food stamps is made under the Supplemental Security Income (continued...) in the United States legally for a period of 5 years (e.g., as legal permanent residents, refugees/asylees, but not as temporary residents). These changes accounted for the majority of the costs incurred under the provisions of Title IV. £ ¢ (Discussed in Table 1--items A3 and A7(a).) Title IV increased food stamp benefits, particularly for larger households, by increasing and inflation-indexing the amount of income that is disregarded when calculating their benefit (the "standard deduction") and varying it by household size.7 Title IV also increased the food stamp eligibility limit on liquid assets held by eligible households with disabled members from the standard $2,000 to $3,000.8 Five provisions of Title IV provided states with new options to vary from regular food stamp rules. · Disregarded Income. (Discussed in Table 1--item A2.) Title IV allowed states, when determining food stamp eligibility and benefits, to disregard (exclude) any type of income the state does not consider under its Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) cash assistance program or its Medicaid program. · Tracking Household Expenses. (Discussed in Table 1--item A6.) Title IV permitted states to disregard changes in household expenses (such as shelter costs) until the household's next eligibility redetermination. Household expenses affect benefits by lowering (or raising) the amount of income counted in calculating benefits. · Disregarded Assets. (Discussed in Table 1--item A7(b).) Title IV allowed states, when determining food stamp eligibility, to disregard (exclude) liquid assets that they do not consider under their TANF or Medicaid programs. · Reporting Changed Household Circumstances. (Discussed in Table 1--item A9.) With some exceptions, Title IV gave states the option to require households to report changes in their circumstances as infrequently as every 6 months. · Transitional Benefits. (Discussed in Table 1--item A16.) Title IV allowed states to give up to 5 months' "transitional" food stamp benefits to those leaving the TANF program. The transitional amount would effectively be the food stamp benefit received prior to leaving the TANF program. (...continued) program, which has stricter noncitizen eligibility rules than food stamps. 7 This change is phased in and, as of FY2007, it is not fully in place. 8 Households with elderly members already were eligible for the higher limit under existing law. ¢ ¢ (Discussed in Table 1--item A18.) The Food Stamp program's quality control (QC) system measures the degree to which states erroneously determine eligibility and benefits. Based on the extent to which they exceed certain thresholds, they may be assessed financial penalties. On the other hand, if they fall below certain thresholds, they may receive "bonus" payments. Title IV substantially changed the food stamp QC system of penalties and bonus payments. It raised the threshold above which states are assessed penalties and effectively penalized only those states with persistently (over 3 years) high rates of erroneous determinations. It also changed the system of bonus payments to a requirement for performance bonuses totaling $48 million a year to states meeting federal standards for high/most-improved performance. ¢ (Discussed in Table 1--item A20.) In addition to continuing the requirements for unmatched federal funding for employment and training programs for food stamp recipients (at $90 million a year) and unlimited state-match (50%) funding, Title IV provided up to $20 million a year in unmatched federal funding for employment/training services to able-bodied adults without dependents (ABAWDs), eliminated a state "maintenance of effort" requirement, and eliminated limits on funding for participant support costs (e.g., child care). (Discussed in Table 1--item A24.) Title IV consolidated the nutrition assistance block grants for Puerto Rico and American Samoa and increased the new consolidated grant to an amount slightly above what it would have been under regular inflation indexing. Inflation indexing for future years was retained, and Puerto Rico's share of the new grant was set at 99.6%. (Discussed in Table 1--item A19.) In a new initiative, Title IV required the Agriculture Department to spend up to $5 million a year on grants to improve program access. (Discussed in Table 1--item B1.) Title IV increased required funding for TEFAP commodities from $100 million to $140 million a year and raised the authorized funding level for TEFAP administration/distribution costs from $50 million to $60 million a year. (Discussed in Table 1--item B2.) Title IV increased and indexed funding for CSFP administrative costs. ¢ (Discussed in Table 1--item C2.) Title IV required schools to disregard housing allowances paid to military personnel living in "privatized housing" when determining eligibility for free and reduced-price school meals. It also allowed states the option to implement this same disregard in the WIC program. ¢ (Discussed in Table 1--item D2.) Title IV increased the required funding for community food projects from $2.5 million to $5 million a year. ¢ (Discussed in Table 1--item D5.) Title IV authorized a program to encourage the purchase of locally produced foods and required that schools in Puerto Rico purchase food produced in the Commonwealth to the extent practicable (as was already the case for Hawaii). (Discussed in Table 1--item D6). Title IV placed into law provisions, authorizing a pre-existing Seniors Farmers' Market Nutrition program and provided mandatory funding of $15 million a year. (Discussed in Table 1--item D7.) Title IV established a pilot program making free fruit and vegetables available in schools. It was provided funding of $6 million for the 2002-2003 school year. Later law, the Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act of 2004 (P.L. 108-265) extended and expanded this project. In a related action, a separate part of the farm bill (Section 10603) provided $50 million a year in fresh fruit and vegetable purchases (through the Department of Defense procurement system) for schools and institutions participating in child nutrition programs. (Discussed in Table 1--item D8.) Authorized a Congressional Hunger Fellows program (to be funded from the proceeds of a trust fund and gifts). However, this program was, and continues to be, funded through annual Agriculture Department appropriations at the level of $2.5 million a year. Several notable proposals for changes in the Food Stamp program were not covered in the enacted 2002 farm bill. Title IV did not include the Administration's proposal to liberalize eligibility rules by excluding the value of one vehicle per adult in judging households' assets; however, it did include provisions that have the effect of allowing states to do so if it conforms with the way they treat vehicles in their TANF program. It also did not address the Administration's proposal to limit the granting of automatic (categorical) food stamp eligibility to recipients of TANF benefits. (Discussed in Table 1--item A4.) Title IV did not have a provision (suggested in the Senate bill) to raise benefits for those with very high shelter costs. (Discussed in Table 1--item A10.) Title IV did not (as recommended in the Senate bill) ease work requirements for able-bodied adults without dependents (ABAWDs). ¢ (Discussed in Table 1--item A15.) Title IV did not include a change (put forth in the Senate bill) to allow states to conform their method of reviewing households' food stamp eligibility to the method used for other public assistance programs. ¢ (Discussed in Table 1--item A25.) Title IV did not encompass a proposal (in the Senate bill) to permit the use of food stamp benefits to purchase dietary supplements providing vitamins or minerals. It is likely that several of the issues noted above that were not taken up in the 2002 farm bill will reappear as proposals for the 2007 farm bill: the recommendation to restrict automatic (categorical) eligibility to public assistance (particularly TANF) recipients, increasing benefits for those with very high shelter costs, loosening rules for ABAWDs, and allowing the use of food stamps for dietary supplements. 