For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL33213 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ¢ ¢ Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress ¢ Members of Congress are authorized by law to nominate candidates for appointment to four U.S. service academies. These schools are the U.S. Military Academy, the U.S. Naval Academy, the U.S. Air Force Academy, and the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy. The fifth service academy, the U.S. Coast Guard Academy, does not require a congressional nomination for appointment. These institutions prepare college-age Americans to be officers of the United States uniformed services. Upon graduation, service academy graduates are commissioned as officers in the active or reserve components of the military, the merchant marine, or the U.S. Coast Guard for a minimum of five years. The nomination of constituents to one of the service academies can provide Members of Congress with the opportunity to perform community outreach and other representational duties. In some states and congressional districts, nominations are highly competitive. Others are less competitive, and some offices do not receive expressions of interest from enough applicants to fill the number of nominations allocated. Consequently, some congressional offices might need to dedicate considerable staff resources to the selection process to identify qualified candidates, while others can incorporate service academy nominations alongside other constituent service work such as casework. The nomination authorities, number of appointments, and criteria establishing the qualifications of potential service academy appointees are set by statute and policies established by each academy. No laws or regulations govern congressional nomination processes, as long as nominations are submitted by deadlines established by the academies and comply with chamber ethics rules. Each congressional office with nominating authority may develop its own process for managing its service academy nominations. Some offices handle nominations internally, assigning the task of managing applicant files and developing nomination recommendations to a staff member. Other offices assign staff to oversee nominations-related activities but delegate the screening and development of nomination recommendations to a volunteer panel, which could be charged with screening or interviewing applicants. This report, which will be updated as warranted, describes statutory requirements for allocating congressional nominations to service academies. It also identifies the qualifications that must be met by potential nominees, as established by statute and each academy. Finally, sample documents that could be used by congressional offices at various stages of the nomination selection process are included. These documents provide basic information and can be customized to fit the specific needs of individual office policies. Congressional Approaches ........................................................................................................ 1 Appointment Criteria....................................................................................................................... 2 Department of Defense Academies ........................................................................................... 2 Noncongressional DOD Service Academy Appointment Authorities....................................... 3 United States Merchant Marine Academy................................................................................. 4 United States Coast Guard Academy ........................................................................................ 4 Applicant Qualifications.................................................................................................................. 6 Table 1. Distribution of Non-Congressional Nominations to Department of Defense Service Academies, by Authority ................................................................................................. 5 Table 2. Distribution of Seats Available for Congressional Nomination to the United States Merchant Marine Academy, by State................................................................................. 5 Table 3. Websites for Preliminary Application to United States Service Academies ...................... 7 ¡ Appendix A. Sample Initial Contact Letter ..................................................................................... 8 Appendix B. Sample Information Sheet.......................................................................................... 9 Appendix C. Sample Application Information...............................................................................11 Appendix D. Sample Nomination Application.............................................................................. 13 Author Contact Information .......................................................................................................... 