For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL33118 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ¢ ¢ ¢ Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress ¢ The speed with which appointments to the Supreme Court move through various stages in the nomination-and-confirmation process is often of great interest not only to all parties directly involved, but, as well, to the nation as a whole. Shortly after his October 31, 2005, nomination of Samuel A. Alito Jr. to fill the Associate Justice seat being vacated by Sandra Day O'Connor, President Bush called on the Senate to "act promptly on this important nomination so that an up or down vote is held before the end of this year." On November 3, 2005, Judiciary Committee Chairman Arlen Specter and Ranking Member Patrick Leahy announced that hearings on the Alito nomination would begin on January 9, 2006, with final Senate action scheduled for January 20, 2006. Judiciary Committee hearings on the Alito nomination began and concluded as scheduled. Although the schedule announced in November 2005 called for a committee vote on the nomination on January 17, the committee vote was postponed until January 24, 2006. The full Senate confirmed Judge Alito by a vote of 58-42 on January 31, 2006, making him the nation's 110th Supreme Court Justice. This report provides information on the amount of time taken to act on all Supreme Court nominations occurring between 1900 and the present. It focuses on the actual amounts of time that Presidents and the Senate have taken to act (as opposed to the elapsed time between official points in the process). For example, rather than starting the nomination clock with the official notification of the President of a forthcoming vacancy (e.g., via receipt of a formal retirement letter), this report focuses on when the President first learned of a Justice's intention to leave the Court (e.g., via a private conversation with the outgoing Justice), or received word that a sitting Justice had died. Likewise, rather than starting the confirmation clock with the transmission of the official nomination to the Senate, this report focuses on when the Senate became aware of the President's selection (e.g., via a public announcement by the President). The data indicate that the entire nomination-and-confirmation process (from when the President first learned of a vacancy to final Senate action) has generally taken almost twice as long for nominees after 1980 than for nominees in the previous 80 years. From 1900 to 1980, the entire process took a median of 59 days; from 1981 through 2006, the process took a median of 113 days. Although Presidents after 1980 have moved more quickly than their predecessors in announcing nominees after learning of vacancies (a median of 12 days compared with 34 days before 1980), the Senate portion of the process (i.e., from the nomination announcement to final Senate action) now appears to take much longer than before (a median of 84 days from 1981 through 2006, compared with 17 days from 1900 through 1980). Most notably, the amount of time between the nomination announcement and first Judiciary Committee hearing has more than tripled--from a median of 12.5 days (1900-1980) to 52 days. This report will be updated as additional historical information becomes available or another Supreme Court vacancy is announced. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Recent Nominations ........................................................................................................................ 1 The Roberts Nomination ........................................................................................................... 2 The Miers Nomination .............................................................................................................. 3 The Alito Nomination ............................................................................................................... 4 Measuring the Pace of Supreme Court Appointments..................................................................... 4 Official and Unofficial Timetables............................................................................................ 5 Objectives of This Report ......................................................................................................... 6 How Supreme Court Vacancies Occur ............................................................................................ 7 Death of a Sitting Justice........................................................................................................... 7 Retirement or Resignation of a Sitting Justice .......................................................................... 7 Nomination of a Sitting Justice to Another Position ................................................................. 8 Controversial, Withdrawn, and Rejected Nominations ............................................................. 9 Data Presentation............................................................................................................................. 9 Date of Actual or Prospective Vacancy ................................................................................... 10 Announcement-of-Nominee Date ............................................................................................11 Use of Medians to Summarize Intervals ............................................................................11 The Duration of the Nomination-and-Confirmation Process .................................................. 12 Changes Since 1981.......................................................................................................... 12 Factors Influencing the Speed of the Process.......................................................................... 14 How the Vacancy Occurs .................................................................................................. 14 The Senate's Schedule ...................................................................................................... 15 Committee Involvement and Institutional Customs.......................................................... 16 Controversial Nominations ............................................................................................... 18 Discussion and Conclusions.................................................................................................... 18 Figure 1. Speed in Days of Intervals Surrounding Supreme Court Nominations and Confirmations............................................................................................................................. 13 Table 1. Major Events in the Supreme Court Nomination-and-Confirmation Process, 1900-2006................................................................................................................................... 20 Table 2. Duration in Days Between Major Events in the Supreme Court Nomination-and- Confirmation Process, 1900-2006.............................................................................................. 30 Table 3. Median Duration in Days Between Major Events in the Supreme Court Nomination-and-Confirmation Process, 1900-2006 .................................................................. 42 Author Contact Information .......................................................................................................... 44 The nomination and confirmation of a Chief Justice or an Associate Justice to the U.S. Supreme Court is an infrequent event of major significance in American public life. To receive what may be lifetime appointment to the Court, a candidate must first be nominated by the President and then confirmed by the Senate. Midway in the appointment process, intensive hearings on a Supreme Court nomination, often taking at least three or four days, are routinely held by the Senate Judiciary Committee, which then can vote on whether to report the nomination to the Senate with a favorable recommendation. Nominating and confirming Supreme Court Justices is an interdependent process. Neither the President nor the Senate acts alone. The decisions that each branch makes determine how quickly nominations are made and considered, and whether the nomination is successful. This report provides information on the pace of all Supreme Court nominations and confirmations since 1900, focusing on the actual amounts of time that Presidents and the Senate have taken to act (as opposed to the elapsed time between official points in the process). Events during 2005 and early 2006 underscored concerns about the speed with which the President makes Supreme Court nominations and the Senate acts on those nominations.1 Late 2005 and early 2006 marked a period of transition among Supreme Court Justices. Associate Justice Sandra Day O'Connor's July 2005 retirement announcement marked the first pending Court vacancy since 1994. Within a few months, however, the Senate considered three nominations. As is discussed below, Judge John G. Roberts was initially nominated to replace O'Connor, but that nomination was withdrawn when Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist died in early September. The Roberts nomination was withdrawn and re-submitted for the Chief Justice vacancy. The Senate confirmed Roberts in September 2005. Then-White House Counsel Harriet Miers was initially nominated to fill the again-pending O'Connor vacancy, but the Miers nomination was eventually withdrawn. Judge Samuel Alito was confirmed to the O'Connor seat in January 2006. As is noted throughout this report, media accounts and other research suggest that when these and other Court vacancies arise, the President, members of the Senate, and their staffs, can begin work on nominations immediately, even if official nominations are days or weeks away. Particularly when multiple vacancies occur in close succession or simultaneously, as they did in 2005, the President and the Senate might have different preferences about how quickly new nominees should be considered. Until 1980, the President often took longer to announce a nominee than the Senate did to take final action on nominees. By contrast, since 1981, Presidents have been quicker to announce nominations than the Senate has been to confirm or reject those nominations. The President and members of the Senate (especially the Judiciary Committee) each proposed their own timetables regarding the Roberts, Miers, and Alito nominations. The following discussion provides additional details. 