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srotarepo margorp no stnemeriuqer no deviecer yenom dna stnemesrubmier gnitroper dna evitartsinimda emos esnepxe ,dia noitacude ,srodnev detfil ybereht dna ,smargorp ecnatsissa ot stnemyap tsom )3( ,snaol )2( ,emocni .snoisulcxe emocni wen .secnereffid lacinhcet dna rehto fo esoht htiw snoisulcxe emocni hsacnon )1( :sedulcxe emocni s'dlohesuoh gnidda snoisivorp etaneS eht detpodA ronim htiw ,erusaem esuoH eht sa emaS pmats doof mrofnoc ot setats dewollA a ,stifeneb dna ytilibigile gninimreted nehW emocni fo noitinifeD .2A ]1014 noitceS[ ]114 noitceS[ ]tcA pmatS dooF eht fo )4()e(5 noitceS[ .denimreteder .stnemyap troppus dlihc rof noitcuded txen si ytilibigile s'dlohesuoh eht fo tnuoma eht enimreted ot desu eb a litnu noitcuded/noisulcxe troppus ot sdohtem eht ebircserp yam yraterceS ehT dlihc yna fo tnuoma eht ezeerf ot setats .noitcuded gnittimrep )2( dna seicnega tnemecrofne ].emocni /noisulcxe troppus dlihc yna fo troppus dlihc rieht morf noitamrofni detnuoc latot sti no desab elbigile degduj tnuoma eht gnizeerf ot sa snoisivorp oN esu ot setats wolla taht stnemyap gnieb dlohesuoh gniyap eht fo doohilekil troppus dlihc fo tnuoma eht gninimreted eht sesaercni dna stifeneb sesiar meht .seicnega tnemecrofne troppus rof serudecorp deifilpmis hsilbatse ot gnidulcxE .stifeneb sesaercni )snoitcuded dlihc etats morf noitamrofni esu ot yraterceS eht gniriuqer )1( yb stneipicer yna gnitaluclac erofeb emocni morf meht setats wolla taht serudecorp deifilpmis dna srotarepo margorp no stnemeriuqer gnidulcxe naht rehtar( stnemyap troppus gniriuqer snoisivorp etaneS eht detpodA gnitroper dna evitartsinimda emos detfiL dlihc gnitcudeD :etoN [ .detnuoc neeb sah emocni lla retfa ylno tub--)ytilibigile sti .stnemyap troppus .meht tcuded ,sesac emos ni ,dna( stifeneb sti gninimreted dlihc tcuded ro edulcxe ot setats ot eunitnoc ro ,emocni morf stnemyap ni emocni s'dlohesuoh gniyap eht gniwolla snoisivorp etaneS eht detpodA troppus dlihc edulcxe ot setats dewollA .snoisivorp oN morf detcuded era stnemyap troppus dlihC troppus dlihC .1A MARGORP PMATS DOOF .A WAL DETCANE DNA TNEMEERGA ECNEREFNOC LLIB ETANES LLIB ESUOH YCILOP/WAL )setamitsE tsoC gnidulcnI( lliB mraF 2002 eht fo snoisivorP )noitirtuN( VI eltiT. 1 elbaT )egatnecrep esuoH eht morf decuder ti esuaceb snoitcuded rehgih tahwemos dradnats wen eht ,serusaem etaneS "ten" esuaceb ytilibigile tceffa yam osla yehT hguoht( stnuoma ytrevop eht fo gnirb dluow ,emit revo ,llib etaneS dna esuoH eht htob nI .yllaunna dexedni .meht gnitaluclac nehw detnuoc emocni egatnecrep dexif a rof lasoporp esuoH eht tuB .slevel noitcuded rehgih dedivorp -noitalfni era dna ezis dlohesuoh yb fo tnuoma eht gnicuder yb stifeneb esaercni : eht koot ylevitceffe wal wen ehT etoN[ : yllaitini erusaem esuoH ehT etoN[ yrav stnuoma enilediug ytrevoP etoN[: snoitcuded )rehto dna( dradnatS etoN[: .sdlohesuoh nosrep-6 rof tnuoma ytrevop eht fo )evoba ees( egatnecrep elbacilppa eht naht retaerg ro noitcidsiruj .sdlohesuoh hcae rof tnuoma tnerruc eht naht ssel nosrep-6 rof tnuoma enilediug eb ton snoitcuded dradnats wen eht taht ytrevop 2002YF eht fo %7.9 naht retaerg .sdlohesuoh deriuqeR .sraey gniwollof dna 1102YF rof ro noitcidsiruj hcae rof tnuoma tnerruc nosrep-6 rof tnuoma ytrevop %01 ot ,segats ni ,esir dluow egatnecrep eht naht ssel eb ton snoitcuded dradnats .sdnalsI eht fo %13.8 naht retaerg ro noitcidsiruj sihT .stnuoma enilediug ytrevop s'raey wen eht taht deriuqeR .emit revo nigriV eht rof 811$ dna ,mauG rof 962$ hcae rof tnuoma tnerruc eht naht hcae fo %8 lauqe dluow snoitcuded esaercni ton dluow snoitcuded dradnats ,iiawaH rof 981$ ,aksalA rof 922$ ,aibmuloC ssel eb ton snoitcuded dradnats wen dradnats wen eht ,4002YF-2002YF wen ehT .2002YF ni snoitanimreted fo tcirtsiD eht dna setats suougitnoc eht taht deriuqeR .stnuoma enilediug roF .stnuoma enilediug ytrevop dexedni ytilibigile emocni rof desu stnuoma 84 eht rof htnom a 431$ saw ti ,2002 ytrevop dexedni-noitalfni eht fo %13.8 -noitalfni eht fo egatnecrep gnisaercni enilediug emocni ytrevop laredef eht fo nI .emocni detnuoc morf )ezis dlohesuoh ot lauqe )ezis dlohesuoh yb gniyrav( na ot lauqe )ezis dlohesuoh yb gniyrav( %7.9 ot lauqe )ezis dlohesuoh yb gniyrav( yb deirav ton( "noitcuded dradnats" snoitcuded dradnats elpitlum dehsilbatsE snoitcuded dradnats elpitlum dehsilbatsE snoitcuded dradnats elpitlum dehsilbatsE a dewolla era sdlohesuoh lla ,ytilibigile .stnuoma noitcuded dradnats desaercnI .stnuoma noitcuded dradnats desaercnI .stnuoma noitcuded dradnats desaercnI dna stifeneb pmats doof gninimreted nehW snoitcuded dradnatS .3A ]2014 noitceS[ ]214 noitceS[ ]104 noitceS[ ]tcA pmatS dooF eht fo )d(5 noitceS[ .snoitanimreted ytilibigile elbatiuqe ot laitnesse segduj yraterceS eht emocni fo sepyt rehto ro ,stnemyap troppus dlihc ,noitasnepmoc 'srekrow ,)stifeneb .snoitanimreted ytilibigile tnemyolpmenu ,.g.e( ecruos tnemnrevog elbatiuqe ot laitnesse segduj yraterceS a morf stnemyap raluger ,stnemyap tcA eht emocni fo sepyt rehto ro ,stnemyap ytiruceS laicoS suoirav ,seiralas ro segaw tcA ytiruceS laicoS suoirav ,sgninrae :dedulcxe eb ton dluoc emocni niatrec :dedulcxe eb ton dluoc emocni niatrec ,elur yranoisulcxe wen driht eht rednU ,elur yranoisulcxe wen driht eht rednU .margorp diacideM sti ro margorp .margorp diacideM sti rof ytilibigile )FNAT( seilimaF ydeeN rof ecnatsissA gnigduj nehw ro ,margorp FNAT yraropmeT sti rednu ecnatsissa hsac rof sti rednu ecnatsissa hsac )fo tnuoma eht ytilibigile gnigduj nehw redisnoc ton seod ro( rof ytilibigile gnigduj nehw redisnoc etats a emocni yna ,noitpo etats ta )3( ton seod etats a emocni fo sepyt yna )3( dna ;smargorp diacideM WAL DETCANE DNA TNEMEERGA ECNEREFNOC LLIB ETANES LLIB ESUOH YCILOP/WAL .sdlohesuoh sselemoh wolla ot setats dettimreP .setats no --"ecnawolla" retlehs a )fo tnempoleved eht ot sa snoisivorp etaneS eht detpodA .c stnemeriuqer noitatnemucod decudeR .c .snoisivorp oN .c tnemucod tsum dna( hsilbatse yam setatS .c ]414 noitceS[ .srevoc ti egrahc cificeps eht ot drager tuohtiw--tsoc retlehs a sa detaert eb .noitcuded esnepxe droldnal a ot tnemyap deriuqer yna taht retlehs ssecxe eht gnitaluclac nehw stsoc .tceffe ni sniamer wal roirP .sdroldnal gnitadnam yb stneipicer dna srotarepo retlehs sa detnuoc eb yam retlehs ot detaler ot stnemyap ot sa snoisivorp oN .b margorp no stnemeriuqer decudeR .b .snoisivorp oN .b yltcerid stnemyap ylno ,noitaluger yB .b ])c(961 noitceS[ ]tcA pmatS dooF eht fo )7()e(5 noitceS[ .sdnalsI nigriV eht rof 972$ dna ,mauG rof 614$ ,iiawaH rof 774$ ,aksalA rof 665$ ,aibmuloC fo tcirtsiD eht dna setats suougitnoc 84 eht rof htnom a 453$ saw ti ,2002YF rof ,dna ,noitalfni rof dexedni si pac ehT .rebmem delbasid/ylredle .detanimile na tuohtiw sdlohesuoh rof "deppac" eb dluow spac lla ,0102YF htiw evitceffE si noitcuded esnepxe retlehs ssecxe .noitalfni rof yllaunna detsujda eb na sa demialc eb yam taht tnuoma ehT dluow tnuoma hcae ,9002YF-4002YF roF .)sdnalsI nigriV eht dna ,mauG ,iiawaH .snoitanimreted ytilibigile emos tceffa ,aksalA rof sesaercni etarusnemmoc nac dna )meht gnisaercni ybereht( stifeneb htiw( aibmuloC fo tcirtsiD eht dna setats 'sdlohesuoh gnitaluclac nehw detnuoc 84 eht rof htnom a 093$ ot esir dluow emocni fo tnuoma eht secuder noitcuded pac eht ,3002YF roF .noitcuded esnepxe siht ,)evoba ees( noitcuded dradnats retlehs ssecxe na sa demialc eb yam taht eht htiw sA .)emocni rieht ot noitaler ni .tceffe ni sniamer wal roirP tnuoma eht no pac eht desaercnI .emocni hgih yrev era yeht fi( sesnepxe retlehs rieht .snoitcuded esnepxe retlehs ssecxe rieht ot noitaler ni stsoc retlehs hgih fo noitrop a rof "noitcuded esnepxe retlehs no pac eht gnitceffa snoisivorp oN .a yrev htiw esoht rof stifeneb desiaR .a .snoisivorp oN .a ssecxe" na ot deltitne era sdlohesuoH .a stsoc retlehS .4A ]3014 noitceS[ ])c(171 noitceS[ ]204 noitceS[ ]tcA pmatS dooF eht fo )1()e(5 noitceS[ ].)srebmem ].senilediug ytrevop eht ni segnahc ].)level 2002YF eht ta dexif ].wal roirp naht delbasid ro ylredle htiw sdlohesuoh rof ,.g.e( no desab gnixedni noitalfni rof wolla ot ton( tnuoma enilediug ytrevop dexedni rehgih tahwemos eb dluow ,suht ,dna snoisiced ytilibigile emocni emos ni rotcaf lasoporp etaneS eht htiw ti delpuoc dna -noitalfni s'raey hcae ot deyek saw ezis dlohesuoh yb yrav dluow snoitcuded a si )snoitcuded retfa( emocni dlohesuoh WAL DETCANE DNA TNEMEERGA ECNEREFNOC LLIB ETANES LLIB ESUOH YCILOP/WAL .noitanimreteder eht tceffa taht sesnepxe/secnatsmucric .eviecer yam yeht ytilibigile txen s'dlohesuoh eht dlohesuoh ni segnahc