15 M embers of Congress are authorized by law to nominate candidates for appointment to four U.S. service academies. These schools are the U.S. Military Academy (USMA), West Point, NY; the U.S. Naval Academy (USNA), Annapolis, MD; the U.S. Air Force Academy (USAFA), Colorado Springs, CO; and the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy (USMMA), Kings Point, NY. The fifth service academy, the U.S. Coast Guard Academy (USCGA), New London, CT, does not require a congressional nomination for appointment. These institutions provide college-age Americans with a tuition-free, four year undergraduate education and prepare them to be officers of the U.S. uniformed services. Upon graduation, service academy graduates are commissioned as officers in the active or reserve components of the military, the merchant marine, or the U.S. Coast Guard for a minimum of five years. The nomination of constituents to one of the service academies can provide Members of Congress with the opportunity to perform community outreach and other representational activities. In some states and congressional districts, nominations are highly competitive. Others are less competitive, and some offices do not receive expressions of interest from enough applicants to fill the number of nominations allocated. Consequently, some congressional offices may need to dedicate considerable staff resources to the selection process to identify qualified candidates, while others can incorporate service academy nominations alongside other constituent service activities such as casework.1 The nomination authorities, number of appointments, and criteria establishing the qualifications of potential service academy appointees are set in statute and policies established by each academy. No laws or regulations govern congressional nomination processes, as long as nominations are submitted by deadlines established by the academies and comply with chamber ethics rules. Each congressional office with nominating authority has the opportunity to develop its own process for managing its service academy nominations. Some congressional offices have adapted and modified a "whole person" approach similar to that used by USMA, USNA, and USAFA to develop their nomination decisions. This approach evaluates several broad components of a potential nominee's qualifications for appointment, including character, scholarship, leadership, physical aptitude, medical fitness, and motivation. Other congressional offices reach decisions through the consideration of a candidate's academic preparation, extracurricular participation, community service, and the recommendations of those familiar with their activities in those areas. In addition to establishing criteria for nomination decisions, each congressional Member office may determine how to administer the decision-making process. Some offices handle nominations internally, assigning the task of managing applicant files and developing nomination recommendations to a staff member. Other offices assign staff to oversee nomination-related activities but delegate the screening and development of nomination recommendations to a volunteer panel, which could be charged with screening or interviewing applicants. A nominations review panel could include educators, service academy alumni, representatives of veterans' groups, and other community leaders from a Member's state or district. The decision to employ one approach or another could be based on the number of nomination applications received, the volume of other activity in a congressional office, the availability of qualified 1 See CRS Report RL33209, Casework in a Congressional Office: Background, Rules, Laws, and Resources, by R. Eric Petersen. volunteers to sit on a nominations board, and other unique considerations related to individual states and congressional districts. The use of volunteers in congressional offices is governed by regulations issued by the Select Committee on Ethics in the Senate2 and by the Committees on House Administration and Standards of Official Conduct in the House.3 Statutory requirements regarding allocations of congressional nominations to service academies are described in the next section. A subsequent section describes qualifications of potential nominees to service academies established by statute and each academy. Finally, this report includes sample documents that may be used by congressional offices at various stages of the nomination selection process. These documents, which are based on information and examples found on service academy and congressional websites, provide basic information and can be customized to fit the specific needs of individual office policies. The documents include · an initial contact letter that a congressional office could send to high schools in its state or district, · an information sheet and application that could be sent to those potential applicants who respond to the contact