1 For a discussion of official actions for all Supreme Court nominations since 1789, see CRS Report RL33225, Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 - 2006: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President, by Denis Steven Rutkus and Maureen Bearden. On July 1, 2005, Associate Justice Sandra Day O'Connor surprised many in official Washington, and possibly President George W. Bush, with a one-paragraph letter announcing her retirement from the Supreme Court, effective upon the confirmation of her successor.2 Her announcement created the first vacancy on the Court in 11 years. The Court had just concluded its 2004-2005 term, and the opening session of the Court's next term, on October 3, 2005, was three months away. Finding a new Associate Justice took on added urgency, given the failing health of then- Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist. Departure of the Chief Justice as well as Justice O'Connor could result in the need for two Court appointments, and create the possibility of at least one vacancy on the Court when it reconvened in October--unless the new appointments were made expeditiously. Hours after Justice O'Connor announced her retirement, a senior aide to Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist told reporters that, "Our goal is to have the court back at full strength by the first Monday in October." Senate Judiciary Committee staff were reportedly "poised to begin reviewing background materials" on potential nominees.3 Nevertheless, appointment of a new Justice in time for the Court's opening session seemed like a challenging goal. In recent years, the Senate Judiciary Committee, and the full Senate as well, had been embroiled in controversies over some of the President's nominations to the lower federal courts. Continued controversy seemed likely surrounding any future nominations to the Supreme Court. On July 19, 2005, 18 days after receiving Justice O'Connor's retirement letter, President Bush announced his selection of John G. Roberts, Jr., a federal appellate judge, to be the next Associate Justice. Ten days later, on July 29, the President formally nominated Judge Roberts to the Court, with the nomination document immediately transmitted to the Senate, where it was referred to the Senate Judiciary Committee. Hearings on this nomination were scheduled to begin September 6, but those hearings would never take place. When Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist died on September 3, Judge Roberts became the first Supreme Court nominee to be withdrawn by the President for one seat on the Court and re- nominated for another. The Senate Judiciary Committee quickly cancelled its Associate Justice hearings, and began Roberts's Chief Justice hearings on September 12, 2005. After receiving a favorable 13-5 vote by the Judiciary Committee on September 22, the nomination of Judge Roberts to be Chief Justice was confirmed by the Senate on the morning of September 29, 2005, by a 78-22 vote. Later that day, the confirmed nominee took both his constitutional and judicial oaths of office at the White House.4 Due to the speed with which Judge Roberts was nominated to be Chief Justice and considered by the Senate Judiciary Committee and the full Senate, his appointment was completed in time for the Court to be at full strength at the start of its 2005-2006 term. With the start of that term, 2 Justice O'Connor's retirement letter is available at http://www.supremecourtus.gov/publicinfo/press/ oconnor070105.pdf. 3 "Senate GOP Leaders Seek Quick Action on Nominee to Replace Justice O'Connor," Daily Report for Executives, July 5, 2005, p. A-33. 4 The judicial oath is required by the Judiciary Act of 1789, and the constitutional oath (which is administered to Members of Congress and all executive and judicial officers) is required by Article VI of the Constitution of the United States. Justice O'Connor remained on the Court, in keeping with the intention stated in her retirement letter of stepping down only upon the confirmation of her successor. For his part, President Bush had declined to name a replacement for John Roberts to succeed Sandra Day O'Connor prior to the Senate vote on September 29 confirming Judge Roberts as Chief Justice. On October 3, 2005, President Bush announced his nomination of White House Counsel Harriet E. Miers to succeed Sandra Day O'Connor as Associate Justice on the Supreme Court. The President said that the Senate had shown during the confirmation of Chief Justice Roberts that it could act promptly, and called upon the Senate to "review [Miers's] qualifications thoroughly and fairly and to vote on her nomination promptly."5 At a press conference the next day, the President said that he expected the Senate "to hold an up-or-down vote on Harriet's nomination by Thanksgiving" (i.e., by November 24, 2005).6 Similarly, Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist called on his colleagues to move "expeditiously but carefully," and encouraged a floor vote "by Thanksgiving."7 Several news reports suggested that confirmation hearings could begin as early as November 7, 2005. Senator Arlen Specter, Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, reportedly told reporters that he hoped the committee would complete hearings by Thanksgiving,8 but also reportedly emphasized that "thoroughness will be the objective," as opposed to meeting a particular timetable.9 He also reportedly said that the timing of hearings on the nomination would in part be up to Miers, who would have to study "so that she would have the grasp of these very complex decisions."10 On October 27, 2005, Miers delivered a letter to the President withdrawing her nomination as Associate Justice, and the President "reluctantly accepted" her withdrawal.11 Both Miers and the President indicated that the action was precipitated by the Senate's request for documents about her service in the White House. However, others suggested that other factors may have been involved.12 In his statement accepting the withdrawal, the President said that he expected to fill the vacancy "in a timely manner." 5 See http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/10/20051003.html for the President's nomination statement and Miers's remarks. 6 See http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/10/20051004-1.html for the text of this press conference. 7 See http://frist.senate.gov/index.cfm?FuseAction=Speeches.Detail&Speech_id=293 for a copy of Senator Frist's statement. 8 Kimberly Heffling, "Specter Decries Bush `Pummeling' on Miers," Washington Post, Oct. 11, 2005 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/11/AR2005101101310.html. 9 John Stanton, "Leaders Seeking To Place Miers On Court By Thanksgiving," CongressDailyPM, Oct. 3, 2005. 10 Sheryl Gay Stolberg, "Some Liberals and Conservatives Find Themselves in Awkward Spots," New York Times, Oct. 4, 2005, p. A23. 11 For a copy of the President's statement, see http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/10/20051027-2.html. 12 For example, former Senator Daniel R. Coats, who shepherded Miers in the Senate, said "It was not all about the documents. It was a cumulation of things." See Keith Perine and Seth Stern, "Bush Faces Dilemma With New Pick," CQ Today, Oct. 27, 2005. See http://www.cq.com/display.do?dockey=/cqonline/prod/data/docs/html/news/109/ news109-000001936032.html@allnews&metapub=CQ-NEWS&searchIndex=0&seqNum=1. Four days after Harriet Miers's withdrawal, on October 31, 2005, President George W. Bush announced his nomination of Samuel A. Alito, Jr., a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, to replace Justice O'Connor. President Bush called on the Senate to "act promptly on this important nomination so that an up or down vote is held before the end of this year."13 Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist also predicted a relatively quick timetable for Senate consideration,14 but other Senators, including Minority Leader Harry Reid, suggested that Senate consideration of the nomination could last into the new year.15 On November 3, 2005, Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman Arlen Specter and Ranking Minority Member Patrick Leahy announced that confirmation hearings on Judge Alito's nomination would not begin until January 9, 2006, with a vote by the committee scheduled for January 17, 2006, after five days of hearings. They said that the full Senate would vote on the nomination on January 20, 2006.16 Judiciary Committee hearings on the Alito nomination began and concluded as scheduled, although a targeted January 17 committee vote was postponed until January 24, 2006. A final floor vote was anticipated before President George W. Bush's January 31, 2006, State of the Union address.17 After Senators Specter and Leahy reportedly reached agreement on the revised committee schedule over the January 14-16 weekend, Majority Leader Bill Frist announced that "as soon as the Judiciary Committee reports the nomination, the full Senate will begin debate on Judge Alito the next day and move swiftly to a fair up-or-down vote."18 Voting mainly along party lines (10-8), the Senate Judiciary Committee reported Alito's nomination to the full Senate on January 24, which confirmed Alito (58-42) on January 31, 2006. For many Supreme Court appointments, the timing of individual events is determined by the decisions of various key players--by sitting Justices planning to leave the Court; by the President, who selects nominees to fill Court vacancies; and by Senate committee and party leaders, who respectively schedule committee and floor action on Supreme Court nominations. First, Justices who retire or resign from the Court must decide whether to provide the President 13 For President George W. Bush's nomination remarks and Judge Alito's response, see http://www.whitehouse.gov/ news/releases/2005/10/print/20051031.html. 14 For a copy of Senator Frist's press release, see http://frist.senate.gov/ index.cfm?FuseAction=PressReleases.Detail&PressRelease_id=2144&Month=10&Year=2005. 15 See The Associated Press, "Reaction to the Alito Nomination," Washington Post, Oct. 31, 2005, available at http://www.nexis.com/research/home?key=1130786095&_session=9eef720a-4a42-11da-9394- 00008a0c593e.1.3308238895.296188.%20.0.0&_state=&wchp=dGLbVtb- zSkBl&_md5=93f06c0fe1c37fbd5b4c52fe4519bbbb. 16 See "Senate Judiciary Will Begin Alito Hearings Jan. 9, Vote Jan. 17; Floor Vote Set Jan. 20, "Daily Report for Executives, Nov. 4, 2005, available at http://ippubs.bna.com/ip/BNA/DER.NSF/ 9311bd429c19a79485256b57005ace13/819c3d1e4ca734da852570af0010aeaf?OpenDocument]. For a transcript of Senators Specter and Leahy's remarks, see http://www.cq.com/display.do?docid=1948157. 17 Amy Goldstein, "Senate Panel's Vote on Alito Delayed Until Next Week," Washington Post, Jan. 17, 2006, p. A3. 18 For a copy of Senator Frist's Jan. 16, 2006, press release, see http://frist.senate.gov/ index.cfm?FuseAction=PressReleases.Detail&PressRelease_id=2221&Month=1&Year=2006. with advance notice of that decision. For example, Justice Harry A. Blackmun told President William J. Clinton of his decision to retire in 1994, more than four months before the decision became public on April 6 of that year.19 Justice O'Connor, on the other hand, did not appear to have given President George W. Bush any advance notice when she resigned on July 1, 2005. Also, the mode of presidential notification varies. While President Clinton learned of Justice Blackmun's plans to retire through an informal conversation, Justice O'Connor apparently notified President Bush of her decision through a formal letter. Once the President chooses a nominee, he alerts the Senate--by public announcement as well as by formal transmission of a written nomination to the Senate. Frequently, the President will announce and formally nominate his Supreme Court choice on the same day, or take both actions within a few days of each other. Less commonly, Presidents announce their intention to nominate a candidate, then make the official nomination a week or more later. The most extreme case of the latter involved President Ronald Reagan in 1981. On July 7 of that year, President Reagan announced he would send the nomination of Sandra Day O'Connor, then an Arizona state appeals court judge, to the Senate "upon completion of all the necessary checks by the Federal Bureau of Investigation."20 However, it was not until almost six weeks later, on August 19, that Judge O'Connor was officially nominated.21 As noted above, after the Senate receives a Supreme Court nomination, the Judiciary Committee normally holds hearings, followed by final committee action, and consideration before the full chamber. The measurement of how long the President and the Senate take to execute their official duties surrounding Supreme Court nominations necessarily focuses on official dates of action taken. The most important of these action dates include those on which (1) an outgoing Justice officially informs the President of the intention to step down from the Court (or, alternatively, the date on which a Court seat is vacated due to the death of a Justice), (2) a President formally nominates someone to the Court, the Senate receives the President's nomination, and the nomination is referred to the Senate Judiciary Committee (almost always all on the same date),22 (3) the Senate Judiciary Committee holds hearings on the nomination, (4) the committee votes on the nomination, and (5) the Senate votes on whether to confirm, or chooses to take no action. In addition to these dates, however, the President and the Senate usually consider Supreme Court nominations outside official timetables. Just as the President can begin considering a new nominee as soon as he knows a vacancy will arise, the Senate can begin preparing to consider a nominee as soon as the President announces his choice, even if the receipt of the formal nomination is still days or weeks away. Fundamentally, nominations and confirmations to the Supreme Court involve both formal and informal decisions. While formal decisions are easily 19 U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Office of the Federal Register, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: William J. Clinton, 1993, vol. 1 (Washington: GPO, 1994), p. 597. 