ynam dragersid ot )stifeneb ybereht dna( snoitcuded fo tnuoma litnu sesnepxe/secnatsmucric dlohesuoh setats dewollA .stneipicer dna srotarepo eht tceffa taht sesnepxe/secnatsmucric ni segnahc ynam dragersid ot setats margorp no stnemeriuqer gnitroper ni segnahc tsom rof stifeneb gniwolla snoisivorp etaneS eht detpodA dna evitartsinimda tnacifingis detfiL .snoisivorp oN 'sdlohesuoh tsujda tsum setats ,noitaluger yB snoitcuded gnikcart dna gnihsilbatsE .6A ]614 noitceS[ .ytilartuen-tsoc .dradnats noisrevnoc ecnatsissa cilbup s'etats erusne ot sgninrae htiw sdlohesuoh lla eht gnisu yb ro ,51.2 yb emocni ylkeew yb demialc "noitcuded emocni denrae" -ib dna 3.4 yb emocni ylkeew gniylpitlum .tceffe ni niamer selur roirP .stnuoma eht derewol yeht fi--stnuoma ylhtnom yb--tnuoma ylhtnom a ot detrevnoc ylhtnom ot emocni ylkeew-ib/ylkeew ot emocni ylkeew-ib/ylkeew trevnoc eb tsum ti ,sisab ylkeew-ib ro ylkeew a no fo noisrevnoc ot sa snoisivorp oN yeht woh ni yaweel erom setats dewollA .snoisivorp oN deviecer si emocni revenehw ,noitaluger yB emocni denrae gnitaluclaC .5A ]4014 noitceS[ ]514 noitceS[ ]tcA pmatS dooF eht fo )7()e(5 noitceS[ .)detar-orp era sesnepxe .selur eht sselnu( srehto htiw sesnepxe erahs gnitar-orp esnepxe dna gnisuoh cilbup )2( ro gnisuoh cilbup deretem yllartnec deretem tnerruc eht ot drager tuohtiw niatrec ni evil )1( taht sdlohesuoh rof desu --sesnepxe gnilooc ro gnitaeh gnirrucni eb ton yam sAUS ,revewoH .sdlohesuoh sdlohesuoh lla rof os od ot yrotadnam lla rof yrotadnam esu rieht ekam yam setatS sAUS ekam ot gnisoohc setats dewollA .)evoba ees( noitcuded esnepxe retlehs .sAUS .stneipicer dna srotarepo margorp no ssecxe eht rof stsoc retlehs gnirugif ni desu ot sa snoisivorp etaneS eht detpodA .d stnemeriuqer evitartsinimda decudeR .d .snoisivorp oN .d era )sAUS( "secnawolla ytilitu dradnatS" .d ]5014 noitceS[ ]414 noitceS[ ]tcA pmatS dooF eht fo )5()e(5 noitceS[ .sesoprup )ytilibigile ,sesac emos ".ecnawolla" ni ,dna( tifeneb rof detaluclac si emocni rieht retlehs gnitsixe eht delaepeR .noitcuded nehw htnom eht tuohguorht retlehs eerf ni esnepxe retlehs yna fo ueil ni--)htnom ton sdlohesuoh sselemoh fo emocni detnuoc a 341$( emocni morf noitcuded talf eht ecuder ot desu eb yam ecnawolla a mialc ot htnom eht tuohguorht retlehs siht ,)evoba ees( noitcuded dradnats eerf gniviecer ton sdlohesuoh sselemoh eht htiw sA .htnom a 341$ deecxe ot ton WAL DETCANE DNA TNEMEERGA ECNEREFNOC LLIB ETANES LLIB ESUOH YCILOP/WAL yraterceS eht secruoser ro ,snoitutitsni laicnanif ni stnuoma elbaliava ylidaer ,)dradnats FNAT rieht esu dluoc ydaerla setats( selcihev ,hsac fo noisulcxe wolla ton dluow ytirohtua sihT .smargorp diacideM rieht rednu ecnatsissa lacidem ro smargorp FNAT rieht rednu dia hsac rof ytilibigile gnigduj nehw redisnoc ton od yeht secruoser fo sepyt yna edulcxe ot setats gnittimrep snoitaluger deriuqeR .stneipicer dna srotarepo margorp no .smargorp diacideM ro FNAT rieht stnemeriuqer evitartsinimda emos detfil rednu redisnoc ton od yeht )stessa( ybereht dna ,smargorp ecnatsissa rojam .selcihev fo eulav eht ,)eerged secruoser edulcxe ot setats gnittimrep rehto fo esoht htiw selur ecruoser pmats gniyrav a ot( dna ,stnuocca tnemeriter snoisivorp etaneS eht detpodA .b doof mrofnoc ot setats dewollA .b emos ,ytreporp gnicudorp-emocni ,ecnarusni efil ,sgnihsinruf/sgnignoleb lanosrep dna ]7014 noitceS[ ])c(171 noitceS[ emoh s'dlohesuoh a :sa hcus smeti edulcni dedulcxe era taht secruoseR .)srebmem .timil tessa 000,3$ ylredle htiw sdlohesuoh rof 000,3$ ro( 000,2$ .srebmem delbasid htiw sdlohesuoh rehgih eht yb derevoc esoht ot srebmem fo )stessa( secruoser diuqil detnuoc latot ot sa snoisivorp etaneS eht detpodA .a delbasid htiw sdlohesuoh deddA .a .snoisivorp oN htiw esoht ot detimil era sdlohesuoh elbigilE )stessa( secruoseR .7A ]6014 noitceS[ ]714 noitceS[ .ecnediser ni egnahc a stroper dlohesuoh a nehw noitcuded esnepxe retlehs ssecxe yna etaluclacer tsum dna sgninrae ni segnahc erongi ton dluoc setats ,revewoH .stnemyap troppus dlihc ro ,ezis dlohesuoh ,stsoc lacidem ro ,erac-tnedneped ,retlehs ni segnahc erongi ,elpmaxe rof ,dluoc setatS .)"snoitacifitrecer"( snoitanimreteder ytilibigile neewteb )stifeneb suht dna( snoitcuded dlohesuoh tsom "ezeerf" ot setats dewolla ylevitceffe sihT .noitanimreteder ytilibigile txen s'dlohesuoh eht litnu--mialc thgim yeht snoitcuded yna fo tnuoma WAL DETCANE DNA TNEMEERGA ECNEREFNOC LLIB ETANES LLIB ESUOH YCILOP/WAL sDWABA ekam ot elur "shtnom a ni gnitapicitrap )2( ,keew a sruoh +02 -63-fo-tuo-shtnom-3" eht degnahC gnikrow )1( tuohtiw shtnom 3 rof spmats .tceffe doof deviecer yeht ,shtnom 63 gnidecerp ni sniamer wal roirP .snoisivorp oN .sDWABA rof stnemeriuqer krow desaB .snoisivorp oN eht gnirud ,fi elbigileni era sDWABA )sDWABA( stnedneped tuohtiw stluda deidob-elbA .01A ]tcA pmatS dooF ]9014 noitceS[ ]024 .noitceS[ eht fo )c(5 noitceS rednu sreviaw & snoitalugeR[ .sdlohesuoh )lla ro( lanoitidda ot sgninrae htiw esoht rof reviaw yb dewolla elur eht dnetxe ot setats dewolla ylevitceffe egnahc sihT .ezis dlohesuoh rieht rof mumixam pmats doof eht sdeecxe emocni ylhtnom latot rieht fi troper ot evah dluow sdlohesuoH .stnemeriuqer gnitroper .ylretrauq rehto fo ueil ni--shtnom 6 yreve troper yam srehto niatrec dna shtnom sa yltneuqerfni sa secnatsmucric rieht 6 yreve troper yam sgninrae htiw esoht ni segnahc tsom troper ot sdlohesuoh ,setats fo rebmun a rof sreviaw yrotaluger .shtnom 6 yreve sa yltneuqerfni eriuqer ot setats gniwolla yb stneipicer rednU .rucco yeht sa secnatsmucric rieht ni sa gnitroper dlohesuoh eriuqer ot setats dna srotarepo margorp no stnemeriuqer segnahc tnacifingis troper tsum sdlohesuoh gniwolla snoisivorp etaneS eht detpodA gnitroper dna evitartsinimda emos detfiL .snoisivorp oN tneipicer tsom ,snoitpecxe emos htiW sdlohesuoh rof stnemeriuqer gnitropeR .9A ]8014 noitceS[ ]914 noitceS[ ]tcA pmatS dooF eht fo )h(5 noitceS[ .elbacitcarpmi .smetsys )TBE( refsnart tifeneb era smetsys ecnaussi rehto nehw hsac cinortcele ro stnemtolla nopuoc hguorht .ecnatsissa retsasid fo mrof eht ni ecnatsissa retsasid pmats deussi eb nac stifeneB .sretsasid ni stifeneb ot sa snoisivorp etaneS eht detpodA doof eussi ot yraterceS eht dewollA .snoisivorp oN pmats doof ycnegreme tnarg yam setatS sretsasid ni smetsys ecnaussI .8A ]7014 noitceS[ ]814 noitceS[ ]tcA pmatS dooF eht fo )g(5 noitceS[ .snoitanimreted ytilibigile elbatiuqe ot laitnesse segduj WAL DETCANE DNA TNEMEERGA ECNEREFNOC LLIB ETANES LLIB ESUOH YCILOP/WAL semoh puorg ,sretnec esuba ecnatsbus wen esu ot setats dettimrep ,sselemoh era ytilibigile/stifeneb tub ,retnec eht ni stneipicer rof stifeneb dezidradnats eht ro nerdlihc/nemow derettab rof ot stifeneb rieht edivorp dna "evitatneserper gniussi dna gnitaluclac fo sdohtem sretlehs ro ,delbasid eht rof semoh puorg dezirohtua" rieht sa retnec eht etangised ot wen fo noitatnemelpmi ediwnoitan llams ,sretnec tnemtaert esuba ecnatsbus meht eriuqer yam setats ,sretnec tnemtaert ezirohtua ot yraterceS eht dewollA .a ni gnivil stneipicer fo esac eht nI .a .snoisivorp oN .a esuba ecnatsbus ni evil stneipicer erehW .a seitilicaf gnivil puorG .31A ]0114 noitceS[ ]324 noitceS[ ]tcA pmatS dooF eht fo )A()2()i(7 noitceS[ .metsys ecnaussi .elur ytilartuen-tsoc TBE eht .tnemeriuqer "ytilartuen roirp eht fo esoht deecxe ,stimil niatrec gniteled snoisivorp etaneS eht detpodA -tsoc" TBE gnitsixe eht seteleD .snoisivorp oN nihtiw ,ton tsum smetsys TBE fo tsoc ehT smetsys TBE fo tsoC .21A ]224 noitceS[ ].noitaluger yb denehtgnel eb ot deludehcs saw doirep sihT :etoN [ .tnuocca tifeneb TBE eht dessecca tsal tneipicer eht .tnuocca TBE .)snoitaluger ecnis despale evah shtnom 6 tsael ta litnu s'tneipicer eht ni ytivitcani fo shtnom 3 retfa wen yb denehtgnel sa( tceffe elbisseccani edam eb ton smetsys TBE "enil-ffo" smetsys TBE hguorht dedivorp ni niamer selur roirP .snoisivorp oN hguorht dedivorp stifeneb taht deriuqeR .snoisivorp oN stifeneb ekat yam setats ,noitaluger yB smetsys )TBE( refsnart tifeneb cinortcele hguorht ssecca tifeneB .11A ]124 .noitceS[ ]tcA pmatS dooF eht fo )o(6 .noitceS[ .stnemeriuqer detaler-krow 3 eht fo 1 steem DWABA na revenehw ytilibigile edivorp ot .htnom lluf a rof stnemeriuqer ytilibigile gniniager rof elur eht degnahC detaler-krow 3 eht fo 1 teem yeht fi ti niager nac elur "shtnom-63-fo-tuo-shtnom .gniniart hcraes -3" siht rednu ytilibigile deined sDWABA boj ro hcraes boj edulcni ot "margorp krow" fo noitinifed eht degnahC .gniniart