letter or contact a congressional office on their own initiative, · an instruction sheet for preparing an application for congressional nomination, and · an application for congressional nomination. Appointment and nomination criteria are established by statute and regulations issued by each academy. Three service academies, USMA, USNA, and USAFA, are housed in the military branches of the Department of Defense (DOD). USMMA is governed by regulations issued by the Department of Transportation. USCGA, which does not require a congressional nomination for admission, is an organizational unit of the Department of Homeland Security. Three service academies, USMA, USNA, and USAFA, are overseen by the three military branches of the DOD. Allocations for nomination by Members of Congress of prospective appointees to these academies are established by statute and are substantially similar for each academy.4 The number of positions subject to congressional nomination includes 2 U.S. Congress, Senate, Select Committee on Ethics, Senate Ethics Manual, S. Pub. 108-1, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (Washington: GPO, 2003), pp. 113-115. The document is available on the Web at http://ethics.senate.gov/downloads/ pdffiles/manual.pdf. 3 U.S. Congress, House, Committee on House Administration, Member's Congressional Handbook, available at http://cha.house.gov/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=49&Itemid=37; U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Standards of Official Conduct, House Ethics Manual, 102nd Cong., 2nd sess. (Washington: GPO, 1992), pp. 197-199, and 209; and U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Standards of Official Conduct, Ethics Manual for Members, Officers, and Employees of the U.S. House of Representatives, available at http://www.house.gov/ethics/ ethicschap5.html. 4 Appointment, number, and territorial distribution information are codified at 10 U.S.C. 9342, USAFA; 10 U.S.C. (continued...) · 10 from each state, 5 of whom are nominated by each Senator from that state; · 5 from each congressional district, nominated by the Representative from the district; · 5 from the District of Columbia, nominated by the Delegate from the District of Columbia; · 2 from the U.S. Virgin Islands, nominated by the Delegate from the U.S. Virgin Islands; · 5 from Puerto Rico, nominated by the Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico;5 · 2 from Guam, nominated by the Delegate from Guam; and · 1 from American Samoa, nominated by the Delegate from American Samoa. When a congressionally nominated academy position is vacant, a Member of Congress may nominate 10 persons for possible appointment. As DOD service academy cadets who received a congressional nomination graduate, or as their appointments are otherwise terminated, the nominating Member office can make new nominations. Typically, one appointment per DOD academy per Senator and Representative is available annually. In some years, however, a congressional office that is allocated five positions in each academy will have the opportunity to make nominations that could lead to two appointments to an academy. Appointments made by a predecessor are considered part of the quota of a newly elected Member. Appointments made for candidates whose Representative changes as a result of legislative redistricting are considered as part of the new Member's allocation.6 Nominees may be submitted in three categories: without ranking, with a principal candidate and nine ranked alternates, or with a principal candidate and nine unranked alternates.7 When the Member specifies a principal candidate, that individual will be appointed to a DOD academy as long as he or she meets all other admission criteria. If the principal candidate is disqualified, the service academies will appoint the first fully qualified, ranked alternate, if specified by the Member. In circumstances where Members do not specify a principal candidate or ranked alternates, one individual from among the Member's nominees who is found to be fully qualified will be appointed by the academies to serve as cadets. ¢ All qualified nominees not selected for appointment through the congressional nomination process are considered qualified alternates for the purposes of selection by other noncongressional nominating or appointing authorities. In his capacity as commander in chief of (...continued) 6954, USNA; and 10 U.S.C. 4342, USMA. 5 In addition to the congressional appointees from Puerto Rico, the statutes provide for the nomination by the Governor of Puerto Rico of one individual who is a native of Puerto Rico. 6 10 U.S.C. 9347, USAFA; 10 U.S.C. 6955, USNA; and 10 U.S.C. 4347, USMA. 7 No publicly available data regarding the number of offices that choose ranked or unranked options were identified. the military, the President is the appointing authority for all service academy admissions. The President makes direct appointments in several military-affiliated