20 U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Office of the Federal Register, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Ronald Reagan, 1981 (Washington: GPO, 1982), p. 596. 21 U. S. Congress, Senate, Journal of the Executive Proceedings of the Senate of the United States of America, 97th Cong., 1st sess., Aug. 19, 1981 (Washington: GPO, 1982), p. 644. 22 Although these three events usually occur on the same day, a nomination sometimes, on rare occasions, is received by the Senate on a day after it was signed by the President, or is referred to the Judiciary Committee on a day after its receipt by the Senate. accessible in historical records, informal decisions--sparsely mentioned in the formal record, or not mentioned at all--might, in many cases, provide better insight into how long the process truly takes. This report explores the speed of presidential and Senate decision-making surrounding nominations to the Supreme Court from 1900 to the present. During this period, there were a total of 60 vacancies and 66 nominees to the Court.23 The analysis concentrates on the period 1900- 2006 for two primary reasons: (1) relevant historical data for this period are much more readily available and reliable than for earlier Court appointments,24 and (2) public confirmation hearings for Supreme Court nominations before the Senate Judiciary Committee--an important phase in the Supreme Court appointment process, and one of particular interest to this report--were unheard of before the 20th century.25 Although research on Supreme Court nominations often focuses on either presidential or Senate decision-making, this analysis considers the time both institutions take to make decisions about, and act on, nominees. The report also takes a unique approach in discussing--as well as can be determined--how long Presidents actually take to decide who their nominees will be, and how long the Senate actually takes to act on nominations. For example, rather than starting the nomination clock with the official notification of the President of a forthcoming vacancy (e.g., the receipt of a formal retirement letter), this analysis focuses on when the President first learned of the vacancy (e.g., a private conversation with the outgoing Justice). Likewise, rather than starting the confirmation clock with the transmission the official nomination to the Senate, this analysis focuses on when the Senate became aware of the President's selection ( e.g., by a public announcement by the President). In many cases, establishing precisely when a President knew that he would have the opportunity to make a Supreme Court nomination is impossible. Such information might never have been recorded or known by anyone except the President and his inner circle. However, historical research reveals several instances when a President had advance knowledge of an impending vacancy, well before the public announcement of a Justice's intention to leave the Court. Data sources used to determine when Presidents first knew of vacancies included historical newspapers, official documents such as public presidential papers (which contain Justices' retirement letters to various Presidents), and CRS consultations with presidential libraries.26 Dates 23 For an analysis of all unsuccessful Supreme Court nominees, see CRS Report RL31171, Supreme Court Nominations Not Confirmed, 1789-August 2006, by Henry B. Hogue. In addition to the unsuccessful nominations listed in that report for the 1900-2006 period, the present report includes Judge Douglas H. Ginsburg as a an unsuccessful "nominee" since one part of the report's focus is on presidential announcements of nominees. President Reagan announced his intention to nominate Judge Ginsburg in 1987, but Ginsburg withdrew his name from consideration before being officially nominated. The Ginsburg case is briefly discussed later in this report. 24 This particularly is the case for coverage of Supreme Court appointments in on-line full-text historical newspapers, where coverage, as might be expected, typically is found to be less comprehensive regarding the procedures of Supreme Court appointments farther back into the 19th century. 25 The earliest Supreme Court confirmation hearings held in open session were those in 1916 for the nomination of Louis D. Brandeis to be an Associate Justice. See CRS Report RL31989, Supreme Court Appointment Process: Roles of the President, Judiciary Committee, and Senate, by Denis Steven Rutkus. 26 CRS Knowledge Services Group Information Research Specialist Dana Ely, Karen Anson (Franklin D. Roosevelt Library), Valoise Armstrong (Eisenhower Library), Joshua Cochran (Ford Library), Jennifer Evans (Nixon Presidential (continued...) cited throughout this report and in Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3, at the end of the report, are based on that research. The need for a new appointment to the Court arises when a Justice position becomes vacant, due to death, retirement, or resignation, or when a Justice announces his intention to retire or resign. If the vacated seat is that of the Chief Justice, the President, if he chooses, may nominate a sitting Associate Justice to be Chief, thus setting the stage for the creation of an Associate Justice vacancy as well. Vacancies on the Court also will occur if Justices resign to receive new government appointments or to seek new government positions. When a nomination fails in the Senate, the President must select a new nominee (unless the President chooses to re-nominate his first choice). Supreme Court Justices receive what may be lifetime appointments, "good Behaviour" being the only constitutionally specified requirement for continued service.27 Lifetime tenure, interesting work, and the prestige of the office result in Justices often choosing to serve as long as possible. Historically, a number of Justices have died in office. Most recently, Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist died on September 3, 2005, after battling thyroid cancer for almost a year. Death in office was common on the Court during the first half of the 20th century--14 of 34 vacancies between 1900-1950. In fact, all five Court vacancies occurring between 1946 and 1954 were due to death of a sitting Justice (see Table 1). Of the 23 vacancies since 1954, though, no Justice had died while still on the Court until Chief Justice Rehnquist in 2005. Since 1954, retirement has been by far the most common way in which Justices have left the bench (19 of 23 vacancies occurring after 1954 resulted from retirements). Resignation (i.e., leaving the bench before becoming eligible for retirement compensation) is rare.28 In recent (...continued) Materials), Sharon Kelly (Kennedy Library), Matthew Schaefer (Hoover Library), Randy Sowell (Truman Library), Jennifer Sternaman (Reagan Library), Deborah Wheeler (George Bush Library), and Adam C. Bergfeld (Clinton Library) provided consultations on this portion of the project. 27 U.S. Constitution, Article III, Section 1. 28 Under 28 U.S.C. §371, Supreme Court Justices, like other Article III (tenure "during good Behaviour") federal judges, may retire, and be entitled to receive retirement compensation, in one of two ways--either by taking "senior status" or by "retiring from office." Beginning at age 65, they are entitled to receive retirement compensation, if having served a minimum 10 years as an Article III judge, their age and overall Article III judicial experience totals 80 years. (Hence, under this "Rule of 80," a Justice of age 65 must have served 15 years to become eligible for retirement compensation; a Justice of age 66, 14 years; a Justice of age 67, 13 years; etc.) Judges who take senior status retire from regular active service but retain their judicial office and the salary of the office, subject to annual certification of their having performed certain judicial or administrative duties in the preceding year. Judges who retire from office completely relinquish their judicial office with the right to a frozen lifetime annuity equal to the salary of the office at the time of retirement. In contrast, a Justice's resignation entails voluntarily relinquishing his or her judicial office without meeting the age and service requirements of the Rule of 80 (and thus being ineligible to receive retirement compensation). See U.S. Administrative Office of the United States Courts, Senior Status and Retirement for Article III (continued...) history, two Justices have resigned from the Court. Justice Arthur Goldberg resigned in 1965 to assume the post of U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations.29 Justice Abe Fortas resigned in 1969 after protracted criticism over controversial consulting work while on the bench and a failed nomination to be elevated from Associate Justice to Chief Justice.30 When Justices retire or resign, the President is usually notified by formal letter. As noted previously, there is evidence in a few cases that a President informally learned of a forthcoming retirement in advance. Pursuant to a law enacted in 1939, a Justice (or any other federal judge receiving lifetime appointment) may also retire if "unable because of permanent disability to perform the duties of his office," by furnishing the President a certificate of disability.31 Prior to 1939, specific legislation from Congress was required to provide retirement benefits to a Justice departing the Court because of disability who otherwise would be ineligible for such benefits, due to insufficient age and length of service. In such circumstances in 1910, for instance, Congress took legislative action granting a pension to Justice William H. Moody. As the Washington Post reported at the time, although illness had kept Justice Moody from the bench for "almost a year," he was not yet eligible for retirement.32 When a Chief Justice vacancy arises, the President may choose to nominate a sitting Associate Justice for the Court's top post. If the Chief Justice nominee is confirmed, he or she must, to assume the new position, resign as Associate Justice, requiring a new nominee from the President to fill the newly vacated Associate Justice seat. However, this scenario is relatively rare. During the 1900-2006 period, Presidents attempted to elevate Associate Justices to Chief Justice four times, with the Senate confirming three nominees. Most recently, in 1986, President Ronald Reagan nominated then-Associate Justice William H. Rehnquist to be Chief Justice.33 Presidents may also nominate sitting Justices to other political posts, which (if accepted) require resignation from the Court. Between 1900 and 2006, three Justices resigned to pursue other formal public service. In 1916, Justice Charles Evans Hughes resigned to pursue the Republican nomination for President.34 Justice James F. Byrnes resigned on October 3, 1942, becoming (...continued) Judges, Apr. 1999 (Judges Information Series, No. 4), pp. vii-viii. 29 Carroll Kilpatrick, "Goldberg is Named to Stevenson Post," Washington Post, July 21, 1965, p. A1. 