hcraes boj ro hcraes boj edulcni ton od "smargorp krow" gniyfilauQ .stnemeriuqer detaler -krow 3 eht fo 1 gniteem tuohtiw shtnom .elur "shtnom-63-fo-tuo-shtnom 6 rof stifeneb deviecer yeht shtnom -3" eht--margorp erafkrow a ni gnitapicitrap 42 gnidecerp eht gnirud ,fi elbigileni )3( ro ,keew a sruoh +02 margorp krow WAL DETCANE DNA TNEMEERGA ECNEREFNOC LLIB ETANES LLIB ESUOH YCILOP/WAL cilbup rojam rehto rof desu dohtem eht htiw ytilibigile pmats doof gniweiver fo dohtem rieht mrofnoc ot setats gniwolla yb stneipicer dna srotarepo margorp no stnemeriuqer evitartsinimda tnacifingis : tfil dluow snoisivorp esehT etoN[ .etats eht yb tes serudecorp gniwollof .stifeneb gniussi eunitnoc dna dlohesuoh a sdlohesuoh tneipicer fo sutats ytilibigile "yfitrecer" ot dewollof eb tsum serudecorp eht weiver yllacidoirep dluow setats cificeps ,doirep noitacifitrec a fo dne eht tA hcihw rednu ",sdoirep weiver ytilibigile" .)delbasid ro ylredle eht rof shtnom 42 ro( .tceffe wen htiw noitacifitrecer rof selur dna shtnom 21 ot pu fo "sdoirep noitacifitrec" ni sniamer wal roirP .snoisivorp oN sdoirep noitacifitrec dengissa decalpeR .snoisivorp oN dengissa era sdlohesuoh elbigilE ytilibigile gniunitnoC .51A ]4114 noitceS[ ]624 noitceS[ ]tcA pmatS dooF eht fo )B()2()e(11 noitceS[ .tnemtcane retfa shtnom 81 evitceffe .setisbew .stnemeriuqer laredef ,setisbew tenretni no snoitacilppa tenretni rieht no elbaliava snoitacilppa niatrec nihtiw ,snoitacilppa pmats doof rof snoisivorp etaneS eht detpodA pmats doof ekam setats taht deriuqeR .snoisivorp oN gnipoleved rof ytilibisnopser evah setatS snoitacilppa pmats dooF .41A ]3114 noitceS[ ]524 noitceS[ ]tcA pmatS dooF eht fo 01 noitceS[ .steltuo doof liater devorppa ta desu dna .sdrac TBE fo .sdrac TBE fo esu detneserp eb tsum sdrac TBE 'stneipiceR esu tcerid hguorht stifeneb pmats doof )etis-no( tcerid hguorht stifeneb pmats .sdrac TBE fo esu )etis-no( tcerid hguorht meeder ot seitilicaf gnivil puorg gniwolla doof meeder ot seitilicaf gnivil puorg stifeneb pmats doof meeder ton yam snoisivorp etaneS eht detpodA .b ezirohtua ot yraterceS eht dewollA .b .noisivorp oN .b seitilicaf gnivil puorg ,reviaw a tuohtiW .b ]2114 noitceS[ ]424 noitceS[ ]tcA pmatS dooF eht fo )e(8 noitceS[ .stifeneb dna ytilibigile gninimreted nehw sdlohesuoh etarapes sa detaert era stnediser ,seitilicaf gnivil puorg deton-evoba eht lla nI .sselemoh eht ro nerdlihc/nemow derettab .sdohtem wen fo egnar a fo ytilibisaef .stifeneb rof sretlehs ro delbasid eht rof semoh puorg eht tset ot stcejorp tolip fo noisulcnoc "dezidradnats" gniussi dna gnitaluclac llams fo stnediser rof snoisivorp laiceps eht ta--sretlehs ro ,delbasid eht rof rof gnisived nwo rieht fo sdohtem ralimis on era erehT .yllamron detaluclac WAL DETCANE DNA TNEMEERGA ECNEREFNOC LLIB ETANES LLIB ESUOH YCILOP/WAL .setar rorre etats lla .margorp pmatS dooF eht fo rof yenom gnihctam laredef dedda eviecer srewol ylevitceffe taht setar rorre etats noitartsinimda rieht ni tnegilgen ylsuoires .setar %6 woleb setar rorre latot htiw setats laudividni ot tnemtsujda lacitsitats a eb ot dnuof era yeht fi meht enif rorre etats lla srewol ylevitceffe taht ,raey hcaE .setar rorre hgih gnivah setats deriuqeR .egareva lanoitan eht fo %501 dna dlohserht )rehgih( wen eht evoba setar rorre etats laudividni ot tnemtsujda no snoitcnas lacsif ssessa )2( dna setar rorre ot elbail dleh era setats hcihw evoba setar rorre htiw setats fo "snoitagitsevni" lacitsitats a deriuqeR .tniop egatnecrep wol yrev htiw setats ot sdrawer laicnanif dlohserht eht desiaR .%6 woleb setar launna tcudnoc ot yraterceS 1 sulp ,etar rorre egareva lanoitan edivorp )1( ot desu era syevrus elpmas CQ rorre htiw setats rof gnidnuf laredef eht deriuqer dna ,%6 woleb setar eht ot denoitcnas era setats hcihw evoba launna morf detroper "setar rorre" etatS dedda dednE .snoitcnas lacsif ot setaler rorre htiw setats rof gnidnuf laredef dlohserht eht desiaR .snoitcnas lacsif ot .snoisiced ytilibigile dna tifeneb suoenorre ti sa setats no tceffe sti desae dna dedda ,dedne neht ,decuder ti taht setaler ti sa setats no tceffe sti desae dna ekam setats hcihw ot eerged eht serusaem metsys CQ eht degnahc yllaitnatsbuS .a tpecxe ,erusaem esuoH eht sa emaS .a ,metsys CQ eht degnahc yllaitnatsbuS .a metsys CQ s'margorp pmatS dooF ehT .a setats ot stnemyap sunob & metsys )CQ( lortnoc ytilauQ .81A ]7114 noitceS[ ]034 noitceS[ ]tcA pmatS dooF eht fo )2()a(41 noitceS[ .yreviled fo ecnedive sedivorp .ecivres .sreliater ot seciton taht yreviled fo mrof yna yb sreliater lanosrep ro liam deifitrec yb sreliater ot ot sa snoisivorp etaneS eht detpodA ot dereviled eb ot seciton dettimreP .snoisivorp oN dereviled eb tsum seciton "noitca esrevdA" sreliater ot secitoN .71A ]5114 noitceS[ ]924 noitceS[ ]304 noitceS[ .seirogetac dehsilbatse .FNAT -etats rehto ni esoht ot ro noitcnas gnivael ot roirp yletaidemmi gniviecer .erusaem etaneS eht ni sa elbaliava a fo esuaceb stifeneb FNAT eviecer ot saw dlohesuoh eht level eht ta ,shtnom eb ton dluow stifeneb lanoitisnarT gnisaec esoht ot elbaliava eb ton dluow 6 rof deunitnoc yllacitamotua eb ot .smargorp dia rehto hguorht deviecer stifeneb lanoitisnarT .stifeneb pmats erew spmats dooF .noitcnas a naht rehto .stifeneb esaercni dluow taht secnatsmucric noitamrofni rof )noitpo etats ta( dna doof esaercni dluow taht secnatsmucric snosaer rof FNAT gnivael ,sdlohesuoh ni segnahc detroper dna FNAT gnivael no emocni FNAT rof tnuocca ot detsujda dlohesuoh ni segnahc detroper yna ot stifeneb pmats doof lanoitisnart emocni fo ssol yna rof detsujda era yllareneg ,FNAT gnivael ot roirp deviecer tnuoma ro dia hsac FNAT fo ssol eht rof drawpu dednapxe edivorp ot setats gnittimrep stifeneb lanoitisnarT .noitcnas a naht rehto eht si tifeneb lanoitisnart ehT .FNAT detsujda eb dluow stifeneb lanoitisnart ylticilpxe yb stneipicer dna srotarepo snosaer rof FNAT gnivael sdlohesuoh rof gnivael esoht ot stifeneb lanoitisnart ,)ycilop gnitsixe-erp ot ralimis( margorp no stnemeriuqer gnitroper "stifeneb pmats doof lanoitisnart" 'shtnom 'shtnom 5 ot pu evig ot setats dewollA taht tpecxe ,erusaem esuoH eht sa emaS dna evitartsinimda tnacifingis detfiL 3 rof tpo ot setats timrep snoitalugeR FNAT gnivael esoht rof stifeneb pmats doof lanoitisnarT .61A ]724 noitceS[ ]tcA pmatS dooF fo )e(11 & )c(3 snoitceS[ ].smargorp ecnatsissa WAL DETCANE DNA TNEMEERGA ECNEREFNOC LLIB ETANES LLIB ESUOH YCILOP/WAL 'setats fo tnemerusaem deriuqeR .d 'setats fo tnemerusaem deriuqeR .d 'setats fo tnemerusaem deriuqeR .d sunob" cificeps rof snoisivorp oN .d ]9114 noitceS[ ]234 noitceS[ ]tcA pmatS dooF eht fo )8()c(61 noitceS[ .deifiton setats dna denimreted eb tsum setar rorre CQ lanif ,lirpA fo dne eht yB .raey hcae hcraM fo dne eht yb detelpmoc eb tsum secnereffid etats .senildaed gnignahc .ylevitcepser ,ht03 enuJ -laredef fo noitartibra dna snoitanimreted snoisivorp etaneS eht detpodA .c dna ts13 yaM ot senildaed degnahC .c .snoisivorp oN .c etar-rorre CQ fo sweiver laredeF .c ]134 noitceS[ .)sdlohesuoh "enorp-rorre"( .sdlohesuoh sneziticnon ro srenrae htiw sdlohesuoh enorp-rorre fo snoitroporp hgih rof fo snoitroporp hgih gnivres setats .sniamer ycilop roirP .sdlohesuoh tnuocca ot setar rorre 'setats lla tsujda rof decuder era snoitcnas dessessa yberehw enorp-rorre ot sa snoisivorp oN .b ot tnemeriuqer a ,wal ni dehsilbatsE .b .snoisivorp oN .b ycilop a dehsilbatse sah yraterceS ehT .b ]8114 noitceS[ ]134 noitceS[ ]404 noitceS[ ]tcA pmatS dooF eht fo )c(61 noitceS[ .detcelloc eb dluow tnuoma "ksir-ta" eht ,raey evitucesnoc dr3 a rof etar rorre sti ecuder ot sliaf etats a fI .tnuoma yna gniviaw )3( ro ,raey txen eht ni noitcelloc rof "ksir ta" tnuoma eht fo %05 ot pu gnicalp )2( ,stnemevorpmi evitartsinimda ni tnuoma eht fo %05 ot pu tsevni ot meht gniriuqer )1( yb stnuoma ytilibail 'setats evloser ot yraterceS eht dezirohtuA .)dlohserht eht sdeecxe etats a hcihw ni raey evitucesnoc dn2 eht rof detaluclac si tnuoma ytilibail .raey dr3 eht siht( %6 evoba stifeneb suoenorre ni etar rorre %01 a evoba era yeht raf fo eulav eht fo %01 ot lauqe stnuoma woh no desab setats denoitcnaS .sraey .era yeht egareva lanoitan eht evoba rof elbail setats edaM .setar rorre evitucesnoc 3 rof dlohserht )rehgih( wen raf woh no desab snoitcnas lacsif dessessa hgih )sraey 3 revo( yltnetsisrep htiw eht evoba neeb sah etats a litnu dessessa era egareva lanoitan eht evoba setar rorre setats esoht ylno dezilanep ylevitceffE eb ton dluow snoitcnas taht dedivorP htiw setatS .)