categories, including children of career military personnel, deceased or disabled veterans, military or civilian personnel in missing status, and Medal of Honor recipients. Other nominating authorities include the Vice President;8 the Secretaries of the Army, Navy, and Air Force to their respective academies; the superintendents of each academy to their respective academies; the Governor of Puerto Rico; and the resident representative of the Northern Mariana Islands. Vice presidential nominations are made at large, and applicants may apply for those through each DOD service academy. The service secretaries nominate individuals who serve as enlisted members of the regular and reserve components of their respective military branches, as well as participants in the reserve officer training corps of the service they oversee. The superintendents of each academy nominate candidates from the country at large. The governor of Puerto Rico and the representative of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands make nominations from among applicants in their respective jurisdictions. The distribution of nominations by noncongressional authorities is listed in Table 1. In addition to appointments made through nomination authorities, 65 cadets per academy are appointed in order of merit established by examination from among the children of armed forces personnel who were killed in action, who are missing in action, and who had or have a 100% service-connected disability contracted in active service. ¢ Members of Congress nominate individuals for appointment to USMMA.9 The number of positions in an entering class at this service academy are allocated by regulation issued by the Secretary of Transportation. Under the regulation, each Senator, Representative, Delegate, and the Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico may nominate 10 candidates to compete for admission to the academy. Individual applicants from states are appointed to the academy in proportion to the state's representation in Congress. The regulation allocates four vacancies to nominees from the District of Columbia and one vacancy each to nominees from Puerto Rico, Guam, Virgin Islands, and America Samoa. The allocation of positions by state and territory is listed in Table 2. The regulation states that nominating officials may select individuals for nomination by any method they wish, including a screening examination.10 ¢ Procedures for appointments to USCGA are established by regulations issued by the Secretary of Homeland Security.11 No congressional nomination is required for admission to this service academy. 8 If the vice presidency is vacant, then the President pro tempore of the Senate makes those nominations. 9 46 U.S.C. Appendix--Shipping, sec. 1295b. 10 46 CFR 310.53. There are no presidential, vice presidential, or service-connected nominations to USMMA. 11 14 U.S.C. 182. 4 aniloraC htuoS 3 atosenniM 4 odaroloC 2 dnalsI edohR 7 nagihciM 91 ainrofilaC 1 ociR otreuP 5 sttesuhcassaM 2 sasnakrA 01 ainavlysnneP 5 dnalyraM 3 anozirA 3 nogerO 2 eniaM 1 aomaS naciremA 2 amohalkO 4 anaisiuoL 1 aksalA 8 oihO 2 ykcutneK 4 amabalA staeS etatS staeS etatS staeS etatS etatS yb ,ymedacA eniraM tnahcreM setatS detinU eht ot noitanimoN lanoissergnoC rof elbaliavA staeS fo noitubirtsiD .2 elbaT .ytirohtua gnitanimon rehto yna morf noitanimon a eviecer ton did ohw tnacilppa deifilauq yna tnioppa ot ,tem ton si stedac fo atouq launna eht nehw ,dezirohtua osla era seiraterces hcnarb yratilim ,ytirohtua gnitanimon lacirogetac laciremun rieht ot noitidda nI .ecroF riA eht fo yraterceS ,AFASU dna ;yvaN eht fo yraterceS ,ANSU ;ymrA eht fo yraterceS eht si AMSU rof yraterces ecivres ehT .c .snoitanimon esoht sekam etaneS eht fo eropmeT orP tnediserP eht neht ,tnediserP eciV on si ereht fI .b .snoissimda ymedaca ecivres lla rof ytirohtua gnitnioppa eht si tnediserP eht ,yratilim eht fo feihc ni rednammoc sa yticapac sih nI .a .snoitanimon eriuqer ton seod seriuqer hcihw ,AGCSU eht ro ,snoitanimon lanoissergnocnon on sah hcihw ,AMMSU ot tnemtnioppa rof snoitanimon ot ylppa ton od yehT .AFASU dna ,ANSU ,AMSU ot tnemtnioppa rof snoitanimon ot ylppa seitirohtua noitanimon esehT :setoN sdnalsI anairaM nrehtroN eht fo htlaewnommoC .htlaewnommoC eht morf eb tsum ohw ,enO ,evitatneserper tnediseR .ociR otreuP fo evitan a eb tsum ohw ,enO ociR otreuP ,ronrevoG .egral ta ,ytfiF tnednetnirepus ymedaca ecivreS .detnioppa ton erew tub snoitanimon lanoissergnoc deknar deviecer ohw setanretla deifilauq ytfif-derdnuh enO .)CTOR( sproC gniniarT reciffO evreseR ecivres s'yraterceS eht fo srebmem morf dna ,hcnarb yratilim yna yb sloohcs ronoh sa detangised sloohcs fo setaudarg ronoh ytnewT .yraterceS eht yb del hcnarb eht fo stnenopmoc evreser eht fo srebmem detsilne evif-ythgiE .yraterceS eht yb del hcnarb eht fo ecivres raluger eht fo srebmem detsilne evif-ythgiE c yraterceS ecivreS .egral ta ,eviF btnediserP eciV .ronoH fo ladeM eht dedrawa neeb evah stnerap