30 On the controversies surrounding Justice Fortas's nomination and resignation, see Artemus Ward, Deciding to Leave: The Politics of Retirement from the United States Supreme Court (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2003), pp. 171-175; and Philip Warden and Aldo Beckman, "Fortas Agrees to Quit, Nixon Aide Says," Chicago Tribune, May 15, 1969, p. 7. 31 The law provides that a Justice retiring under these provisions shall receive for the remainder of his lifetime "the salary he is receiving at the date of retirement" or, if his service was less than ten years, one-half of that salary. Act of August 5, 1939, ch. 433, 53 Stat. 1204-1205; 28 U.S.C. §372(a). 32 "Moody Will Retire," Washington Post, June 15, 1910, p. 1. 33 The other Associate Justices nominated for Chief Justice during the period were: Edward D. White (1910), Harlan F. Stone (1941), and Abe Fortas (1968). As noted previously, Justice Fortas's nomination failed to receive Senate confirmation. 34 "Hughes, With Words That Ring, Obeys Call to Lead Republicans," Washington Post, June 11, 1916, p. 1. Director of Economic Stability for President Franklin D. Roosevelt.35 As noted previously, Justice Arthur Goldberg resigned in 1965 to become the U.N. Ambassador. When any Court nomination (whether for an Associate or Chief Justice seat) fails in the Senate, the President may either re-submit the nomination or choose another candidate to fill the bench. The entire process thus begins anew. Withdrawals and rejections can greatly increase the amount of time taken to confirm Justices to the Court. Controversial nominees who are eventually confirmed also usually take more time to consider. The late 1960s and early 1970s were one of the most tumultuous periods of nominations and rejections in the Court's history. On May 14, 1969, Justice Abe Fortas resigned from the bench. Fortas had been embroiled in a scandal surrounding his consulting income, and failed to win confirmation as Chief Justice when President Johnson nominated him to the seat in 1968.36 Previously, on October 14, 1968, President Johnson had withdrawn the Fortas nomination as well as the nomination of Homer Thornberry to fill the vacancy that would have been created by Fortas's elevation. The Senate rejected President Richard M. Nixon's first two nominees to the Fortas seat--Clement F. Haynsworth, Jr. and G. Harrold Carswell.37 President Nixon's third choice, Harry A. Blackmun, was not confirmed until May 12, 1970--almost a year after Fortas's resignation. Table 1 (at the end of this report) lists dates for the following events regarding each nomination to the Supreme Court since 1900: (1) when the actual or prospective vacancy apparently became known to the President, (2) when the President announced the nominee, (3) when the Senate Judiciary Committee held its first hearing on the nominee, (4) when final committee action took place, and (5) when final Senate action took place. Table 2 presents the number of days elapsed for six related time intervals: (1) from when the President apparently learned of the actual or prospective vacancy to the his announcement of a new nominee, (2) from the nomination announcement to the first Judiciary Committee hearing, (3) from the first hearing to the committee's final action, (4) from the committee's final action to the Senate's final action, (5) from nomination announcement to final Senate action (duration of total Senate action), and (6) from the vacancy starting date (when the President apparently first became aware of the opportunity to make a nomination) to final Senate action. Table 3 provides summary statistics for the number of days elapsed during each of these intervals, for all nominations from 1900 until 2006, and for two periods within those dates--1900-1980 and 1981-2006.38 As discussed later in 35 Associated Press, "Byrnes Resigns From Bench in Letter to President," New York Times, Oct. 4, 1942, p. 45. 36 On the controversies surrounding Justice Fortas's nomination and resignation, see Ward, Deciding to Leave, pp. 171- 175; and Philip Warden and Aldo Beckman, "Fortas Agrees to Quit, Nixon Aide Says," Chicago Tribune, May 15, 1969, p. 7. 37 Haynsworth and Carswell were both rejected due to Senate doubts about their personal views and professional qualifications. For a summary of these and other cases of rejected Supreme Court nominees, see CRS Report RL31171, Supreme Court Nominations Not Confirmed, 1789-August 2006, by Henry B. Hogue. 38 In Table 3, the median amount of time from vacancy to final Senate action within each time period does not necessarily equal the sum of the medians for each stage in the nomination-and-confirmation process. Likewise, the median lengths of time for all Senate actions (i.e., from nomination announcement to final Senate action) within each time period do not equal the sum of the medians for each stage. The median identifies the mid-point for individual sets (continued...) this report, those periods were chosen because the data indicate a sharp difference in the pace of most nominations before and after 1980. ¢ As noted previously, it is often difficult or impossible to determine the specific date that a President first knew he would have the opportunity to name a new Justice to the Supreme Court. The President always has the constitutional obligation to make nominations to the Court when vacancies arise, and is certainly aware of the possibility that vacancies could arise at any time. However, the "Actual or Prospective Vacancy Became Known to President" columns in Table 1 and Table 2 focus on documented, specific instances when the President knew he had, or soon would have, the opportunity to name a new Justice to the Court.39 These dates are based on extensive research about when the Justice's impending departure (or death) was made public, and whether the President had advance knowledge of the vacancy before it became public. In cases in which research revealed no public evidence that the President had advance notice (or in which the data are inconclusive), the date of the first public account of the vacancy marks the beginning of the process (the "When" column in Table 1 and Table 2).40 For example, Justice Sandra Day O'Connor announced her retirement, pending confirmation of a successor, on July 1, 2005. There is no evidence that President George W. Bush definitely knew that O'Connor would retire until her announcement. Therefore, July 1, 2005, is used as the starting point for what became the John G. Roberts Associate Justice nomination.41 On the other hand, although Chief Justice Warren Burger's retirement letter to Ronald Reagan was not released until June 17, 1986, President Reagan's public papers reveal that Burger informed the President of his decision to retire on May 27, 1986.42 Therefore, May 27, 1986, is used as the starting point (...continued) of observations. Because each stage of the process can have a different number of observations, and because the data are also not a "normal" (i.e., "bell-shaped") distribution, the sum of the medians for individual stages generally is not equal to the median for the entire period. For more information, see chapter 4 in Ya-lun Chou, Statistical Analysis for Business and Economics (New York: Elsevier, 1989). 39 In Table 1 and Table 2, actual vacancies are those that already have been announced or occurred (i.e., a sitting Justice announces a retirement date or dies). Prospective vacancies, for the purposes of this report, are not merely speculative. They require firm notice, either through notification from a sitting Justice or major media accounts, that a Justice will leave the Court imminently, even if an exact date is not specified. 40 This report, it should be re-emphasized, bases the starting point at when Presidents apparently learned of actual or prospective Court vacancies. These dates are based on published information or information obtained from presidential archives. Readers should be alerted, as a caveat, that there might well have been instances, unreported at the time as well as still unknown to present-day scholars, in which various Presidents privately were alerted of upcoming Court vacancies or had reasons to believe that vacancies were imminent in advance of the starting dates listed in this report. To the extent that such instances are unaccounted for, the full extent of time during which such Presidents were aware of prospective Court vacancies and were able to consider future Court candidates before publicly announcing their choices, is under-measured in this report. 41 As noted elsewhere in this report, President George W. Bush withdrew Roberts's nomination as Associate Justice on Sept. 5, 2005. 42 President Reagan had a private conversation with Chief Justice Burger on May 27, 1986, when Burger alerted the President to his impending retirement ("Remarks on the Resignation of Supreme Court Chief Justice Warren E. Burger and the Nominations of William H. Rehnquist To Be Chief Justice and Antonin Scalia To Be an Associate Justice," U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Office of the Federal Register, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Ronald Reagan, 1986, vol. 2 (Washington: GPO, 1989) p. 781). for what became the William H. Rehnquist elevation to Chief Justice. Notes throughout Table 1 and Table 2 provide information on historical context. Unless otherwise noted, the "President's Announcement-of-Nominee" date in Table 1 is the day when the President announced his nomination to the public or released the text of his nomination letter (whichever came first). This date is significant because it marks the Senate's first opportunity to begin considering the nomination, even if informally. There are a few cases, explained by table notes, in which Presidents announced their decisions less formally, but still publicly. For example, President Harry S. Truman casually told reporters during a July 28, 1949, press conference that he had offered an Associate Justice nomination to then-Attorney General Thomas C. Clark, even though Clark had not yet accepted the nomination.43 As discussed previously, in some cases, the announcement date differs by days or even weeks from the date the nomination was formally submitted to the Senate. £ Table 2 provides the duration of each major interval in the process of nominating and considering Supreme Court Justices.44 Table 3 provides the median number of days for each major interval in the process. The median is the middle number in a set of observations (in this case, the number of days involved in each stage of considering Supreme Court nominations). The median is generally the preferred measure of central tendency in social science research.45 As statistician William H. Greene notes, "Loosely speaking, the median corresponds more closely than the mean to the middle of a distribution [group of numbers]. It is unaffected by extreme values."46 In other words, the median represents the best example of the "average" case, regardless of extremely short or long individual confirmations. However, in describing the speed of the Supreme Court nomination-and-confirmation process, even median values should be considered carefully. Each nomination is different, and political context and historical factors can have a major impact on when various events occur. Several factors affecting individual nominations to the Court are discussed later in this report. 