%06 sa hgih sa ot ,hctam %05 lamron eht morf esaercni na( noitartsinimda WAL DETCANE DNA TNEMEERGA ECNEREFNOC LLIB ETANES LLIB ESUOH YCILOP/WAL .7002YF hguorht ytirohtua dednetxe no stnemeriuqer lareves detanimile dna dna gnidnuf laredef dehctamnu yenom laredef dehctamnu fo tnuoma eht ssel ylthgils dedivorp tub ,snoisivorp decuder tub ,6002YF hguorht smargorp .1102YF hguorht smargorp T&E rof selur etaneS eht sa emas eht yllaitnatsbuS T&E rof gnidnuf rof ytirohtua dednetxE dna gnidnuf gnitsixe dednetxe yllareneG smargorp )T&E( gniniart dna tnemyolpmE .02A ]6114 noitceS[ ]834 noitceS[ ]504 noitceS[ .smetsys noitanimreted ytilibigile dna noitacilppa .noillim 3$ gnilatot snoitairporppa elpmis tnemelpmi dna poleved dezirohtuA .slaudividni elbigile .smetsys ro ,ssecca margorp evorpmi ot stcejorp ot hcaertuo ro stifeneb pmats doof noitanimreted ytilibigile dna noitacilppa fo tsoc eht gnirevoc seititne rehto ot ssecca evorpmi ot stcejorp fo tsoc elpmis gnitnemelpmi dna gnipoleved fo dna setats ot stnarg no raey a noillim 5$ eht fo erahs laredef %57 a yap ot seititne tsoc eht setats yap ot raey a noillim 5.9$ ot pu dneps ot yraterceS eht deriuqeR rehto dna setats ot stnarg dezirohtuA ot pu dneps ot yraterceS eht deriuqeR .snoisivorp oN ssecca devorpmi & smetsys ytilibigile dna noitacilppa elpmis rof stnarG .91A ]0214 noitceS[ ]334 noitceS[ ]404 noitceS[ ]tcA pmatS dooF eht fo )c(61 .ceS[ .%6 .%6 woleb setar rorre htiw woleb setar rorre htiw setats rof gnidnuf .%6 woleb setar rorre htiw setats rof gnidnuf laredef dedda dednE laredef dedda dedne neht ,decudeR setats rof gnidnuf laredef dedda deniateR .%06 sa hgih sa ot %05 .evoba deton saera eht ni ecnamrofrep .evoba deton serusaem lamron eht morf stsoc evitartsinimda etats devorpmi-tsom ro hgih rof sdradnats .evoba deton serusaem 2 eht ni ecnamrofrep denibmoc fo erahs laredef eht esiar nac sihT .%6 woleb s'yraterceS eht teem taht setats 5 eht fo hcae rof noillim 6$ gnilatot devorpmi tsom ro tsehgih eht htiw setats setar rorre htiw setats rof )"gnirahs-tsoc ot raey a noillim 84$ gnilatot stnemyap setats ot "stnemyap sunob ecnamrofrep 01 eht ot hcae noillim 1$ fo "stnemyap evitartsinimda decnahne"( noitartsinimda rof sunob ecnamrofrep laredef deriuqeR hgih" laredef launna deriuqeR sunob ecnellecxe" laredef launna deriuqeR gnidnuf laredef dedda tnarg snoisivorp CQ .serutalsigeL etatS fo ecnerefnoC lanoitaN eht .yraterceS dna ,noitaicossA secivreS namuH cilbuP eht yb dehsilbatse noitartsinimda naciremA eht ,noitaicossA sronrevoG .yltcerroc edam era snoisiced ytilibigile evitceffe fo srotacidni rehto )2( lanoitaN eht htiw noitatlusnoc ni evitagen hcihw ot eerged eht )2( dna ,snoitanimreted ytilibigile evorpmi yraterceS eht yb tes serusaem lanoitidda dna ecnaussi tifeneb dna snoitanimreted .)woleb ",gnirahs-tsoc evitartsinimda dna ,setar rorre ecuder ,srorre tcerroc 4 )2( dna ,nerdlihc htiw sdlohesuoh roop ytilibigile tpmorp rof senildaed decnahne" ees tub( ecnamrofrep ot nekat snoitca )1( :ot sa ecnamrofrep gnikrow gnivres )1( :ot sa ecnamrofrep htiw ecnailpmoc )1( :ot sa ecnamrofrep fo slevel hgih htiw setats ot "stnemyap WAL DETCANE DNA TNEMEERGA ECNEREFNOC LLIB ETANES LLIB ESUOH YCILOP/WAL lanoitamrofni pmats doof rof sdnuf FNAT esu yam yeht taht setats gnillet .seitivitca )"hcaertuo"( lanoitamrofni .raelcnu si seitivitca )"hcaertuo"( deussi saw ecnadiug laredef a tub ,tceffe pmats doof rof sdnuf FNAT lanoitamrofni pmats doof tcudnoc ni sniamer wal roirP .snoisivorp oN esu ot ytirohtua 'setats ticilpxe edaM .snoisivorp oN ot sdnuf FNAT esu ot ytirohtua 'setatS seitivitca lanoitamrofni pmats dooF .12A ]1214 noitceS[ ]434 & )c(961 snoitceS[ ])a(604 noitceS[ ]tcA pmatS dooF eht fo )h(61 & )d(6 snoitceS[ .htnom rep nosrep rep .stsoc troppus tnapicitrap 52$ fo flah ot pu %05--)noitatropsnart ,.g.e( rof gnidnuf no stimil gnitanimile .stsoc troppus tnapicitrap stsoc troppus tnapicitrap T&E erac-dlihc-non snoisivorp etaneS detpodA .e rof gnidnuf laredef no stimil detanimilE .e .snoisivorp oN .e rof dedivorp era sdnuf gnihctam laredeF .e .stnuoma ".tnemecalp" margorp T&E hcae rof yap gnidnuf tnemecalp-rep tes ot ytirohtua .stnuoma gnidnuf tnemecalp-rep lliw tnemnrevog laredef eht taht stnuoma gnidne snoisivorp etaneS detpodA .d tes ot ytirohtua s'yraterceS eht dednE .d .snoisivorp oN .d rallod cificeps tes yam yraterceS ehT .d .level 6991YF eht .tnemeriuqer ta gnidneps T&E rieht niatniam tsum setats "troffe fo ecnanetniam" eht gnitanimile .tnemeriuqer ,)2002YF ni noillim 57$ ,.g.e( noitacolla snoisivorp etaneS detpodA .c "troffe fo ecnanetniam" eht detanimilE .c .snoisivorp oN .c sdnuf laredef rieht fo noitrop a eviecer oT .c .sDWABA ot secivres rof tnemeriuqer .tnemeriuqer "%08" eht "%08" gnitsixe-erp eht detanimilE gnitanimile )2( dna )raey a noillim 02$ .sDWABA ot secivres rof )dehctamnu( .sDWABA ot secivres ot detimil( secivres DWABA fo gnidnuf raey a noillim 52$ ot pu dedivorp ,evoba rof sdnuf laredef dehctamnu fo noitacolla rof )1( snoisivorp etaneS detpodA .b deton noillim 09$ eht ot noitidda nI .b .snoisivorp oN .b latot rieht fo %08 tsael ta esu tsum setatS .b .elbaliava saw noillim 003$ gnideecxe ecnalab revoyrrac a ;dednepxe .ecnalab revoyrrac litnu elbaliava si yenom dehctamnU .ecnalab tnepsnu eht dednicseR .dednepxe litnu .)raey a noillim 561$ .)2002YF rof noillim 561$ fo latot a ,.g.e( revoyrrac tnepsnu eht dednicseR elbaliava ,raey a noillim 09$ ta tnuoma fo latot a( level 2002YF eht ta tnuoma dedivorp erew stnuoma cificeps ,raey hcae .7002YF hguorht raey a noillim eht teS .6002YF hguorht smargorp eht teS .1102YF hguorht smargorp roF .stneipicer pmats doof rof smargorp 09$ ta gnidnuf T&E laredef dehctamnu T&E rof gnidnuf laredef dehctamnu T&E rof gnidnuf laredef dehctamnu T&E rof gnidnuf laredef dehctamnu deriuqer rof tnemeriuqer eht dednetxE .a rof tnemeriuqer eht dednetxE .a rof tnemeriuqer eht dednetxE .a wal pmats doof ,2002YF hguorhT .a .gnidnuf gnihctam laredef no stimil dna setats WAL DETCANE DNA TNEMEERGA ECNEREFNOC LLIB ETANES LLIB ESUOH YCILOP/WAL noillib 104.1$ eb dluow tnarg esab ehT 653.1$ saw tnarg detadilosnoc esab ehT saw tI .stsoc evitartsinimda yna fo %05 dna .7002YF hguorht tnarg detadilosnoc eht .6002YF hguorht tnarg detadilosnoc eht stsoc stifeneb lla derevoc tI .2002YF hguorht detadnaM .)woleb ees( aomaS naciremA detadnaM .)woleb ees( aomaS naciremA .gnixedni noitalfni launna gniniater dezirohtua ,tnarg kcolb ecnatsissa noitirtun dna ociR otreuP rof gnidnuf tnarg dna ociR otreuP rof gnidnuf tnarg ,1102YF hguorht tnarg kcolb ecnatsissa launna na deviecer ociR otreuP ,margorp ecnatsissa noitirtun detadilosnoC .a ecnatsissa noitirtun detadilosnoC .a noitirtun s'ociR otreuP dednetxE .a pmats doof raluger fo ueil nI .ociR otreuP .a aomaS naciremA dna ociR otreuP .42A ]tcA pmatS dooF ]2214 noitceS[ ]534 noitceS[ ]604 noitceS[ eht fo )i(71 & ,)b(71 ,)k(61 ,)a(81 snoitceS[ .stcejorp tolip hcaertuo rof ytirohtua-- dna ;stifeneb pmats doof hsac gnitnarg stcejorp tolip fo rebmun detimil a rof ytirohtua-- ;raey a noillim 791$ yb setats ot eud esiwrehto stnemyap gnirahs tsoc evitartsinimda laredef ecuder ot ytirohtua-- ;aomaS naciremA dna ociR otreuP rof stnarg ecnatsissa noitirtun dna ,snoitavreseR naidnI no margorP .)ytirohtua wen ralimis rof evoba noitubirtsiD dooF eht ,margorp pmatS dooF 91A# metI ees( stcejorp tolip hcaertuo eht rof snoitazirohtua snoitairporppa-- rof ytirohtua eht rof tpecxe--7002YF .6002YF .1102YF hguorht seitirohtua gniripxe dednetxE hguorht seitirohtua gniripxe dednetxE hguorht seitirohtua gniripxe dednetxE :2002YF fo dne eht ta gniripxE noitazirohtuaeR .32A ]3214 noitceS[ ]734 noitceS[ ]tcA pmatS dooF eht fo 71 noitceS[ .seititne laredefnon .meht stnemelpmi taht yb detnemelpmi stcejorp tolip rof raelcnu si ytitne eht fo sseldrager ,stcejorp tolip lla ytirohtua reviaw siht fo tnetxe ehT .stcejorp .sreviaw fo gnitnarg ni selur pmats doof laredef morf sreviaw tolip tuo gniyrrac nehw selur tcA pmatS no snoisivorp etaneS eht detpodA tnarg yam yraterceS eht taht raelc edaM .snoisivorp oN dooF morf sreviaw tnarg yam yraterceS ehT sreviaw tcejorp toliP .22A ]634 noitceS[ ]tcA pmatS dooF eht fo )k(61 noitceS[ .seitivitca WAL DETCANE DNA TNEMEERGA ECNEREFNOC LLIB ETANES LLIB ESUOH YCILOP/WAL taht stnemeriuqer morf meht detpmexe eht gninrevog selur rednu spmats doof rof .3002 ,1 rebotcO evitceffe--81 oslA .yrtne fo etad rieht fo sseldrager elbigile era 81 ega rednu era ohw dna ,6991 ega rednu stnediser tnenamrep