esohw nerdlihc fo rebmun detimilnu na tnioppa ot dezirohtua osla si tnediserP ehT .sesutats esoht fo eno htiw desaeced era ohw ro ,sutats tnemeriter ,ecivres ytud evreser fo sraey thgie htiw detiderc era ro ecivres evitca suounitnoc fo sraey thgie evah ohw secrof demra eht fo srebmem fo nerdlihc derdnuh enO a tnediserP epyT dna rebmuN ytirohtuA gnitanimoN ytirohtuA yb ,seimedacA ecivreS esnefeD fo tnemtrapeD ot snoitanimoN lanoissergnoC-noN fo noitubirtsiD .1 elbaT etatS staeS etatS staeS etatS staeS tucitcennoC 4 ippississiM 3 atokaD htuoS 1 erawaleD 1 iruossiM 3 eessenneT 4 aibmuloC fo tcirtsiD 4 anatnoM 2 saxeT 31 adirolF 01 aksarbeN 2 hatU 2 aigroeG 5 adaveN 2 tnomreV 1 mauG 1 ocixeM weN 2 sdnalsI nigriV .S.U 1 iiawaH 2 yesreJ weN 6 ainigriV 5 ohadI 2 kroY weN 51 notgnihsaW 5 sionillI 9 erihspmaH weN 2 ainigriV tseW 2 anaidnI 3 aniloraC htroN 6 nisnocsiW 4 awoI 4 atokaD htroN 1 gnimoyW 1 sasnaK 3 .35.013 RFC 64 :ecruoS To qualify for an appointment to any service academy, an applicant must meet the following statutory criteria: · American citizenship; · at least 17 years of age and not yet 23 years old on July 1 of the year the applicant would enter an academy (25 years old for USMMA); · unmarried; and · not pregnant, and without legal obligation to support children or other dependents. In addition to statutory requirements, each academy has established academic, physical, and leadership requirements for admission. Candidates for appointment to each academy must · demonstrate comprehensive academic preparation;12 · demonstrate leadership in athletics and other extracurricular activities; · take the SAT, or the ACT Assessment (ACT); · be in good physical and mental health; · pass a comprehensive medical examination; and 12 The extent and nature of recommended high school preparation varies by academy. Detailed preparation and admissions information is available from each academy's website: USMA http://admissions.usma.edu/FAQs/ faqs_admission.cfm#COURSES; USNA http://www.usna.edu/Admissions/faq.htm#qualifications; USAFA http://academyadmissions.com/admissions/preparation/index.php; and USMMA http://www.usmma.edu/admissions/ facts/scholasticrequirements.htm. · pass a physical aptitude examination. Specific requirements in each of the academic, physical, and leadership categories vary by academy and are revised regularly. In preparation for making appointments, a congressional office might review each academy's most recent class profile for specific information on scores and class rankings and activities of recently admitted students. Some of this information is available on the academies' websites.13 In addition to requesting a nomination from a Member of Congress or another nominating official, an individual seeking appointment to a service academy must separately apply to the service academies to which he or she seeks to be appointed. Each academy requires the submission of a preliminary application to initiate the admissions process. Preliminary application materials are available from the academies' websites listed in Table 3. Acceptance of a service academy appointment requires at least a nine-year service obligation, including four years at an academy and five years of active duty service. 3 elbaTseimedacA ecivreS setatS detinU ot noitacilppA yranimilerP rof setisbeW . ymedacA etisbeW snoissimdA ymedacA yratiliM .S.U ude.amsu.snoissimda//:ptth ymedacA lavaN .S.U snoissimda/ude.ansu.www//:ptth ymedacA ecroF riA .S.U moc.snoissimdaymedaca/:ptth ymedacA eniraM tnahcreM .S.U mth.tluafed/snoissimda/ude.ammsu.www//:ptth 41ymedacA drauG tsaoC .S.U snoissimda/e2i/ude.agcsu.snoissimda//:ptth 13 USMA http://admissions.usma.edu/MoreInfo/classprofile.cfm USNA http://www.usna.edu/Admissions/documents/ Classof2011Profile.pdf; USAFA http://academyadmissions.com/news.php#profile; and USCGA, http://www.uscga.edu/display.aspx?id=340. Class profile information for USMMA is not available from the school's website. 14 The United States Coast Guard Academy does not require congressional nominations. Member office policies and procedures. service academy and congressional websites. Any information may be deleted or modified as appropriate to individual 15 This is a sample document and is not intended to be definitive. It is based on information and examples found on ]rotaneS/evitatneserpeR[ setatS detinU ]rebmeM[ ,ylerecniS .seimedaca ecivres eht ni tseretni ruoy rof uoy knahT .noitacilppa noitanimon a tseuqer ot dna noitamrofni rehtruf rof ,]sserdda/liam-e/enohp[ ta ,eciffo ]etats/tcirtsid/notgnihsaW[ ym tcatnoc esaelP .]raey[ ,yluJ ni seimedaca ecivres eht gniretne ssalc eht rof deredisnoc eb ot ]etad[ yb eciffo ym ta em ot ylppa tsum uoy ,noitanimon ymedaca ecivres a rof deredisnoc gnieb ni detseretni era uoy fI .ecivres ytud evitca fo sraey evif dna ymedaca na ta sraey ruof gnidulcni ,noitagilbo ecivres raey-enin a tsael ta seriuqer tnemtnioppa ymedaca ecivres a fo ecnatpeccA .retcarahc larom hgih fo eb dna ,stnedneped