43 President Truman did not announce that Clark had accepted the nomination until Aug. 1, 1949 (Edward T. Folliard, "Clark Accepts High Court Proffer," Washington Post, Aug. 2, 1949), p. 1. 44 When calculating durations, the date on which the final event occurs is not counted as a full day. For example, if committee hearings began on July 12 and the committee took its final action on July 13, the duration is one day, not two. For cases in which durations are less than one day (i.e., the committee final action and final Senate vote took place on the same day), the duration is listed as 0 days. 45 Although the arithmetic mean (the sum of all observations divided by the number of observations) is the true "average" number, it has the disadvantage of being skewed by extremely high or low values. For an introduction to median versus mean and arguments surrounding when each should be used, see chapter 3 in Alan Agresti and Barbara Finlay, Statistical Methods for the Social Sciences, 3rd ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1997). 46 William H. Greene, Econometric Analysis, 5th ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2003, p. 847). During the entire period covered by this report (1900-2006), the President and the Senate have each taken varying amounts of time to act on Supreme Court nominations and confirmations. As Table 3 shows, from 1900-2006, Presidents took a median of 28 days after a vacancy occurred to announce their nominees, compared with a median of 22 days for final Senate action once the nomination was announced. The entire process, from actual or prospective vacancy to final Senate action, lasted a median of 76 days from 1900-2006.47 However, the amount of time involved in each stage of the nomination-and-confirmation process varies widely when individual cases are examined. Some Supreme Court nominations are unusually fast, coming immediately on the heels a sitting Justice's departure from the bench. In these cases, the President almost certainly knew in advance of the outgoing Justice's intention to retire yet delayed announcement of the retirement to coincide with announcing a new nominee. For example, on May 27, 1986, President Reagan simultaneously announced the retirement of Chief Justice Warren Burger, the elevation of William H. Rehnquist to Chief Justice, and the nomination of Antonin Scalia to assume the Associate Justice seat being vacated by Justice Rehnquist.48 On the other hand, some nomination decisions can take months--at least to become public. For example, although Justice Harold H. Burton submitted his retirement letter to President Dwight D. Eisenhower on October 6, 1958, Eisenhower did not publicly announce Potter Stewart's nomination until January 17, 1959--103 days after announcing Justice Burton's retirement. The entire interval between Burton's announced retirement and Stewart's confirmation lasted 211 days, the bulk of the interval due to a long congressional recess.49 The data indicate that the median decision-making intervals surrounding Supreme Court nominations have changed substantially since 1981.50 When comparing Supreme Court 47 Due to updated data in Table 1 and Table 2, some of the summary statistics here and in Table 3 have changed from previous versions of this report. This version of the report does not include, when calculating the interval for total Senate action (nomination announcement to final Senate action), cases in which nominations lingered in the Senate, but for which the Senate took no final vote (e.g., the nomination was withdrawn, recommitted, etc.). If the Judiciary Committee held hearings or held a final vote, those dates are included in median calculations. 48 As previously noted, although Chief Justice Burger, by letter on June 17, 1986, officially notified President Reagan of his desire to retire, Burger privately informed Reagan of his plans on May 27, 1986 ("Remarks on the Resignation of Supreme Court Chief Justice Warren E. Burger and the Nominations of William H. Rehnquist To Be Chief Justice and Antonin Scalia To Be an Associate Justice," U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Office of the Federal Register, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Ronald Reagan, 1986, vol. 2, p. 781). 49 Context provides important caveats, as is always the case when exploring median decision-making surrounding Supreme Court nominations. President Eisenhower recess-appointed Justice Stewart because Congress was not in session on Oct. 6, 1958, when Justice Burton announced his retirement. The 85th Congress had adjourned sine die on Aug. 24, 1958. The President nominated Potter Stewart to the Court on Jan. 17, 1959, after Congress had reconvened for the first session of the 86th Congress. Therefore, although the interval between the starting date (Oct. 6, 1958, as shown in Table 1) and nomination date (Jan. 17, 1959) is 103 days, and the entire interval from the starting date until final Senate action (May 5, 1959) is 211 days, the President's actual decision-making timetable could also be classified as eight days, or the interval between Burton's retirement announcement (Oct. 6, 1958) and Eisenhower's recess appointment of Justice Stewart (Oct. 14, 1958). Both intervals are used to calculate the median elapsed time from vacancy to nomination announcement. Nonetheless, the long intervals have a minimal impact on computing the median durations between stages in the process because the median is less sensitive than the mean to extremely high or low values. 50 For an analysis of the decision-making speed surrounding Supreme Court nominations between 1962-1987, see CRS (continued...) nominations from 1900-1980 with those from 1981-2006, five patterns stand out. First, after apparently learning of vacancies, Presidents have typically been quicker to announce nominees since 1981 than in the previous 80 years. As shown in Figure 1 (and Table 3), from 1900-1980, Presidents took a median of 34 days to announce their nominees after apparently learning of vacancies, compared with only 12 days from 1981-2006. Second, and perhaps most notably, the median interval between the President's announcement of his nominee and the first Judiciary Committee hearing was substantially longer from 1981-2006 than from 1900-1980. As shown in Figure 1 (and Table 3), this period more than tripled--from 12.5 days during the 1900-1980 period to 52 days from 1981-2006. Again, however, context is important. Even before hearings begin, the Senate can be actively working on the nomination. For example, prior to the start of John G. Roberts's hearings (and even before his nomination was submitted to the Senate), Senators met privately with Judge Roberts, and some pressed the White House to release records from Roberts's Department of Justice service.51 The Harriet Miers and Samuel Alito nominations followed similar patterns. 1 erugiF dna snoitanimoN truoC emerpuS gnidnuorruS slavretnI fo syaD ni deepS . snoitamrifnoC .noitamrofni gnidnuor rof 3 elbaT eeS .srohtua SRC eht yb delipmoc atad no desab snoitatupmoC :ecruoS Third, committee and floor action from 1981-2006 also took slightly longer than prior to 1981. From 1981-2006, the Judiciary Committee took a median of 14 days to reach a decision after starting hearings, while the interval between final committee action and final Senate action took seven days (compared with six and three days respectively from 1900-1980). Fourth, as shown in Figure 1 (and Table 3), total Senate activity (the interval between the President's announcement of the nominee and final Senate action) increased from a median of 17 days (1900-1980) to 84 days (1981-2006). (...continued) Report 87-576, The Speed With Which Action Has Been Taken on Supreme Court Nominations in the Last 25 Years, by Denis Steve Rutkus (out of print but available from author). 51 See, for example, Charles Babington, "Access to Records May Be a Sticking Point; Democrats Push for Prompt Review," Washington Post, July 28, 2005, p. A6; and Mike Allen and Jo Becker, "A Clash Over Roberts Documents; Justice Department Balks at Senate Democrats' Demands," Washington Post, Aug. 7, 2005, p. A4. Finally, the entire nomination-and-confirmation process took substantially longer after 1980 than during the previous 80 years. The median duration for the entire process (from when the President apparently became aware of a vacancy until the Senate's final action on the nomination) was almost twice as long from 1981-2006 than during 1900-1980 (113 days versus 59 days, respectively). Some elements of the decision-making process surrounding the naming and the confirmation or rejection of Supreme Court nominees are known only to Presidents, nominees, and a few select advisors. Other elements are more obvious. Each nomination has its own political context, making each nomination somewhat different. However, several factors appear to be relatively constant in affecting the speed of Supreme Court nominations and Senate decisions. ¢ How quickly the President announces his nominee and how quickly the Senate considers that nomination can depend on how the vacancy occurred. When Justices die unexpectedly, Presidents can be eager to bring the Court back to full strength as soon as possible. On July 19, 1949, for example, Justice Frank Murphy unexpectedly died of a heart attack after a brief illness.52 President Harry S. Truman announced his nomination of Thomas C. Clark at a press conference nine days later, on July 28.53 The Senate also considered the nomination quickly, beginning hearings on August 9. Clark's entire nomination-and-confirmation process lasted just 30 days. A few months later, Sherman Minton was confirmed even faster--in 24 days--after the death of Justice Wiley B. Rutledge. Nonetheless, sudden death does not guarantee that either the President or the Senate will make nomination-and-confirmation decisions quickly. For example, when Justice Rufus W. Peckham died unexpectedly on October 24, 1909, President William Howard Taft waited 50 days to announce a nominee. Once Taft announced his choice, the Senate confirmed Horace H. Lurton seven days later. Retirements and resignations are often expected, allowing the President time to prepare for his choice even before an official announcement that a sitting Justice will step down. For example, at the time of his retirement, Justice William O. Douglas's health had been so poor and abilities allegedly in such decline that seven of his fellow Justices voted on October 17, 1975, to "effectively strip Douglas of his power" and excluded the aging Justice from deliberations.54 By the time Justice Douglas officially wrote to President Gerald R. Ford on November 12, 1975, announcing his retirement, the President was prepared to act quickly. He announced the nomination of John Paul Stevens just 16 days later. Congress, too, acted quickly, confirming Stevens 19 days later, on December 17, 1975. Sometimes, though, even when retirements or resignations come with advance notice, the process moves slowly. For example, Justice Harry A. Blackmun privately told President William J. 52 For a profile of Murphy and his death, see Chicago Daily Tribune, "Justice Murphy Dies of Heart Attack at 59," Chicago Daily Tribune, July 20, 1949, p. 2. 