lagel --spmats doof rof elbigile 81 ega ,22 tsuguA fo sa .S.U eht ni gnivil erew ohw ot sa snoisivorp etaneS eht detpodA .a rednu stnediser tnenamrep lagel edaM .a .snoisivorp oN .a stnediser tnenamrep lageL--nerdlihC .a sneziticnoN .62A ]544 noitceS[ ]tcA pmatS dooF eht fo )g(3 noitceS[ .noisivorp wen siht fo stceffe eht no troper a deriuqeR ".slarenim ro snimativ erom ro eno ylevisulcxe edivorp" .)slaem deraperp ,sesac detimil ni ,ro( .tceffe taht stnemelppus yrateid esahcrup ot noitpmusnoc emoh rof smeti doof esahcrup ni sniamer wal roirP .snoisivorp oN stifeneb pmats doof fo esu eht dettimreP .snoisivorp oN ot ylno desu eb nac stifeneb pmats dooF stnemelppuS lareniM dna nimatiV .52A ]4214 noitceS[ ]934 noitceS[ ])j( & )g(604 noitceS[ ]tcA pmatS dooF eht fo 42 noitceS[ .raey a noillim 3.5$ .raey gniwollof eht ot tnarg s'raey yna fo detadnam dna 2002YF hguorht dezirohtua %2 ot pu revo yrrac ot aomaS naciremA saw tnarg ehT .delbasid dna ylredle dewollA .delaeper saw tnarg etarapes .delaeper saw tnarg .sraey retal rof raey a noillim 8.5$ dna eht tsissa ot dengised yliramirp margorp stI .)evoba ees( .tnarg ecnatsissa etarapes stI .)evoba ees( tnarg ecnatsissa 2002YF rof noillim 57.5$ ot ti desaercnI ecnatsissa noitirtun a rof serutidnepxe noitirtun detadilosnoc wen s'raey hcae noitirtun detadilosnoc wen s'raey hcae .1102YF hguorht tnarg ecnatsissa lla gnirevoc tnarg launna na deviecer fo %4. saw erahs s'aomaS naciremA .b fo %4. saw erahs s'aomaS naciremA .b noitirtun s'aomaS naciremA dednetxE .b aomaS naciremA .aomaS naciremA .b ]4214 noitceS[ ]934 noitceS[ ])f(604 noitceS[ ]tcA pmatS dooF fo 91 noitceS[ .raey gniwollof eht ot tnarg s'raey yna fo %2 ot pu revo yrrac ot ociR otreuP dewolla oslA .tnuoma eht gnihctam .tnuoma eht gnihctam tuohtiw ,smetsys cinortcele gnidargpu .smetsys cinortcele gnidargpu fo stsoc tuohtiw ,smetsys cinortcele gnidargpu fo fo stsoc rof tnarg 2002YF sti fo noillim rof noillim 6$ ot pu esu ot noissimrep ot stsoc yap ot tnarg 2002YF sti fo noillim 6$ ot pu esu ot ociR otreuP dettimreP drager htiw erusaem esuoH eht sa emaS 6$ ot pu esu ot ociR otreuP dettimreP .%6.99 saw erahs launna .%6.99 eb dluow erahs launna s'ociR s'ociR otreuP .3002YF htiw gninnigeb .000,815,053,1$ otreuP .4002YF htiw gninnigeb noitalfni noitalfni ecirp-doof rof detsujda saw tnuoma tnarg 2002YF eht ecirp-doof rof detsujda ,)3002YF( eb ot neht saw tI .)2002YF( noillib dna ,noitalfni ecirp doof rof dexedni yllaunna WAL DETCANE DNA TNEMEERGA ECNEREFNOC LLIB ETANES LLIB ESUOH YCILOP/WAL yllagelli niamer dna yllagelli yrtnuoc eht deretne ohw sneila fo esac eht ni ylppa .3002 ton dluow elur ecnediser raey-5 wen ,1 lirpA evitceffe--)stnediser yraropmet sihT .)stnediser yraropmet sa ton tub sa ton tub ,seelysa/seegufer ,stnediser ,seelysa/seegufer ,stnediser tnenamrep tnenamrep lagel sa ,.g.e( sraey 5 lagel sa ,.g.e( sraey 5 fo doirep a rof fo doirep a rof yllagel .S.U eht ni dediser yllagel .S.U eht ni dediser ylsuounitnoc .snoisivorp oN evah ohw slaudividni elbigile edaM .e evah ohw slaudividni elbigile edaM .e .snoisivorp oN .e .S.U eht ni ecnediser fo htgneL .e .sneziticnon fo ytilibigile lacirogetac eht gninrevog selur rednu ])a(1044 noitceS[ ])d(254 noitceS[ spmats doof rof elbigile era--stnemyap )ISS( emocnI ytiruceS latnemelppuS .2002 ,1 rebotcO evitceffe .yrtne ,.g.e--stifeneb ytilibasid laredef gniviecer --stifeneb ytilibasid laredef gniviecer fo etad rieht ot drager tuohtiw elbigile era ohw dna ,6991 ,22 tsuguA fo sa .S.U stnediser tnenamrep lagel fo ytilibigile stifeneb ytilibasid laredef gniviecer eht ni gnivil erew ohw stnediser tnenamrep eht ot sa snoisivorp etaneS detpodA .d stnediser tnenamrep lagel edaM .d .snoisivorp oN .d lageL--stneipicer tifeneb ytilibasiD .d .ytilibigile lacirogetac 'sneziticnon gninrevog selur rednu sutats fo tnarg/yrtne retfa sraey 7 rof spmats doof rof elbigile era snezitic .S.U yb derehtaf snaisaremA nrob-manteiV ])c(254 noitceS[ dna ,snosaer nairatinamuh rof dlehhtiw .timil raey-7 eht gnivomer fo tceffe gnieb si lavomer/noitatroped esohw eht sah woleb debircsed elur ecnediser .sesac nairatinamuh rof sneila niatrec ,stnartne naitiaH /nabuC raey-5 wen eht tub ,snoisivorp oN .c ytilibigile no timil raey-7 eht devomeR .c .snoisivorp oN .c ,seegufer ,seelysA--sesac nairatinamuH .c .sneziticnon .tnemeriuqer fo ytilibigile lacirogetac eht gninrevog yrotsih krow eht gninetrohs ])b(254 noitceS[ selur rednu spmats doof rof elbigile era fo tceffe eht sah woleb debircsed elur )sraey 01 ro ,sretrauq 04 sa denifed( yrotsih ecnediser raey-5 wen eht tub ,tceffe .)sraey 4( sretrauq 61 ot tnemeriuqer krow laitnatsbus a htiw stnediser tnenamrep ni sniamer wal roirP .snoisivorp oN .b yrotsih krow eht decudeR .b .snoisivorp oN .b lageL--tnemeriuqer yrotsih kroW .b .srosnops htiw stnediser tnenamrep ])b(1044 noitceS[ ])a(254 noitceS[ lagel fo spuorg rehto htiw esac eht si sa ,ytilibigile pmats doof rieht gninimreted .ytilibigile pmats ni meht ot elbaliava demeed eb yam doof gninimreted ni meht ot demeed secruoser laicnanif 'srosnops rieht ,lareneg eb secruoser laicnanif s'rosnops rieht nI .sneziticnon fo ytilibigile lacirogetac WAL DETCANE DNA TNEMEERGA ECNEREFNOC LLIB ETANES LLIB ESUOH YCILOP/WAL ]4024 noitceS[ ])d(154 noitceS[ ]344 noitceS[ dooF ycnegremE eht fo )a(402 noitceS[ .smargorp lacol dna .stsoc noitubirtsid etats yb deldnah seitidommoc PAFET-non .raey a noillim 06$ ot tnuoma eht desiar dna evitartsinimda rof snoitairporppa dna PAFET gnitubirtsid dna noitartsinimda dna 7002YF hguorht stsoc noitubirtsid .6002 fo noitazirohtua noillim 05$ eht fo stsoc eht rof ,2002YF hguorht ,dezirohtua dna evitartsinimda rof snoitairporppa hguorht dednetxe saw noitazirohtua eht ,1102YF hguorht dednetxe ,evoba deton erew raey a noillim 05$ fo snoitairporppA fo noitazirohtua eht dednetxE .b tpecxe ,erusaem esuoH eht sa emaS .b edisa-tes noillim 01$ ot noitidda nI .b .stsoc noitubirtsid/evitartsinimdA .b )deunitnoc( )PAFET( margorP ecnatsissA dooF ycnegremE ehT .1B ].6002YF hguorht raey ].wal detcane hcae PAFET rof seitidommoc lanoitidda eht ni dedulcni ton saw erusaem etaneS ni raey a noillim 04$ naht ssel ton eht fo 661 noitceS ni seitidommoc yub ot yraterceS eht deriuqer erusaem lanoitidda ni noillim 04$ ehT :etoN [ etaneS eht fo 661 noitceS :etoN[ ]6214 noitceS[ ]144 noitceS[ ])j( & )i(604 noitceS[ ]tcA pmatS dooF eht fo 72 noitceS[ .seitidommoc gnitubirtsid .stsoc noitubirtsid dna tropsnart dna gnitropsnart ,gnirots ,gnissecorp ,gnirots ,gnissecorp rof noillim 01$ fo esu ot detaler stsoc rof yap ot raey a noillim eht ot tcepser htiw llib esuoH sa emaS 01$ esu ot yraterceS eht deriuqer dna .PAFET rof seitidommoc .2002YF ni gninnigeb raey a noillim 041$ .2002YF ni gninnigeb raey a noillim 011$ ;2002YF ni gninnigeb raey a noillim 041$ esahcrup ot 2002YF hguorht raey ot PAFET rof edisa tes tnuoma latot eht ot PAFET rof edisa tes tnuoma latot eht ot PAFET rof edisa tes tnuoma latot a noillim 001$ esu ot deriuqer saw yraterceS desiar dna 7002YF hguorht tnemeriuqer desiar dna 6002YF hguorht tnemeriuqer eht desiar ;1102YF hguorht tnemeriuqer eht ,tcA pmatS dooF eht rednu elbaliava esahcrup ytidommoc eht dednetxE .a esahcrup ytidommoc eht dednetxE .a esahcrup ytidommoc eht dednetxE .a stnuoma morF .sesahcruP ytidommoC .a )PAFET( margorP ecnatsissA dooF ycnegremE ehT .1B SMARGORP ECNATSISSA YTIDOMMOC .B ]391-401 .L.P ;6991 fo tcA noitailicnoceR ytinutroppO kroW dna ])c(1044 noitceS[ ])c( & )b(071 noitceS[ ytilibisnopseR lanosreP eht fo )a(204 noitceS[ .tnemtcane fo sa sraey 5 rof .S.U eht ni dediser ylsuounitnoc evah yeht sselnu ,)erom ro raey 1 rof "sneila lagelli" neeb evah ohw ro( erom ro raey 1 rof WAL DETCANE DNA TNEMEERGA ECNEREFNOC LLIB ETANES LLIB ESUOH YCILOP/WAL htiw ,snoisivorp etaneS eht detpodA gnitibihorp morf yraterceS eht derraB .snoisivorp oN .snoisivorp oN ygolonhceT ytefaS dooF devorppA fo esU .3B ]3791 fo tcA noitcetorP ])b(1024 noitceS[ ]154 noitceS[ remusnoC dna erutlucirgA eht fo 5 noitceS[ .sraey gniwollof dna 3002YF rof dexedni ,tnuoma lautca 1002YF .3002YF ni gninnigeb dexedni ,05$ eht ta tes--tols daolesac dengissa rep ta wal yb tes--tols daolesac dengissa rep .noitairporppa tnarg a etats hcae edivorp ot yraterceS tnarg a etats hcae edivorp ot yraterceS PFSC eht fo %02 naht erom esu ton yam tub eht deriuqeR ".tols daolesac rep stnarg" eht deriuqeR ".tols daolesac rep --seicnega lacol/etats fo stsoc evitartsinimda rof tnemeriuqer a htiw stnemyap stnarg" rof tnemeriuqer a htiw