on evah ,deirramnu ,32 dna 71 fo sega eht neewteb etaudarg loohcs hgih a ,nezitic .S.U a eb osla tsum tnacilppa nA .laitnetop pihsredael gnorts dna ,tset edutitpa lacisyhp a ssap ot ytiliba eht ,dnuorgkcab cimedaca daorb a evah lliw stnacilppa lufsseccuS .YN ,tnioP sgniK ,ymedacA eniraM tnahcreM .S.U eht dna ;OC ,sgnirpS odaroloC ,ymedacA ecroF riA .S.U eht ;DM ,silopannA ,ymedacA lavaN .S.U eht ;YN ,tnioP tseW ,ymedacA yratiliM .S.U eht retne ot gnihsiw stneduts rof deriuqer si noitanimon lanoissergnoc A .sredael yratilim gnidnatstuo s'noitareneg txen eht fo emos edivorp ot seunitnoc ytinummoc eht taht erusne ot trap ym od ot desaelp m'I dna ,seimedaca eht ta lufsseccus yrev era yllanoitidart stneduts aera-]tcirtsiD/nwoT/etatS[ .noitan ruo fo ecivres eht ni reciffo yratilim a sa reerac gnidrawer dna ,gnignellahc ,gniticxe na rof noitadnuof a gnidliub elihw yllautcelletni dna ,yllacihte ,yllacisyhp poleved ot ytinutroppo euqinu eht redisnoc ot uoy etivni I ,tneduts lufsseccus ,dednuor-llew ,detavitom ylhgih a era uoy fI .seimedaca ecivres s'noitan ruo ot nemow dna nem gnuoy tsethgirb dna tseb ]s'tcirtsid/s'nwot/s'etats[ gnitanimon si ssergnoC fo rebmeM a sa seitud etirovaf ym fo enO :roineS loohcS hgiH raeD ¡ Member office policies and procedures. service academy and congressional websites. Any information may be deleted or modified as appropriate to individual 16 This is a sample document and is not intended to be definitive. 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,retcarahc fo ecnedive redisnoc seimedaca ehT .airetirC noitaulavE .noitanimon rof ytinutroppo eht setadidnac rehto wolla yam I taht os em yfiton esaelp ,uoy setanimon ytirohtua rehtona fI .tnemtnioppa na gniniag ni ecnatsissa fo ron deriuqer rehtien si ,revewoh ,noitanimon eno naht eroM .noitanimon a gniruces fo secnahc ruoy sesaercni noitanimon eno naht erom rof gniylppA .woleb detsil ,etisbew s'ymedaca hcae hguorht elbaliava si snoitanimon eseht rof serudecorp noitacilppa gnidrager noitamrofni rehtruF .CTOR eht ni stnapicitrap dna ,stnenopmoc evreser ,yratilim raluger fo srebmem setanimon ohw ,ecroF riA dna yvaN ,ymrA ,tnemtraped yratilim hcae fo yraterceS ehT · dna ;raey rep setaS detinU eht ssorca morf slaudividni evif setanimon ohw ,yenehC .B drahciR tnediserP eciV · ;stneipicer ronoH fo ladeM dna ,sutats gnissim ni lennosrep nailivic ro yratilim ,snaretev delbasid ro desaeced ,lennosrep yratilim reerac fo nerdlihc setanimon ohw ,hsuB .W egroeG tnediserP · gnidulcni ,secruos rehto hguorht noitanimon rof yfilauq osla yam uoy ,ymedacA ecroF riA .S.U dna ,ymedacA lavaN .S.U ,ymedacA yratiliM .S.U eht gnidnetta ni detseretni era uoy fI .seimedaca ecivres ruof eht ot stnacilppa deifilauq etanimon nac ohw etats ruo morf ]srotaneS/rotaneS dna evitatneserpeR[ sa llew sa em morf noitanimon a rof ylppa ot uoy egru I .evititepmoc yrev si ssecorp noitanimon ehT .noitanimoN .noitacifirev sserdda na tseuqer dna eciffo ym llac ,]tcirtsid/etats[ eht ni si elicimod lagel ruoy taht niatrec ton era uoy fI .]tcirtsid/etats[ fo tnediser lagel a eb osla tsum uoy ,eciffo ym hguorht noitanimon a rof ylppa oT .stnedneped rehto ro nerdlihc troppus ot noitagilbo lagel yna evah ton tsum uoy dna ,tnangerp ro deirram eb ton tsum uoy ,rehtruF .)ymedacA eniraM tnahcreM setatS detinU rof dlo sraey 52( ymedaca na retne uoy raey eht fo 1 yluJ no dlo sraey 32 tey ton dna dlo sraey 71 tsael ta ,nezitic naciremA na eb tsum uoy ,tnemtnioppa rof elbigile eb oT .ytilibigilE .ecivres ytud evitca fo sraey evif dna ymedaca na ta sraey ruof gnidulcni ,noitagilbo ecivres raey-enin a tsael ta seriuqer tnemtnioppa ymedaca na fo ecnatpeccA .ronoh erar dna tcnitsid a si ymedacA eniraM tnahcreM .S.U ro ,ymedacA ecroF riA .S.U ,ymedacA lavaN .S.U ,ymedacA yratiliM .S.U eht ot tnemtnioppa nA noissimdA ]raey[ rof teehS tcaF cisaB dna erudecorP noitanimoN ymedacA ecivreS ]rotaneS/evitatneserpeR[ ¡ .snoitacilppa rof enildaed eht si ]etaD[ enildaeD ]liam-E[ ]enohpeleT[ ]sserddA[ ]rebmeM[ ot noitanimon a rof noitacilppa ruoy gnidrager ecnednopserroc sserddA noitamrofnI tcatnoC ude.ammsu.www//:ptth ymedacA eniraM tnahcreM ude.afasu.www//:ptth ymedacA ecroF riA ude.ansu.www//:ptth ymedacA lavaN ude.amsu.www//:ptth ymedacA yratiliM :era setisbew ymedaca ecivreS .detseretni era uoy hcihw ni ymedaca hcae rof eriannoitseuq etadidnac-erp a etelpmoc ot erus eB .seitivitca ralucirrucartxe loohcs hgih ni noitapicitrap dna ,rebmun ytiruceS laicoS ,egareva tniop edarg dna ssalc ni knar ,)I-TAS ,TCA( serocs tset dezidradnats cimedaca :noitamrofni gniwollof eht edivorp tsum tnacilppa ehT .noitaulave-er rof ymedaca eht ot noitamrofni ro serocs tset lanoitidda timbus retal yam tniop taht ta sdradnats eht teem ton od ohw esoht ;etadidnac a deralced si sdradnats eht steem ohw tnacilppa nA .sdradnats snoissimda teem ot ytiliba detartsnomed s'tnacilppa eht fo noitaulave na htiw tnacilppa eht edivorp lliw eciffo snoissimda eht ,eriannoitseuq eht snruter tnacilppa eht retfa nooS .stnacilppa rieht gnineercs