53 President Truman did not announce that Clark had accepted the nomination until Aug. 1, 1949 (Edward T. Folliard, "Clark Accepts High Court Proffer, Washington Post, Aug. 2, 1949, p. 1). 54 Justice Byron R. White disagreed with the decision. See Ward, Deciding to Leave, p. 187. Clinton around January 1, 1994, that he was planning to leave the Court. Soon afterward, the White House staff began quietly considering replacements.55 However, President Clinton did not publicly announce Justice Blackmun's retirement until April 6, did not publicly announce Judge Stephen G. Breyer's nomination until May 13, and did not formally nominate Breyer until May 17.56 The Judiciary Committee began hearings 60 days after the nomination was announced, and the entire process surrounding Breyer's nomination lasted 209 days. However, decisions affecting the nomination were apparently being made even before Blackmun's retirement became public knowledge. Congress's schedule, especially whether the Senate is in session at all, plays an important role in how long Supreme Court nominations take to reach a conclusion. In the early 1900s, several vacancies arose during summer recess or election years when Congress was away from the Capitol. In 1910, for example, Congress adjourned on June 25 and did not return until December 5--a break of more than five months.57 In the interim, Chief Justice Melville W. Fuller died of a heart attack on July 4.58 As press coverage noted at the time, although potential nominees were immediately considered, President William Howard Taft waited to formally submit a nomination to the Senate until Congress reconvened.59 On December 12, five days after the Senate reconvened, President Taft announced and formally submitted to the Senate his nomination of former Senator Edward D. White of Louisiana to be Chief Justice. That same day, without referring the nomination to the Judiciary Committee, the Senate quickly confirmed Senator White. Three times during the 1950s, President Eisenhower resorted to recess appointments when Justices died or announced their retirement after Congress had already adjourned for the year.60 In each case, President Eisenhower formally submitted the nomination after the Senate convened the following January. Of the five persons whom he nominated to the Court, three first received recess appointments and served as Justices before being confirmed--Earl Warren (as Chief Justice) in 1953, William Brennan in 1956, and Potter Stewart in 1958. President Eisenhower's recess appointments, however, generated controversy, prompting the Senate in 1960, voting closely along party lines, to pass a resolution expressing opposition to Supreme Court recess appointments in the future.61 55 Tony Mauro, "How Blackmun Hid Retirement Plans," New Jersey Law Journal, Apr. 25, 1994, p. 18. 56 U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, Office of the Federal Register, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: William J. Clinton, 1994, vol. 1 (Washington: GPO, 1995), p. 597. 57 U.S. Congress, Joint Committee on Printing, 2003-2004 Official Congressional Directory: 108th Congress (Washington: GPO), p. 517. 58 "Justice Fuller Dies Suddenly," Washington Post, July 5, 1910, p. 1. 59 In addition to waiting for the Senate to return, President Taft reportedly considered more than 200 nominees, a far more thorough process than the media predicted after Fuller's death (ibid. and "White Heads Bench," Washington Post, Dec. 13, 1910, p. 1). 60 The discussion of recess appointments in the following two paragraphs is adapted from CRS Report RL31989, Supreme Court Appointment Process: Roles of the President, Judiciary Committee, and Senate, by Denis Steven Rutkus. 61 Adopted by the Senate on Aug. 29, 1960, by a 48-37 vote, S.Res. 334 expressed the sense of the Senate that recess appointments to the Supreme Court "should not be made, except under unusual circumstances and for the purpose of preventing or ending a demonstrable breakdown in the administration of the Court's business." Proponents of the resolution contended, among other things, that judicial independence would be affected if Supreme Court recess (continued...) President Eisenhower's actions were the most recent recess appointments to the Supreme Court, and recess appointments to the lower federal courts also have become relatively rare since the late 1960s. While a President's constitutional power to make judicial recess appointments was upheld by a federal court in 1985,62 such appointments, when they do occur, may cause controversy, in large part because they bypass the Senate and its "advice and consent" role. Because of the criticisms of judicial recess appointments in recent decades, the long passage of time since the last Supreme Court recess appointment, and the relatively short duration of contemporary Senate recesses (which arguably undercuts the need for recess appointments to the Court), a President in the 21st century might be expected to make a recess appointment to the Supreme Court only under the most unusual of circumstances.63 Today, Congress's availability is less of an obstacle to speedy consideration of nominations than in the past. Given Congress's increasingly year-round schedule, extended decision-making is more often the result of waiting for presidential decisions, background investigations of nominees, or preparations for Judiciary Committee hearings. Today, it would be highly unusual for the Judiciary Committee not to hold Supreme Court confirmation hearings lasting at least a few days. In the past, however, the Judiciary Committee often handled Supreme Court nominations without holding hearings at all. As Table 1 shows, of the 22 nominees to the Court from 1900 to 1937, only three had Judiciary Committee hearings (Louis D. Brandeis in 1916, Harlan F. Stone in 1925, and John J. Parker in 1930 (whose nomination was eventually rejected)). In contrast, of the 41 nominees after 1937, only three did (...continued) appointees, during the probationary period of their appointment, took positions to please the President (in order not to have the President withdraw their nominations) or to please the Senate (in order to gain confirmation of their nominations). It also was argued that Senate investigation of nominations of these recess appointees was made difficult by the oath preventing sitting Justices from testifying about matters pending before the Court. Opponents, however, said, among other things, that the resolution was an attempt to restrict the President's constitutional recess appointment powers and that recess appointments were sometimes called for in order to keep the Court at full strength and to prevent evenly split rulings by its members. See "Opposition to Recess Appointments to the Supreme Court," debate in the Senate on S.Res. 334, Congressional Record, vol. 106, Aug. 29, 1960, pp. 18130-18145. See also CRS Report RL32971, Judicial Recess Appointments: A Legal Overview, by T. J. Halstead. For an overview of judicial recess appointments during the George W. Bush presidency (none of which were to the Supreme Court), see CRS Report RL33310, Recess Appointments Made by President George W. Bush, January 20, 2001-September 5, 2006, by Henry B. Hogue and Maureen Bearden. 62 U.S. v. Woodley, 751 F.2d 1008 (9th Cir. 1985). 63 A notable, relatively recent instance in which the possibility of a recess appointment to the Supreme Court was raised occurred on July 28, 1987, when Senate Minority Leader Robert Dole observed that President Reagan had the constitutional prerogative to recess appoint U.S. appellate court judge Robert H. Bork to the Court. Earlier that month Judge Bork had been nominated to the Court, and at the time of Senator Dole's statement, the chair of Senate Judiciary Committee, Sen. Joseph R. Biden, Jr. had scheduled confirmation hearings to begin on September 15. With various Republican Senators accusing Senate Democrats of delaying the Bork hearings, Senator Dole offered as "food for thought" the possibility of President Reagan recess appointing Judge Bork during Congress's August recess. See Michael Fumento, "Reagan Has Power To Seat Bork While Senate Stalls: Dole," Washington Times, July 28, 1987, p. A3; also, Edward Walsh, "Reagan's Power To Make Recess Appointment Is Noted," Washington Post, July 28, 1987, p. A8. Judge Bork, however, did not receive a recess appointment and, as a Supreme Court nominee, was rejected by the Senate in a 58-42 vote on Oct. 23, 1987. not have hearings.64 Nominees did not begin regularly testifying at their own hearings until John M. Harlan did so in 1955.65 When the Judiciary Committee holds hearings, Senate floor consideration can be pushed back sometimes by weeks or even months. Controversial nominees often spur protracted hearings. For example, the Judiciary Committee spent 19 days considering Justice Louis D. Brandeis's nomination in 1916, and the interval between the start of hearings and final committee action lasted 105 days. The final Senate vote came eight days later. More recently, the Judiciary Committee, after learning of President Ronald Reagan's selection of Robert H. Bork, took 76 days to hold its first day of hearings on the nomination, and then 21 more days to conclude action on the nomination. Senate custom plays an especially large role when sitting or former Senators are nominated to the Court. The Senate has almost always considered their colleagues's nominations to the Court within days of receiving the nomination, often without committee hearings or floor debate.66 For example, although President Taft waited five months to nominate Edward D. White (a former Senator from Louisiana) for Chief Justice, the Senate confirmed the nomination with no debate in less than one hour.67 Since 1900, three sitting Senators--Hugo L. Black of Alabama (1937), James F. Byrnes of South Carolina (1941), and Harold H. Burton of Ohio (1945)--have been nominated to the Court, and all were quickly confirmed.68 Senators George Sutherland of Utah (1922) and Sherman Minton of Indiana (1949) were nominated to the Court after having concluded their Senate service. Sutherland was confirmed on the same day on which President Warren Harding announced the nomination, and Minton was confirmed in 19 days. The decades since 1945 have yet to test again the Senate tradition of bypassing the Judiciary Committee when the Supreme Court nominee is a sitting U.S. Senator; no President since then has nominated a sitting Senator. The last former Senator to be nominated to the Court, in 1949, was Judge Sherman Minton of Indiana. (After defeat for re-election to the Senate in 1940, he had been appointed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to a federal appellate court judgeship.) In a break with tradition, the Supreme Court nomination of former Senator Minton was referred to the Judiciary Committee, and Senate confirmation followed the day after the committee approved the nomination. 