stnemyap PFSC eht yap ot deriuqer si yraterceS evitartsinimda no timil eht decalpeR .b evitartsinimda no timil eht decalpeR .b .snoisivorp oN .b ehT .stsoC evitartsinimdA PFSC .b )deunitnoc( seitirohtua ytidommoc dna )PFSC( margorP dooF latnemelppuS ytidommoC .2B ]1891 fo tcA dooF dna erutlucirgA eht fo )2()a(4111 noitceS ;3791 fo tcA noitcetorP remusnoC ]3024 & 1024 snoitceS[ ]154 noitceS[ ]244 & 144 snoitceS[ dna erutlucirgA eht fo 5 & 4 snoitceS[ ".elcyc daolesac" 2002YF eht hguorht slevel daolesac .seitivitca noitubirtsid ytidommoc suoirav )0002YF( dengissa yllanigiro rieht ta rof troppus fo slevel lanoitidart niatniam PFSC eht ni etapicitrap ot eunitnoc ot ot seitidommoc niatbo ot ytirohtua lareneg tnomreV dna anatnoM timrep ot sdnuf dna ,stnemeerga gnissecorp ytidommoc edivorp ot yraterceS eht deriuqer oslA rof stnemeriuqer ,PFSC eht ot klim yrd tafnon dna eseehc edivorp ot stnemeriuqer .7002YF hguorht .6002YF hguorht .1102YF hguorht ,)PFSC( margorP dooF latnemelppuS stnemeriuqer /seitirohtua ytidommoc stnemeriuqer/seitirohtua ytidommoc stnemeriuqer/seitirohtua ytidommoc ytidommoC eht rof ytirohtua :2002YF fo dna PFSC gniripxe dednetxE .a dna PFSC gniripxe dednetxE .a dna PFSC gniripxe dednetxE .a dne eht ta gniripxE .seitirohtua gniripxE .a .seitirohtua ytidommoc dna )PFSC( margorP dooF latnemelppuS ytidommoC .2B ]tcA ecnatsissA WAL DETCANE DNA TNEMEERGA ECNEREFNOC LLIB ETANES LLIB ESUOH YCILOP/WAL tnemeltitne ylno taht gnitadnam ,tceffe ni fo mrof eht ni eb )seitidommoc + --tnemeriuqer %21 eht drawot gnitnuoc hsac( troppus hcnul loohcs laredef lla fo %21 nigeb lliw margorp hcnuL loohcS taht tnemeriuqer eht gniteem ni detnuoc eb eht ot deilppus seitidommoc sunob tsum margorp hcnuL loohcS eht ot deilppus .snoisivorp etaneS eht detpodA hcihw yb etad eht ,4002YF litnu ,deyaleD .snoisivorp oN seitidommoc yna ,2002YF htiw gninnigeB margorp hcnul loohcs eht rof seitidommoC .1C SMARGORP NOITIRTUN DLIHC .C ]2024 noitceS[ ]754 noitceS[ .)sesoprup cificeps rof devreser esiwrehto seititnauq gnidulcni( snoitagilbo rehto tuo yrrac ot dedeen esoht fo ssecxe ni era devlovni seitidommoc eht taht tnetxe eht ot ylppa dluow ytirohtua sihT .etairporppa senimreted yraterceS eht swal rehto ro ,tcA snaciremA redlO eht ,tcA noitirtuN dlihC eht ,tcA hcnuL loohcS lanoitaN llessuR .B drahciR eht rednu dezirohtua smargorp dna ,PAFET :edulcni smargorp citsemod derevoC .margorp gnideef citsemod yna rof desu eb yam seitidommoc "23 noitceS" yna dna snoitarepo )CCC( noitaroproC .seitidommoc fo tiderC ytidommoC fo tcudnoc eht ni esu no snoisivorp etaneS eht detpodA deriuqca seitidommoc yna taht dedivorP .snoisivorp oN .snoisivorp oN smargorP gnideeF citsemoD rof seitidommoC fo esU .4B ])d( & )3()b(1024 noitceS[ ]244 noitceS[ .smargorp noitirtun citsemod hguorht noitubirtsid rof seitidommoc gniriuqca ni "secivreS namuH dna htlaeH fo yraterceS eht ro yraterceS eht yb devorppa .segnahc lacinhcet neeb sah taht ygolonhcet yna" fo esu eht WAL DETCANE DNA TNEMEERGA ECNEREFNOC LLIB ETANES LLIB ESUOH YCILOP/WAL ni lennosrep yratilim dna ytilibigile CIW ot dedivorp ecnawolla gnisuoh yna laicepS eht rof ytilibigile emocni ot sa snoisivorp etaneS eht detpodA .b edulcxe ot setats rof noitpo na deddA .b .snoisivorp oN .b gninimreted nI .margorp CIW ehT .b ]tcA hcnuL loohcS lanoitaN llessuR ]2034 noitceS[ ]454 noitceS[ .B drahciR eht fo 9 noitceS rednu snoitalugeR[ .detnuoc si ecnawolla eht--rotarepo gnisuoh eht ot no ssap ot ecnawolla gnisuoh a nevig era lennosrep yratilim dna )gnisuoh detarepo yletavirp ot gnisuoh eerf morf devom era seilimaf ro( gnisuoh detarepo yletavirp ot detrevnoc si gnisuoh eerf ylremrof erehw--gnisuoh yratilim .slaem loohcs ecirp-decuder ].erusaem "dezitavirp" roF .ton si gnisuoh )eerf( dna eerf rof ytilibigile gninimreted s'etaneS eht ni dedulcni noisivorp esab-no fo eulav ehT .slaem loohcs ecirp ni detnuoc eb ton lliw ecnawolla eht deniatnoc--1002 ,11 rebmeceD no -decuder dna eerf rof ytilibigile gninimreted .gnisuoh "dezitavirp" ni lennosrep gnisuoh rieht ,gnisuoh "dezitavirp" esuoH eht yb dessap--6123 .R.H :etoN [ ni emocni sa detnuoc era stnemetats yratilim dna ytilibigile laem loohcs ni evil lennosrep yratilim erehw sesac sgninrae dna evael no detroper secnawolla ot sa snoisivorp etaneS eht detpodA .a ni ,taht deriuqer ,3002YF hguorhT .a .snoisivorp oN .a gnisuoh yratilim llA .slaem loohcS .a gnisuoH yratiliM :stifeneB CIW dna slaeM loohcS ecirP -decudeR dna eerF rof ytilibigilE .2C ].smargorp noitirtun dlihc ni gnitapicitrap snoitutitsni dna sloohcs ot ].smargorp noitirtun selbategev dna stiurf hserf fo noitubirtsid dlihc ni snoitutitsni dna sloohcs dna esahcrup eht rof )DoD( tnemtrapeD rof )DoD eht hguorht( sesahcrup esnefeD eht ot 6002YF hguorht elbategev dna tiurf hserf ni raey raey a noillim 05$ tsael ta edivorp a noillim 05$ tsael ta rof dedivorp wal ot yraterceS eht deriuqer tnemdnema detcane eht fo 30601 noitceS :etoN [ etaneS eht fo 661 noitceS :etoN [ ]tcA hcnuL loohcS lanoitaN ]1034 noitceS[ ]354 noitceS[ llessuR .B drahciR eht fo )1()e(6 noitceS[ .ymonoce larutlucirga eht troppus ot deriuqca skcots morf noitercsid s'yraterceS eht ta dedivorp seitidommoc "sunob" dna .wal 2002YF-erp rednu )hcnul rep eulav ni stnec 51( "tnemeltitne" esac eht saw sihT .neht litnu tnemeriuqer 'sloohcs teem ot dedivorp seitidommoc eht gniteem drawot tnuoc seitidommoc edulcni dluow sihT .seitidommoc WAL DETCANE DNA TNEMEERGA ECNEREFNOC LLIB ETANES LLIB ESUOH YCILOP/WAL ]044 noitceS[ ])j( & )h(604 noitceS[ ]tcA pmatS dooF eht fo 52 noitceS[ .stnarg rof ecnereferp nevig .stnarg rof ecnereferp nevig .raey a noillim 5.2$ fo latot a eb tsum taht stcejorp fo tsil eht dna eb tsum taht stcejorp fo tsil eht deifidoM deecxe ton dluoc stnarg dna ,snoitairporppa eveihca ot dengised era stcejorp taht .%57 ot %05 morf stsoc tcejorp fo erahs tcA pmatS dooF morf devreser slaog fo tsil eht deifidoM .raey a noillim laredef eht desaercnI .raey a noillim .raey a noillim saw gnidnuF ".stcejorp doof ytinummoc" 5$ ot devreser tnuoma eht desaercnI 5.2$ ta devreser tnuoma eht deniatniaM 5.7$ ot devreser tnuoma eht desaercnI rof seititne tiforpnon etavirp ot stnarg ekam .7002YF hguorht stnarg tcejorp doof .6002YF hguorht stnarg tcejorp doof .1102YF hguorht stnarg tcejorp doof ot dezirohtua saw yraterceS eht ,2002YF ytinummoc rof ytirohtua dednetxE .a ytinummoc rof ytirohtua dednetxE .a ytinummoc rof ytirohtua dednetxE .a hguorhT .stcejorp doof ytinummoC .a smelborp ytinummoc nommoc gnisserdda smargorp evitavonni dna stcejorp doof ytinummoC .2D ]824 noitceS[ ].sevitaitini noitacude noitirtun rof esuohgniraelc a serutaef taht .esuohgniraelc noitacude noitirtun etisbew a dehsilbatse tnemtrapeD eht a )etisbew s'tnemtrapeD erutlucirgA eht ,2002 hcraM nI :etoN [ .snoisivorp oN no( hsilbatse ot yraterceS eht deriuqeR .snoisivorp oN .snoisivorp oN esuohgniraelc noitacude noitirtuN .1D STCEJORP LAICEPS .D ]7034 noitceS[ ]064 noitceS[ .tnemtcane ].1002YF morf revo deirrac retfa syad 03 naht retal on--margorp sdnuf dna snoitairporppa CIW raluger morf .margorp noitirtun tekram 'sremraf noitirtun tekram 'sremraf CIW margorp tekram 'sremraf eht rof elbaliava CIW eht rof gnidnuf 2002YF dedda 2002YF eht rof gnidnuf yrotadnam ni edam saw noillim 11$ emos ,2002YF rof snoisivorp etaneS eht detpodA noillim 51$ lanoitidda na elbaliava edaM .snoisivorp oN roF :etoN[ .snoisivorp elbarapmoc oN margorP noitirtuN tekraM 'sremraF CIW eht rof gnidnuF .3C ]6034 noitceS[ ]554 noitceS[ ]tcA noitirtuN dlihC eht fo )B()2()d(71 noitceS[ ".esab-ffo" gnidiser lennosrep yratilim yb deviecer ecnawolla gnisuoh yna edulcxe ot esoohc yam setats ,)margorp .gnisuoh "dezitavirp" CIW eht( nerdlihC dna ,stnafnI ,nemoW .gnisuoh "dezitavirp" esab-no ni gnivil lennosrep yratilim rof margorP noitirtuN latnemelppuS WAL DETCANE DNA TNEMEERGA ECNEREFNOC LLIB ETANES LLIB ESUOH YCILOP/WAL --yraterceS eht morf troper a deriuqer .snoisivorp oN ,2002 ,13 rebmeceD naht retal oN .snoisivorp oN .snoisivorp oN margorp tnemeltitne laudividni na otni margorp CIW eht fo noisrevnoc no tropeR .4D ]1114 noitceS[ ]444 noitceS[ .troper eht ni .)seitluciffid sserdda ot stroffe dedulcni eb ot stnemele eht dednapxe ,duarf ,esu rieht ot gnitaler seitluciffid dna desiver dna smetsys TBE no troper ,.g.e( smetsys TBE no ssergnoC ot troper a rof snoisivorp etaneS eht detpodA a timbus ot yraterceS eht deriuqeR .snoisivorp oN .snoisivorp oN smetsys )TBE( refsnarT tifeneB cinortcelE no tropeR .3D ]5214 noitceS[ ]344 noitceS[ .evitaitini siht rof )latot raey a noillim 5$ eht morf( raey a 000,002$ devreseR .ycneiciffus-fles rof deen 'seitinummoc dna 'slaudividni dna ,gniniart boj rof deen eht ,regnuh ,ycnedneped eraflew ,ytrevop larur ,smraf fo ssol gnidulcni--"smelborp ytinummoc .tcartnoc eht rof nommoc" gnisserdda rof smargorp 000,004$ elbaliava edaM .ycneiciffus-fles evitavonni tuoba )snoitadnemmocer rof deen 'seitinummoc dna 'slaudividni ekam dna( noitamrofni rehtag dna ,emirc elinevuj ,gniniart boj rof deen ot redro ni snoitazinagro latnemnrevog eht ,regnuh ,ycnedneped eraflew ,ytrevop -non dna ,snoisividbus lacitilop dna larur ,smraf fo ssol gnidulcni--"smelborp setats ,seicnega laredef htiw etanidrooc ytinummoc nommoc" gnisserdda .snoisivorp oN ot noitazinagro latnemnrevog rof smargorp evitavonni dnemmocer -non a )ot tnarg a ekam ro( htiw ot noitazinagro latnemnrevog-non a htiw . smelborp ytinummoc nommoc tcartnoc yraterceS eht taht deriuqeR .b tcartnoc ot yraterceS eht deriuqeR .b .snoisivorp oN .b gnisserdda smargorp evitavonnI .b )deunitnoc( smelborp ytinummoc nommoc gnisserdda smargorp evitavonni dna stcejorp doof ytinummoC .2D WAL DETCANE DNA TNEMEERGA ECNEREFNOC LLIB ETANES LLIB ESUOH YCILOP/WAL dna )detairporppa ydaerla noillim 01$ eht dezirohtuA .raey a noillim 51$ .sdnuf noitaroproC tiderC ytidommoC .noillim 51$ ta tes saw gnidnuf laitinI eht ot noitidda ni( noillim 5$ ot tnuoma fo gnidnuf yrotadnam dedivorP .margorp morf raey a noillim 51$ htiw ti troppus .1002 yraunaJ ni yraterceS eht yb detutitsni 2002YF eht decuder )1( tub ,margorp noitirtun tekram 'sremraf sroines ot yraterceS eht deriuqer dna margorp saw margorp noitirtun tekram 'sremraf noitirtun tekram 'sremraf sroines a dnapxe dna tuo yrrac ot yraterceS noitirtun tekram 'sremraf sroines sroines a ,seitirohtua noitaroproC tiderC eht ot sa snoisivorp esuoH eht detpodA eht deriuqer ,)6002YF - 2002YF( roF a dezirohtua ,)1102YF - 2002YF( roF ytidommoC rednu elbaliava gnidnuf gnisU margorp noitirtun tekram 'sremraf sroineS .6D ]tcA hcnuL loohcS lanoitaN ]4034 noitceS[ llessuR .B drahciR eht fo )3()n(21 noitceS[ .sdeen margorp laem rieht teem ot seititnauq tneiciffus .sdeen margorp laem rieht teem ni decudorp fi ociR otreuP ni decudorp ot seititnauq tneiciffus ni decudorp fi iiawaH era taht stcudorp doof ro seitidommoc ni decudorp era taht stcudorp doof ro esahcrup ociR otreuP ni seitirohtua seitidommoc esahcrup iiawaH ni seitirohtua doof loohcs taht--elbacitcarp doof loohcs taht--elbacitcarp tnetxe tnetxe mumixam eht ot--deriuqer mumixam eht ot--seriuqeR .ociR otreuP ,wal gnitsixe-erp rednu iiawaH htiw sA .snoisivorp oN .b .snoisivorp oN .b dna iiawaH ni sesahcrup doof loohcS .b ]3034 noitceS[ ]854 noitceS[ .ycilop siht tuo gniyrrac ni derrucni stsoc yarfed ot )raey a 000,004$( stnarg pu-trats rof snoitairporppa .sdoof decudorp yllacol dezirohtua dna smargorp laem loohcs fo esahcrup eht egaruocne ot stnarg ni sdoof decudorp yllacol fo esahcrup ot sa snoisivorp etaneS eht detpodA .a eht egaruocne ot yraterceS deriuqeR .a .snoisivorp oN .a .snoisivorp oN .stnarG & yciloP .a sdoof decudorp yllacol fo esahcruP .5D ]654 noitceS[ .margorp tnemeltitne laudividni na otni margorp yranoitercsid a morf margorp CIW eht fo noisrevnoc sezylana taht--yrtseroF dna ,noitirtuN ,erutlucirgA no eettimmoC etaneS eht dna ecrofkroW eht dna noitacudE no eettimmoC esuoH eht ot WAL DETCANE DNA TNEMEERGA ECNEREFNOC LLIB ETANES LLIB ESUOH YCILOP/WAL .stfig dna )dezirohtua si noitairporppa noillim 81$ na( seitiruces laredef ni detsevni dnuf tsurt a fo sgninrae eht morf dednuf eb dluow margorp ehT .sredael erutuf rof seitinutroppo tnempoleved dna gniniart edivorp dna ,ecivres cilbup fo ecnatropmi eht fo ssenerawa esaercni ,deen ni esoht ot dia edivorp ;snosrep yrgnuh dna roop fo sdeen eht ezingocer ;ecivres nairatinamuh ni sreerac egaruocne :ot eb dluow sesoprup s'margorp ehT .snoitazinagro lanoitanretni .)2002YF ni noillim 694.2$ dna citsemod htiw stnemecalp ,.g.e( swal snoitairporppa tnemtrapeD dna gniniart gnidivorp spihswollef erutlucirgA launna hguorht gnidnuf reffo ot margorP swolleF regnuH nevig dna retneC regnuH lanoissergnoC .snoisiver lacinhcet dna ronim .secnereffid lacinhcet lanoissergnoC eht--hcnarb evitalsigel eht eht hguorht dedivorp era spihswolleF htiw ,snoisivorp esuoH eht detpodA dna ronim htiw ,llib esuoH eht sa emaS ni ycnega tnednepedni na sa--dehsilbatsE regnuH dnaleL yekciM dna nosremE lliB swollef regnuh lanoissergnoC .8D ]5034 noitceS[ ]164 noitceS[ .tolip eht rof 000,002$ dedivorP .stneduts loohcs yradnoces dna yratnemele ot elbaliava selbategev dna tiurf eerf ekam ot .noillim 6$ fo latot margorp tolip a etaulave dna tcudnoc ot a ot gnidnuf sesaercni ;segnahc lacinhcet sdnuf "23 noitceS" esu ot yraterceS eht htiw snoisivorp etaneS eht detpodA deriuqer ,raey loohcs 3002-2002 eht nI .snoisivorp oN .snoisivorp oN margorp tolip elbategev dna tiurF .7D ].erusaem esuoH eht fo XI eltiT ni detacol erew snoisivorp esehT :etoN [ .margorp noitirtun tekram 'sremraf ]2044 noitceS[ ]954 noitceS[ ]529 noitceS[ sroines a rof noitairporppa tcerid a sa dedivorp saw noillim 01$ ,wal snoitairporppa .7002YF .margorp eht tuo .margorp eht tuo yrrac ot snoitaluger tnemtrapeD erutlucirgA 2002YF eht rednU hguorht margorp eht dezirohtua )2( yrrac ot snoitaluger eussi ot yraterceS eussi ot yraterceS eht dezirohtuA WAL DETCANE DNA TNEMEERGA ECNEREFNOC LLIB ETANES LLIB ESUOH YCILOP/WAL .)syaltuo( roines ot elbatubirtta si stnuoma eseht noillim 301$ ;)ytirohtua tegdub( .)syaltuo( noillim 09$ ;)ytirohtua fo noillim 57$ :etoN [ .)syaltuo( noillim noillim 701$ :)stolip elbategev & tiurf tegdub( noillim 58$ :)stolip elbategev & 011$ ;)ytirohtua tegdub( noillim 811$ ,stekram 'sremraf roines ,stcejorp tiurf ,stekram 'sremraf roines ,stcejorp :)stekram 'sremraf roines ,stcejorp doof ytinummoc( stcejorp laicepS doof ytinummoc( stcejorp laicepS doof ytinummoc( stcejorp laicepS .)syaltuo/ytirohtua tegdub( noillim 511$ .)syaltuo/ytirohtua tegdub( noillim 511$ :)stekram 'sremraf CIW ,sesahcrup :)stekram 'sremraf CIW ,sesahcrup .snoisivorp ytidommoc( smargorp noitirtun dlihC ytidommoc( smargorp noitirtun dlihC oN :smargorp noitirtun dlihC ].I eltiT rednu sesahcrup ytidommoc PAFET rof si stnuoma eseht fo noillim 002$ .)syaltuo/ytirohtua :etoN [ .)syaltuo( noillim 852$ ;)ytirohtua .)syaltuo( noillim 832$ ;)ytirohtua tegdub( noillim 142$ :)PFSC & PAFET( tegdub( noillim 062$ :)PAFET( tegdub( noillim 042$ :)PAFET( smargorp ecnatsissa ytidommoC smargorp ecnatsissa ytidommoC smargorp ecnatsissa ytidommoC .)syaltuo( .)syaltuo( noillib 17.2$ ;)ytirohtua tegdub( noillib 73.3$ ;)ytirohtua tegdub( .)syaltuo/ytirohtua tegdub( noillib 91.2$ :margorp pmats dooF noillib 58.2$ :margorp pmats dooF noillib 56.1$ :margorp pmats dooF .)syaltuo( noillib 71.3$ ;)ytirohtua tegdub( .)syaltuo( noillib 36.3$ ;)ytirohtua .)syaltuo( noillib 29.1$ ;ytirohtua noillib 66.2$ :)noitirtun( VI eltiT tegdub( noillib 11.3$ :)noitirtun( VI eltiT tegdub( noillib 49.1$ :)noitirtun( VI eltiT "enilesab" 1002 lirpA :setamitse OBC raey-6 .a SETAMITSE TSOC .E ]3044 noitceS[ ]364 noitceS[ .detairporppa eb ot dezirohtua saw raey .noillim 01$ ot noitazirohtua a noillim 52$ dna ,%05 eb dluow stsoc snoitairporppa launna eht derewol dna tcejorp fo erahs laredef ehT .selbategev 5 ot 51 morf setats tolip fo rebmun eht dna tiurf hserf fo noitpmusnoc citsemod decuder tub ,snoisivorp etaneS detpodA esaercni ot margorp tolip a dezirohtuA .snoisivorp oN .snoisivorp oN selbategev dna tiurf hserF .9D ]4044 noitceS[ ]264 noitceS[ ]164 noitceS[ WAL DETCANE DNA TNEMEERGA ECNEREFNOC LLIB ETANES LLIB ESUOH YCILOP/WAL 171-701 .L.P :ecruoS .)syaltuo( noillim 301$ ;)ytirohtua tegdub( noillim 801$ :)stolip elbategev & tiurf ,stekram 'sremraf roines ,stcejorp doof ytinummoc( stcejorp laicepS .)syaltuo/ytirohtua tegdub( noillim 511$ :)stekram 'sremraf CIW ,sesahcrup ytidommoc( smargorp noitirtun dlihC .)syaltuo /ytirohtua tegdub( noillim 142$ :)PFSC & PAFET( smargorp ecnatsissa ytidommoC .)syaltuo( noillib 27.2$ ;)ytirohtua tegdub( noillib 33.2$ :margorp pmats dooF .)syaltuo( noillib 81.3$ ;)ytirohtua tegdub( noillib 97.2$ :)noitirtun( VI eltiT .elbaliava enoN .elbaliava enoN "enilesab" 2002 hcraM :setamitse OBC raey-6 .b .)XI eltiT ni snoisivorp tekram 'sremraf WAL DETCANE DNA TNEMEERGA ECNEREFNOC LLIB ETANES LLIB ESUOH YCILOP/WAL Joe Richardson Specialist in Social Policy jirichardson@crs.loc.gov, 7-7325 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL33690