ni meht tsissa ot ssergnoC fo srebmeM ot ymedaca hcae yb dedivorp era noitaulave siht fo stluser ehT .tnemtnioppa rof laitnetop s'tnacilppa na fo tnemssessa laitini na ekam ot eriannoitseuq a sesu ymedaca hcaE seimedacA ecivreS yb noitaulavE tnacilppA .deraperp era slairetam noitacilppa hcihw htiw erac dna ,stcatnoc lanosrep ,ecnednopserroc fo noitaulave na hguorht derusaem eb osla yam noitavitoM .secrof demra eht ni reciffo na sa gnivres dna ymedaca na gnidnetta ni level tseretni s'etadidnac eht fo noitavresbo hguorht edam eb yam noitavitom erusaem ot tpmetta nA .noitavitom s'etadidnac a eguag ot troffe yreve ekam I ,ymedaca ecivres a ta eruliaf ro sseccus s'eetnioppa na senimreted taht rotcaf eht yltneuqerf tsom si ti ecnis ,revewoh ;etaulave ot tluciffid dna ytilauq elbignatni na si noitavitoM .noitavitoM .shtnom ruof ot skeew xis morf ekat yam ssecorp ehT .deriuqer si noitca evitcerroc ro ,gnitset-er ,noitatlusnoc fi yllaicepse ,sessecorp gnimusnoc-emit era noitaulave dna gniludehcs lacideM 2653-274 )917( 0022-04808 odaroloC ,ymedacA FASU 231 etiuS evirD notregdE 1308 BREMDOD :ot meht tcerid dluohs stluser maxe lacidem rieht tuoba snoitseuq evah ohw setadidnaC .)BREMDOD( draoB weiveR noitanimaxE lacideM esnefeD fo tnemtrapeD eht yb degnarra era maxe eht fo noitaulave dna gniludehcS .ymedaca eht nopu gnidneped ,revewoh ,yrassecen eb yam stset tnereffiD .deriuqer si maxe eno ylno ,seimedaca eht gnoma yrav sdradnats noitacifilauq lacidem hguohtlA .emoh s'etadidnac eht raen ytilicaf tcartnoc nailivic ro yratilim a ta noitanimaxe lacidem gniyfilauq ymedaca ecivres a ekat ot deludehcs eb lliw sdradnats citsalohcs muminim steem ohw etadidnac A .ssentiF lacideM Member office policies and procedures. service academy and congressional websites. Any information may be deleted or modified as appropriate to individual 17 This is a sample document, and is not intended to be definitive. It is based on information and examples found on snoissimdA/ude.ansu.www//:ptth 8105-20412 DM ,silopannA eciffO ecnadiuG etadidnaC ANSU ymedacA lavaN setatS detinU :sesserdda gniwollof eht ta meht ot gnitirw yb ,ylppa ot nalp uoy hcihw ot ymedaca hcae morf noitamrofni snoissimda tseuqer osla dluohs uoy ,eciffo siht tcatnoc uoy emit emas eht tA .yllaudividni ymedaca ecivres hcae ot yltcerid ylppa osla tsum uoY .seimedaca ecivres s'noitan ruo fo eno ta noitalucirtam rof stnemeriuqer eht fo eno ylno si noitanimon A noitaudarg fo raey · dna ;loohcs hgih · ;elbacilppa fi ,sserdda gniliam yraropmet · ;rebmun enohpelet · ;sserdda gniliam tnenamrep · ;eman · ruoy edulcni dluohs rettel ruoY .seimedaca eht fo erom ro eno ot noitanimon a gniviecer ni tseretni ruoy gnisserpxe ,eciffo ]etats/tcirtsid/notgnihsaW[ ]reh/sih[ ta gnitirw ni ]rotaneS/evitatneserpeR[ tcatnoC :seimedaca ecivres eht ot ]rotaneS/evitatneserpeR[ morf noitanimon a gnikees ni wollof ot spets eht era ereH .stnediser ]etatS/tcirtsiD[ fo nerdlihc dna stnediser ]etatS/tcirtsiD[ morf ylno snoitacilppa sredisnoc yllareneg ]rotaneS/namssergnoC[ taht eton esaelp oslA .stnemeriuqer noitacilppa rehto dna senildaed tuoba noitamrofni edivorp setisbew ymedacA .lufsseccus eb ot si noitacilppa na fi tem eb tsum hcihw senildaed cificeps sah ymedaca hcae taht ezingocer dluohs noitanimon ymedaca ecivres a rof setadidnaC .snoitanimon lanoissergnoc stpecca ylno ymedacA eniraM tnahcreM setatS detinU eht taht eton esaelP .noitanimon rof ytinutroppo eht setadidnac rehto wolla yam I taht os em yfiton esaelp ,uoy setanimon ytirohtua rehtona fI .tnemtnioppa na gniniag ni ecnatsissa fo ron deriuqer rehtien si ,revewoh ,noitanimon eno naht eroM .noitanimon a gniruces fo secnahc ruoy sesaercni noitanimon eno naht erom rof gniylppA .woleb detsil ,etisbew s'ymedaca hcae hguorht elbaliava si snoitanimon eseht rof serudecorp noitacilppa gnidrager noitamrofnI .CTOR eht ni stnapicitrap dna ,stnenopmoc evreser ,yratilim raluger fo srebmem setanimon ohw ,ecroF riA dna yvaN ,ymrA ,tnemtraped yratilim hcae fo yraterceS ehT · dna ;raey rep setaS detinU eht ssorca morf slaudividni evif setanimon ohw ,yenehC .B drahciR tnediserP eciV · ;stneipicer ronoH fo ladeM dna ;sutats gnissim ni lennosrep nailivic ro yratilim ;snaretev delbasid ro desaeced ;lennosrep yratilim reerac fo nerdlihc setanimon ohw ,hsuB .W egroeG tnediserP · ;])s(rotaneS/evitatneserpeR etairporppA[ · :secruos noitanimon rehto eht sa llew sa em morf noitanimon a rof ylppa ot uoy egru I ,seimedaca eseht fo eno gnidnetta ni detseretni era uoy fI .slaiciffo tnemnrevog rehto morf snoitanimon tpecca osla )ecroF riA dna yvaN ,ymrA( seimedaca ecivres yratilim ehT .ssergnoC fo rebmeM a yllausu si laiciffo gnitanimon ehT .laiciffo tnemnrevog a yb noitanimon si )ymedacA drauG tsaoC setatS detinU eht rof tpecxe( seimedaca ecivres setatS detinU eht fo lla fo stnemeriuqer noitacilppa eht fo enO .ymedaca ecivres yratilim a dnetta ot hsiw ohw stneduts ]etatS/tcirtsiD[ morf seiriuqni ynam seviecer ]rotaneS/evitatneserpeR[ ,raey hcaE :______ raeD ¡ snoissimda/e2i/ude.agcsu.snoissimda//:ptth 02360 TC ,nodnoL weN eciffO snoissimdA ymedacA drauG tsaoC setatS detinU :ot etirw yam uoy ,AGCSU eht tuoba noitamrofni roF .tnemtnioppa rof noitanimon a eriuqer ton seod taht ymedaca ecivres setatS detinU ylno eht si )AGCSU( ymedacA drauG tsaoC eht ,evoba deton sA ymedacA drauG tsaoC setatS detinU eht ot noissimdA rof gniylppA .ssecorp siht gnirud yaw yna ni ecnatsissa fo eb nac ]ehs/eh[ fi ro snoitseuq yna evah uoy fi ]liam-e/enohp[ ta eciffo ]etats/tcirtsid/notgnihsaW[ eht ni ]ffats rebmeM[ tcatnoc esaelP .]etad[ si noitatnemucod deriuqer lla fo noissimbus rof enildaed ehT .rehtegot gnihtyreve evah uoy litnu gnitiaw fo daetsni ,ti elipmoc uoy sa noitamrofni timbus uoy taht ksa od eW .ecneinevnoc tseilrae ruoy ta noitamrofni detseuqer eht drawrof esaelP .uoy ot detaler ton si ohw eciohc ruoy fo nosrep yna morf dna ;rosivda ytlucaf ralucirrucartxe ro ,hcaoc ,reyolpme na morf eno ;rolesnuoc ecnadiug ro ,lapicnirp ,rehcaet a morf eno :noitadnemmocer fo srettel 3 · serocs TCA ro TAS ruoy fo ypoc laiciffo na · ssalc taht nihtiw gniknar ruoy dna ,ssalc ruoy fo ezis eht ,APG ruoy gnidulcni ,stpircsnart loohcs hgih ruoy fo ypoc a · noitacilppa noitanimon a · :elif noitanimon ruoy etelpmoc ot redro ni eciffo ]etats/tcirtsid/notgnihsaW[ ]s'rotaneS/s'evitatneserpeR[ ot gniwollof eht timbus ot deen lliw uoy ,noitanimon rof deredisnoc eb oT mth.tluafed/snoissimda/ude.ammsu.www//:ptth 9961-42011 YN ,tnioP sgniK snoissimdA fo eciffO ymedacA eniraM tnahcreM setatS detinU ude.amsu.snoissimda//:ptth 2099-69901 YN ,tnioP tseW daoR reyahT 006 eciffO snoissimdA ymedacA yratiliM setatS detinU moc.snoissimdaymedaca//:ptth 5205-04808 OC ,ymedacA FASU eciffO snoissimdA ymedacA ecroF riA setatS detinU Member office policies and procedures. service academy and congressional websites. Any information may be deleted or modified as appropriate to individual 18 This is a sample document, and is not intended to be definitive. It is based on information and examples found on oN seY )elcric esaelP( ?nezitic setatS detinU a uoy erA noitanimon gnitseuqer era uoy raey dna htnoM noitaudarg fo raey dna htnoM dednettA segelloC ro/dna sloohcS hgiH lla fo sesserddA dna semaN noitaudarG fo etaD naeD cimedacA ro lapicnirP loohcS )evoba morf tnereffid fi sserddA( emaN s'naidrauG lageL/s'rehtaF/s'rehtoM rebmuN ytiruceS laicoS )evoba morf tnereffid fI( sserddA yraropmeT rebmuN enohP )piZ dna ,etatS ,ytiC ,teertS ,rebmuN( sserddA gniliaM tnenamreP htriB fo ecalP htriB fo etaD )elddiM ,tsriF ,tsaL( emaN lluF .noitanimon rof secnahc ruoy tceffa ylesrevda yam noitamrofni gnissim ynA .yletelpmoc noitamrofni lla tuo lliF .yltaen tnirp ro epyT .mrof siht nruter dna etelpmoc esaelP SEIMEDACA ECIVRES SETATS DETINU EHT OT TNEMTNIOPPA ROF NOITANIMON ROF NOITACILPPA ]rotaneS/evitatneserpeR[ ¡ :)roineS=4 ,roinuJ=3 ,eromohpoS=2 ,edarG htniN=1 .noitapicitrap fo sraey etacidni esaelP( SEITIVITCA RALUCIRRUCARTXE DETALER LOOHCS :)cificeps eb( SRONOH DNA SDRAWA :)yrassecen fi repap fo teehs rehtona esu( yletelpmoc snoitseuq lla rewsna esaelP .emit taht ta serocs ruoy fo stneipicer eht fo eno sa ]puorg hcae yb dengissa edoc eciffo lanoissergnoc[ tsil esaelp ,snoitanimaxe eseht nekat tey ton evah uoy fI .]puorg hcae yb dengissa edoc eciffo lanoissergnoc[ ot yltcerid tnes eb serocs ruoy fo ypoc a taht tseuqer dna ,serocs TCA rof TCA ro ,serocs TAS rof draoB noitanimaxE ecnartnE egelloC eht tcatnoc dluohs uoy ,noitanimaxe rehtie nekat ydaerla evah uoy fI .serocs TCA ro TAS ruoy rehtie fo seipoc slaiciffo edivorp tsum uoy tub ,stset htob ekat ot deen ton od uoY etisopmoC ecneicS gnidaeR scitamehtaM hsilgnE nekaT )s(etaD serocS TCA htaM labreV nekaT )s(etaD serocS TAS )etad(_______ fo sa )stneduts fo #(_____ fo ssalc a ni _____ :ssalc ni knaR _____ fo elacs a no _____ :egareva tniop edarg evitalumuc tsetaL STNEMHSILPMOCCA DNA YROTSIH CIMEDACA ?)s(eno hcihw ,os fI ?seimedaca eht fo yna ta uoy rof detaitini eb elif etadidnac-erp a taht detseuqer uoy evaH ___ YRATILIM ____ LAVAN ____ENIRAM TNAHCREM ____ECROF RIA .woleb meht deknar evah uoy hcihw ni redro eht ni dna ,tseretni na detacidni evah uoy hcihw rof seimedaca esoht rof ylno deredisnoc eb lliw uoY .ecnereferp ruoy ot gnidrocca rebmun esaelP ?gnidnetta ni detseretni uoy era seimedaca eht fo hcihW :noitcennoc etats esaelp ,ton fI oN seY ?tnediseR ]tcirtsiD/etatS[ a uoy erA epetersen@crs.loc.gov, 7-0643 Analyst in American National Government R. Eric Petersen .)ecnamrofrep ruoy detceffa taht tneve citamuart a ,daol esruoc tluciffid ylemertxe na .g.e( ylfeirb etarobale esaelp ,noitaredisnoc otni ekat dluohs ew taht secnatsmucric ro snoitidnoc laiceps era ereht taht leef uoy fI .ymedaca ecivres a dnetta ot hsiw uoy yhw ebircsed ,teehs etarapes a no yasse egap-eno a nI :)lortaP riA liviC ro CTORJ .g.e( ECNEIREPXE YRATILIM :)keew rep sruoh dna noitarud etacidni esaelp( ECNEIREPXE KROW :)keew rep sruoh dna noitarud etacidni esaelp( SEITIVITCA YTINUMMOC ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL33213