64 This number does not include instances such as the John G. Roberts Associate Justice nomination, in which the Judiciary Committee did not have the opportunity to hold hearings. Hearings before the Judiciary Committee were dispensed with for three nominees: Frank Murphy in 1939, James F. Byrnes in 1941, and Harold H. Burton in 1945, all of whom had prior service in high public office. Murphy had previously served as Governor of Michigan and U.S. Attorney General. Byrnes was a sitting Senator from South Carolina when nominated to the Court. Harold H. Burton was a Senator from Ohio. (Biographical information obtained from the Federal Judicial Center's Federal Judges Biographical Database, available at http://www.fjc.gov/public/home.nsf/hisj). 65 See CRS Report RL31989, Supreme Court Appointment Process: Roles of the President, Judiciary Committee, and Senate, by Denis Steven Rutkus. 66 For additional background information on Senators giving current or former colleagues deference when nominated to the Court, see Rutkus, Supreme Court Appointments Process, pp. 17-18. 67 "White Heads Bench," Washington Post, Dec. 13, 1910, p. 1. 68 Senators Burton and Byrnes's nominations were not referred to the Judiciary Committee. Sen. Black's nomination was referred to the committee, which recommended his confirmation, although by a divided 13-4 vote. As noted previously, withdrawn, rejected, or controversial nominations can substantially lengthen the process. In these cases, although Presidents often name nominees fairly quickly, consideration of the nominations can be drawn out in the Senate. During Judge Robert H. Bork's controversial nomination, for example, Senate consideration of Bork lasted more than a month, from the first Judiciary Committee hearing on September 15, 1987, until the Senate's floor vote to reject the nomination on October 23, 1987. The entire process--from President Reagan's announcement of his intention to nominate Bork to Senate rejection--took 119 days. Controversy can also delay confirmation of nominees who are ultimately successful. Despite a relatively quick nomination-and-confirmation process of 42 days in late 1924 and early 1925 for then-Attorney General Harlan F. Stone, his nomination was temporarily set back when it was recommitted to the Senate Judiciary Committee, apparently because of Stone's investigation as Attorney General of Senator Burton K. Wheeler.69 More recently, although Judge Clarence Thomas narrowly won confirmation in 1991, nominating and confirming him took 110 days, including a second round of Judiciary Committee hearings surrounding law professor Anita Hill's allegations against Thomas of sexual harassment. Understanding how long the previous Supreme Court nomination-and-confirmation process has taken, and what factors affected that schedule, can provide useful perspective on presidential decision-making and the Senate's preparations for future nominations. While Presidents and supporters of nominees want Justices confirmed quickly, some Senators will continue to emphasize their right to consider nominees carefully and their responsibility to hold sufficient hearings. Against that political backdrop, this report demonstrates that the length of time required to nominate and confirm or reject a nominee varies widely. Even median durations must be interpreted cautiously. The context surrounding each nomination is particularly important in understanding how long the process takes. Given the advanced ages of some members of the current Court, more vacancies in the near future are widely anticipated. Should those vacancies occur unexpectedly, such as with a sudden retirement or death, the Court could well be operating without a full bench--making the timing of nominations and confirmations even more pressing. In such a scenario, the Senate would likely be under intense pressure to confirm a successor quickly. This report indicates that, from 1900-1980, the President's portion of the process took longer than the Senate's. Since 1981, though, there has been a substantial increase in the median duration between the President's announcement of a nominee and the start of Judiciary Committee hearings. As a result, the Senate's portion of the process has taken longer than the President's. Prior to 1981, lengthy nomination-and-confirmation processes usually occurred because either the Senate was out of session when a vacancy on the Court arose, or the nomination was controversial. In recent decades, by contrast, slower decision-making has taken place during an era when Congress is in session longer than during the early 20th century. 69 On Stone's testimony before the Judiciary Committee regarding the investigation, see Albert W. Fox, "Stone Tells Senate Committee He Assumes Full Responsibility For Pressing New Wheeler Case," Washington Post, Jan. 29, 1925, p. 1. Since 1981, the nomination-and-confirmation process has lasted a median of 113 days--almost twice as long as the 59-day median from 1900-1980. Although the data in Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3 provide a median measure of the process, political context is an essential backdrop for understanding the numbers. The President and the Senate share decision-making responsibilities for placing new Justices on the Court. Ultimately, the choices each institution makes determine how long nominations and confirmations take. One possible explanation for the paradox of slower decisions despite more time in session is that, as some critics on both sides of the aisle contend, Supreme Court nominations have become battlegrounds for larger political debates.70 Another possibility is that the Senate is considering nominations more carefully than in the past, and therefore taking more time to make decisions about nominees. Similarly, the Senate might be using longer decision-making and scrutiny of nominees as a method of counterbalancing presidential power, especially when Senators believe that the President has chosen an unqualified nominee. Some early 20th century appointments to the Supreme Court were confirmed within days of a vacancy occurring. More recent nominations and confirmations, by contrast, typically have taken several weeks or months. How and when a vacancy occurs, the Senate's schedule, Judiciary Committee involvement, institutional customs, and whether or not the nomination is controversial, all affect the speed with which the President nominates, and the Senate passes judgment, on prospective Justices. 70 On increasingly controversial judicial nominations, see chapter 4 in Walter F. Murphy, C. Herman Pritchett, and Lee Epstein, Courts, Judges, & Politics: An Introduction to the Judicial Process, 5th ed. (Boston: McGraw Hill, 2002); [Thomas O. Sargentich, Paul D. Carrington, Barbara E. Reed, Charles Gardner Geyh, and Erwin Chemerinsky], Uncertain Justice: Politics and America's Courts: The Reports of the Task Forces of Citizens for Independent Courts (New York: The Century Foundation, 2000); and Mark Silverstein, Judicious Choices: The New Politics of Supreme Court Confirmations (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1994). gniraeh fo tnediserP ot dettimbus sehguH snavE nosliW h 6191/42/70 6191/42/70 drocer oN 6191/41/70 ekralC .H nhoJ rettel noitangiseR 6191/01/60 selrahC wordooW siednarB ecitsuJ ramaL nosliW 6191/10/60 6191/42/50 6191/90/20 6191/82/10 .D siuoL gniogtuo fo htaeD 6191/20/10 .R hpesoJ wordooW gniraeh fo sdlonyeRcM ecitsuJ notruL nosliW g 4191/92/80 4191/42/80 drocer oN 4191/91/80 .C semaJ gniogtuo fo htaeD 4191/21/70 .H ecaroH wordooW gniraeh fo ecitsuJ nalraH tfaT 2191/31/30 2191/40/30 drocer oN 2191/91/20 yentiP nolhaM gniogtuo fo htaeD 1191/41/01 llahsraM nhoJ drawoH mailliW gniraeh fo ramaL tnemeriter gnizirohtua ydooM tfaT f 0191/51/21 0191/51/21 drocer oN 0191/21/21 .R hpesoJ noitca lanoissergnoC 0191/51/60 .H mailliW drawoH mailliW ecitsuJ feihC gniraeh fo retnaveD eb ot noitanimon etihW etihW tfaT 0191/51/21 0191/51/21 drocer oN 0191/21/21 naV silliW .D drawdE ecitsuJ 0191/21/21 .D drawdE drawoH mailliW ecitsuJ eettimmoC yraiciduJ ot etihW ecitsuJ feihC ,relluF tfaT 0191/21/21 derrefer ton saw noitanimoN 0191/21/21 .D drawdE feihC gniogtuo fo htaeD 0191/40/70 .W ellivleM drawoH mailliW gniraeh fo sehguH ecitsuJ rewerB tfaT 0191/20/50 0191/20/50 drocer oN 0191/52/4 snavE selrahC gniogtuo fo htaeD 0191/82/3 .J divaD drawoH mailliW gniraeh fo notruL ecitsuJ mahkceP tfaT e 9091/02/21 9091/61/21 drocer oN 9091/31/21 .H ecaroH gniogtuo fo htaeD 9091/42/01 .W sufuR drawoH mailliW d eriter ot noitnetni gniraeh fo ydooM fo tnediserP deifiton nworB tlevesooR c 6091/21/21 6091/01/21 drocer oN 6091/70/11 .H mailliW ecitsuJ gniogtuO 6091/80/30 .B yrneH erodoehT gniraeh fo yaD tnemeriter tnenimmi .rJ ,sarihS tlevesooR b a 3091/32/20 3091/32/20 drocer oN 3091/41/10 .R mailliW fo stroper cilbuP 2091/02/80 egroeG erodoehT semloH gniraeh fo lledneW ecitsuJ tlevesooR 2091/40/21 2091/40/21 drocer oN 2091/20/21 revilO gniogtuo fo htaeD 2091/51/90 yarG ecaroH erodoehT noitcA laniF etaneS noitcA laniF gniraeH etaD eenimoN woH nehW eettimmoC tsriF ecitsuJ tnediserP eenimoN fo tnediserP gniogtuO gnitanimoN noitanimoN no setaD noitcA etaneS tnemecnuonnA s'tnediserP ot nwonK emaceB yltnerappA ycnacaV evitcepsorP ro lautcA 6002-0091 ,ssecorP noitamrifnoC-dna-noitanimoN truoC emerpuS eht ni stnevE rojaM . 1 elbaT gniraeh fo tnediserP ot dettimbus retnaveD tlevesooR 7391/71/80 7391/61/80 drocer oN 7391/21/80 kcalB .L oguH rettel tnemeriteR n 7391/81/50 naV silliW .D nilknarF .rJ ,semloH ozodraC tnediserP ot dettimbus lledneW 2391/42/20 2391/32/20 2391/91/20 2391/51/20 .N nimajneB rettel tnemeriteR 2391/21/10 revilO revooH trebreH gniraeh fo streboR etaneS yb detcejer drofnaS 0391/02/50 0391/91/50 drocer oN 0391/90/50 .J newO noitanimon rekraP 0391/70/50 .T drawdE revooH trebreH ecitsuJ drofnaS 0391/70/50 detcejeR 0391/12/40 0391/50/40 0391/12/30 rekraP .J nhoJ gniogtuo fo htaeD 0391/80/30 .T drawdE revooH trebreH ecitsuJ feihC gniraeh fo sehguH tnediserP ot dettimbus tfaT drawoH 0391/31/20 0391/01/20 drocer oN 0391/30/20 snavE selrahC rettel tnemeriteR 0391/30/20 mailliW revooH trebreH 5291/50/20 5291/20/20 5291/62/10 enotS tnemeriter gnimochtrof anneKcM dettimmoceR 5291/12/10 5291/82/10 5291/50/10 .F nalraH fo stroper cilbuP m4291/52/21 hpesoJ egdilooC nivlaC ktnemeriter gniraeh fo drofnaS gnimochtrof decnuonna yentiP 3291/92/10 3291/92/10 drocer oN l3291/90/10 .T drawdE esuoH etihW 2291/61/21 nolhaM gnidraH nerraW gniraeh fo reltuB fo noitanimon 2291/12/21 2291/81/21 drocer oN 2291/50/21 reltuB ecreiP tsrif no noitca fo kcaL 2291/40/21 jnoitca rehtruf fo drocer on htiw ,2291/82/11 no radnelaC gniraeh fo tnemeriter tnenimmi yaD evitucexE no decalP 2291/82/11 drocer oN 2291/32/11 reltuB ecreiP fo stroper cilbuP i2291/50/90 .R mailliW gnidraH nerraW eettimmoC yraiciduJ ot dnalrehtuS tnediserP ot dettimbus ekralC 2291/50/90 derrefer ton saw noitanimoN 2291/50/90 egroeG rettel noitangiseR 2291/50/90 .H nhoJ gnidraH nerraW eettimmoC yraiciduJ ot tfaT drawoH ecitsuJ etihW 1291/03/60 derrefer ton saw noitanimoN 1291/03/60 mailliW gniogtuo fo htaeD 1291/91/50 .D drawdE gnidraH nerraW noitcA laniF etaneS noitcA laniF gniraeH etaD eenimoN woH nehW eettimmoC tsriF ecitsuJ tnediserP eenimoN fo tnediserP gniogtuO gnitanimoN noitanimoN no setaD noitcA etaneS tnemecnuonnA s'tnediserP ot nwonK emaceB yltnerappA ycnacaV evitcepsorP ro lautcA notniM ecitsuJ egdeltuR namurT 9491/40/01 9491/30/01 9491/72/90 9491/51/90 namrehS gniogtuo fo htaeD 9491/01/90 .B yeliW .S yrraH kralC ecitsuJ yhpruM namurT 9491/81/80 9491/21/80 9491/90/80 9491/82/70 .C samohT gniogtuo fo htaeD 9491/91/70 knarF .S yrraH ecitsuJ feihC nosniV ecitsuJ enotS namurT 6491/02/60 6491/91/60 6491/41/60 6491/60/60 .M derF feihC gniogtuo fo htaeD 6491/22/40 .F nalraH .S yrraH gniraeh fo notruB tnediserP ot dettimbus streboR namurT u 5491/91/90 5491/91/90 drocer oN 5491/81/90 .H dloraH rettel tnemeriteR 5491/03/60 .J newO .S yrraH egdeltuR eciffo cilbup rehto senryB tlevesooR 3491/80/20 3491/10/20 3491/22/10 3491/11/10 .B yeliW ot tnemtnioppa senryB t 2491/30/01 .F semaJ .D nilknarF ecitsuJ feihC noskcaJ eb ot noitanimon enotS tlevesooR 1491/70/70 1491/03/60 1491/12/60 1491/21/60 .H treboR enotS .F nalraH 1491/21/60 .F nalraH .D nilknarF ecitsuJ feihC enotS tnediserP ot dettimbus sehguH snavE tlevesooR 1491/72/60 1491/32/60 1491/12/60 1491/21/60 .F nalraH rettel tnemeriteR s491/20/60 selrahC .D nilknarF reriter ot noitnetni eettimmoC yraiciduJ ot senryB fo tnediserP deifiton sdlonyeRcM tlevesooR 1491/21/60 derrefer ton saw noitanimoN 1491/21/60 .F semaJ ecitsuJ gniogtuO 1491/22/10 kralC semaJ .D nilknarF ecitsuJ tlevesooR 0491/61/10 0491/51/10 0491/11/10 0491/40/10 yhpruM knarF gniogtuo fo htaeD 9391/61/11 reltuB ecreiP .D nilknarF salguoD tnediserP ot dettimbus siednarB tlevesooR 9391/40/40 9391/72/30 9391/42/30 9391/02/30 .O mailliW rettel tnemeriteR q 9391/31/20 .D siuoL .D nilknarF retrufknarF ecitsuJ ozodraC tlevesooR 9391/71/10 9391/61/10 9391/01/10 9391/50/10 xileF gniogtuo fo htaeD p 8391/90/70 .N nimajneB .D nilknarF deeR tnediserP ot dettimbus dnalrehtuS tlevesooR 8391/52/10 8391/42/10 8391/02/10 o 8391/51/10 .F yelnatS rettel tnemeriteR 8391/50/10 egroeG .D nilknarF noitcA laniF etaneS noitcA laniF gniraeH etaD eenimoN woH nehW eettimmoC tsriF ecitsuJ tnediserP eenimoN fo tnediserP gniogtuO gnitanimoN noitanimoN no setaD noitcA etaneS tnemecnuonnA s'tnediserP ot nwonK emaceB yltnerappA ycnacaV evitcepsorP ro lautcA 8691/40/01 ,tnediserP yb etov eettimmoc yrrebnrohT ecitsuJ feihC nosnhoJ ff nwardhtiw noitanimoN fo drocer oN 8691/11/70 8691/62/60 remoH eb ot noitanimon satroF 8691/62/60 satroF ebA .B nodnyL )detcejer noitom tnediserP ot dettimbus ecitsuJ feihC nosnhoJ erutolC( 8691/10/01 8691/71/90 8691/11/70 8691/62/60 satroF ebA rettel tnemeriteR ee8691/31/60 nerraW lraE .B nodnyL cceriter ot noitnetni llahsraM fo tnediserP deifiton kralC nosnhoJ 7691/03/80 7691/30/80 7691/31/70 dd 7691/31/60 doogruhT ecitsuJ gniogtuO 7691/82/20 .C samohT .B nodnyL aaeciffo cilbup rehto ot grebdloG nosnhoJ 5691/11/80 5691/01/80 5691/50/80 bbbb 5691/82/70 satroF ebA tnemtnioppa grebdloG 5691/02/70 .J ruhtrA .B nodnyL grebdloG tnediserP ot dettimbus retrufknarF 2691/52/90 2691/52/90 2691/11/90 2691/92/80 .J ruhtrA rettel tnemeriteR z 2691/82/80 xileF ydenneK .F nhoJ etihW xtnediserP yb deviecer rekattihW 2691/11/40 2691/11/40 2691/11/40 y 2691/03/30 .R noryB rettel tnemeriteR 2691/82/30 .E selrahC ydenneK .F nhoJ 9591/50/50 9591/02/40 9591/90/40 9591/71/10 tnediserP ot dettimbus notruB rewohnesiE 8591/41/01 ,tnemtnioppA sseceR trawetS rettoP rettel tnemeriteR 8591/60/01 .H dloraH .D thgiwD wtnemeriter rekattihW gnicnuonna deeR yb deeR rewohnesiE 7591/91/30 7591/81/30 7591/81/30 7591/20/30 .E selrahC dleh ecnerefnoc sserP 7591/13/10 .F yelnatS .D thgiwD 7591/91/30 7591/40/30 7591/62/20 7591/41/10 nannerB tnediserP ot dettimbus notniM rewohnesiE 6591/51/01 ,tnemtnioppa sseceR .J mailliW rettel tnemeriteR 6591/70/90 namrehS .D thgiwD noitanimon )senevnocer II nalraH nalraH fo noitanimon ssergnoC( 5591/61/30 5591/01/30 5591/42/20 5591/01/10 llahsraM nhoJ tsrif no noitca fo kcaL 5591/50/10 II nalraH ecitsuJ noskcaJ rewohnesiE etov etaneS ro ,etov eettimmoc ,gniraeh fo drocer oN v4591/80/11 llahsraM nhoJ gniogtuo fo htaeD 4591/90/01 .H treboR .D thgiwD 4591/10/30 4591/42/20 4591/20/20 4591/11/10 ecitsuJ feihC ecitsuJ nosniV rewohnesiE 3591/20/01 ,tnemtnioppa sseceR nerraW lraE feihC gniogtuo fo htaeD 3591/80/90 .M derF .D thgiwD noitcA laniF etaneS noitcA laniF gniraeH etaD eenimoN woH nehW eettimmoC tsriF ecitsuJ tnediserP eenimoN fo tnediserP gniogtuO gnitanimoN noitanimoN no setaD noitcA etaneS tnemecnuonnA s'tnediserP ot nwonK emaceB yltnerappA ycnacaV evitcepsorP ro lautcA ppnoitanimon laiciffo erofeb grubsniG etaneS yb detcejer )7891/70/11( werdhtiw grubsniG 7891/92/01 .H salguoD noitanimon kroB 7891/32/01 tnemeriter )detcejeR( kroB gnicnuonna llewoP yb .rJ ,llewoP 7891/32/01 7891/60/01 7891/51/90 7891/10/70 .H treboR dleh ecnerefnoc sserP oo 7891/62/60 .F siweL nagaeR dlanoR ecitsuJ feihC eb ot nagaeR yb tsiuqnheR 6891/71/90 6891/41/80 6891/50/80 6891/71/60 ailacS ninotnA noitanimon tsiuqnheR nn 6891/72/50 .H mailliW nagaeR dlanoR eriter ot noitnetni ecitsuJ feihC tsiuqnheR fo tnediserP detrela regruB 6891/71/90 6891/41/80 6891/92/70 6891/71/60 .H mailliW yletavirp ecitsuJ feihC mm6891/72/50 .E nerraW nagaeR dlanoR ronnoC'O tnediserP ot dettimbus trawetS 1891/12/90 1891/51/90 1891/90/90 ll 1891/70/70 yaD ardnaS rettel tnemeriteR kk 1891/81/50 rettoP nagaeR dlanoR snevetS tnediserP ot dettimbus salguoD 5791/71/21 5791/11/21 5791/80/21 jj 5791/82/11 luaP nhoJ rettel tnemeriteR ii 5791/21/11 .O mailliW droF .R dlareG tsiuqnheR tnediserP ot dettimbus II nalraH noxiN 1791/01/21 1791/32/11 1791/30/11 1791/12/01 .H mailliW rettel tnemeriteR 1791/32/90 llahsraM nhoJ .M drahciR .rJ ,llewoP tnediserP ot dettimbus noxiN 1791/60/21 1791/32/11 1791/30/11 1791/12/01 .F siweL rettel tnemeriteR 1791/71/90 kcalB .L oguH .M drahciR numkcalB etaneS yb detcejer 0791/21/50 0791/60/50 0791/92/40 0791/41/40 .A yrraH noitanimon llewsraC 0791/80/40 )detcejeR( llewsraC etaneS yb detcejer 0791/80/40 0791/61/20 0791/72/10 0791/91/10 dlorraH .G noitanimon htrowsnyaH 9691/12/11 .rJ )detcejeR( ,htrowsnyaH tnediserP ot dettimbus noxiN 9691/12/11 9691/90/01 9691/61/90 hh 9691/81/80 .F tnemelC rettel noitangiseR 9691/41/50 satroF ebA .M drahciR )8691/40/01( nosnhoJ tnediserP yb regruB nwardhtiw noitanimon ecitsuJ feihC noxiN 9691/90/60 9691/30/60 9691/30/60 9691/12/50 .E nerraW ecitsuJ feihC satroF gg9691/02/10 nerraW lraE .M drahciR noitcA laniF etaneS noitcA laniF gniraeH etaD eenimoN woH nehW eettimmoC tsriF ecitsuJ tnediserP eenimoN fo tnediserP gniogtuO gnitanimoN noitanimoN no setaD noitcA etaneS tnemecnuonnA s'tnediserP ot nwonK emaceB yltnerappA ycnacaV evitcepsorP ro lautcA .)1 .p ,3091 ,41 .naJ ,tsoP notgnihsaW",tfaT yb denilce"( sdnalsI enippilihP eht fo ronrevoG liviC sa noitisop sih gniunitnoc fo rovaf ni reffo eht denilced tfaT drawoH mailliW retfa ,noitanimon eht yaD dereffo ydaerla dah tlevesooR tnediserP taht 3091 ,41 .naJ sa ylrae sa detroper tsoP notgnihsaW eht ,revewoH .3091 ,91 .beF litnu noitanimon s'yaD ecnuonna yllamrof ton did tlevesooR tnediserP .b .)1 .p ,2091 ,02 .guA ,tsoP notgnihsaW ",noitisoP s'sarihS ecitsuJ enilceD dluoW eH taht feileB :tI tnaW toN yaM xon"( 2091 ,02 .guA tsael ta yb CD ,notgnihsaW ni nwonk llew saw erutraped gnimochtrof s'sarihS taht stseggus egarevoc tsoP notgnihsaW ,revewoH .eriter ot noitnetni s'sarihS ecitsuJ fo denrael tlevesooR erodoehT tnediserP nehw raelcnu si tI .a .woleb seton elbat eht ni sraeppa noitamrofni ecruos lanoitiddA .hcneb eht tfel secitsuJ yhw snosaer eht no atad gnilipmoc ni lufesu yllaicepse saw evaeL ot gnidiceD s'draW .seirarbiL laitnediserP htiw ecnednopserroc SRC dna ,srepap laitnediserp laiciffo ,srepapswen lacirotsih no deiler hcraeser siht ,txet eht ni debircsed sA :secruoS streboR ecitsuJ tsiuqnheR hsuB 5002/92/90 5002/22/90 5002/21/90 5002/50/90 .G nhoJ gniogtuo fo htaeD 5002/30/90 .H mailliW .W egroeG .rJ ,otilA lawardhtiw 6002/13/10 6002/42/10 6002/90/10 5002/13/01 .A leumaS sreiM fo tnemecnuonnA 5002/72/01 tnediserP yb noissimbus -er dna lawardhtiw sgniraeh eettimmoC yraiciduJ fo sreiM noitanimon streboR trats eht erofeb )5002/72/01( eenimon sa werdhtiw sreiM 5002/30/01 .E teirraH fo tnemecnuonnA 5002/50/90 )5002/50/90( ecitsuJ feihC sa detanimon -er ;sgniraeh eettimmoC yraiciduJ fo trats eht erofeb streboR tnediserP ot dettimbus ronnoC'O hsuB )5002/50/90( tnediserP yb nwardhtiw saw noitanimoN 5002/91/70 .G nhoJ rettel tnemeriteR 5002/10/70 yaD ardnaS .W egroeG tnemeriter gnimochtrof reyerB fo tnediserP numkcalB notnilC 4991/92/70 4991/91/70 4991/21/70 4991/31/50 .G nehpetS detrela yletavirp ecitsuJ tt 4991/10/10 .A yrraH .J mailliW grubsniG tnediserP ot dettimbus etihW notnilC 3991/30/80 3991/92/70 3991/02/70 ss 3991/41/60 redaB htuR rettel tnemeriteR rr 3991/91/30 .R noryB .J mailliW samohT tnediserP ot dettimbus llahsraM hsuB 1991/51/01 1991/72/90 1991/01/90 1991/10/70 ecneralC rettel tnemeriteR 1991/72/60 doogruhT .W.H egroeG retuoS tnediserP ot dettimbus nannerB hsuB 0991/20/01 0991/72/90 0991/31/90 qq 0991/32/70 .H divaD rettel tnemeriteR 0991/02/70 .J mailliW .W.H egroeG ydenneK 8891/30/20 8891/72/10 7891/41/21 7891/11/11 .M ynohtnA lawardhtiw grubsniG 7891/70/11 noitcA laniF etaneS noitcA laniF gniraeH etaD eenimoN woH nehW eettimmoC tsriF ecitsuJ tnediserP eenimoN fo tnediserP gniogtuO gnitanimoN noitanimoN no setaD noitcA etaneS tnemecnuonnA s'tnediserP ot nwonK emaceB yltnerappA ycnacaV evitcepsorP ro lautcA .8391 ,9 yluJ no htaed s'ozodraC litnu rucco ton did ecitsuJ wen a etanimon ot deen etinifed a ,)1M .p ,8391 ,01 yluJ ,tsoP notgnihsaW ",.Y.N ni tnemliA traeH ot sbmuccuS larebiL truoC emerpuS" ,sserP detinU( 7391 rebmeceD ecnis hcneb eht morf yawa dna lli neeb dah ozodraC ecitsuJ hguohtlA .p .1 .p ,8391 ,61 .naJ ,semiT kroY weN ".truoC emerpuS .S.U ot demaN deeR .F yelnatS" ,namtlaW nylknarF dna ;1X .p ,8391 ,6 .naJ ,semiT kroY weN ",truoC emerpuS .S.U stiuQ ,57 ,dnalrehtuS" ,thgirblA .C treboR eeS .dnalrehtuS morf tnemecnuonna tnemeriter esirprus a eb ot deredisnoc sretroper ynam tahw etipsed ,deeR fo noitanimon kciuq ylevitaler s'tlevesooR .D nilknarF tnediserP snialpxe spahrep sihT .kcalB oguH ecitsuJ ot tnew yllautneve taht taes 7391 eht rof rennurtnorf a neeb osla dah deeR ecitsuJ .o .04 .p ,7391 ,32 yaM ,semiT kroY weN ",retnaveD naV yb dediA 'taeB` sweN" ees ,tnemecnuonna eht fo gninrom eht no eriter ot noisiced sih fo retroper a gnitrela yletavirp retnaveD naV ecitsuJ fo tnuocca na roF .n .)2 .p ,4291 ,52 .ceD ,tsoP notgnihsaW ",truoC emerpuS eht fo ecitsuJ a sa nooS eriteR ot anneK'M"( 4291 ,52 .ceD no tnemeriter tnenimmi sih detroper aidem eht ,revewoH .5291 ,5 .naJ litnu eriter yllaiciffo ton did anneKcM ecitsuJ .m .)1 .p ,3291 ,9 .naJ ,tsoP notgnihsaW ",truoC emerpuS rof eciohC drofnaS .T.E"( drofnaS etanimon ot dednetni gnidraH tnediserP taht ,3291 ,9 .naJ sa ylrae sa detroper aidem eht ,revewoH .3291 ,42 .naJ litnu drofnaS etanimon yllaiciffo ton did gnidraH nerraW tnediserP .l .)71 .p ,2291 ,71 .ceD ,enubirT yliaD ogacihC ",sngiseR" ( 2291 ,61 .ceD no erutraped gnimochtrof s'yentiP decnuonna esuoH etihW eht ,2291 ,13 .ceD fo sa evitceffe saw noitangiser s'yentiP ecitsuJ hguohtlA .k .2 .p ,2291 ,9 .ceD ,tsoP notgnihsaW ",daetspihS yb denepO reltuB tsniagA thgiF" dna ;21 .p ,2291 ,6 .ceD ,tsoP notgnihsaW ",tsaceroF noitanimoN s'reltuB revO thgiF" eeS .2291 ,5 .ceD no reltuB detanimon -er gnidraH nerraW tnediserP ,2291 ,4 .ceD no ssergnoC ht76 eht fo noisses driht eht fo dne eht yb noitanimon s'reltuB no noitca lanif on koot etaneS eht retfA .j .)1 .p ,2291 ,6 .tpeS ,tsoP notgnihsaW ",hcneB eht evaeL yaM yaD ecitsuJ"( 2291 ,5 .tpeS no gnifeirb esuoH etihW a ta denoitnem saw tnemeriter fo noitaredisnoc s'yaD taht detroper tsoP notgnihsaW eht ,revewoH .2291 ,31 .voN litnu truoC eht evael ton did yaD .i .6191 fo gnirps eht tuohguorht noitangiser sehguH a ta detnih dah stroper aidem ,ngiser dluow sehguH ecitsuJ taht niatrec rof wenk nosliW tnediserP taht etacidni ton seod hcraeser aidem lacirotsih hguohtlA .)1 .p ,6191 ,11 enuJ ,tsoP notgnihsaW ",snacilbupeR daeL ot llaC syebO ,gniR tahT sdroW htiW ,sehguH"( noitanimon laitnediserp nacilbupeR 6191 eht eusrup ot dengiser sehguH ecitsuJ ,6191 ,01 enuJ nO .h .eciohc s'tnediserP eht ot ssergnoC gnitrela yllamrofni ybereht ,)1 .p ,4191 ,91 .guA ,tsoP notgnihsaW ",sdlonyeR'M skciP"( sdlonyeRcM no "dediced yletinifed" dah nosliW wordooW tnediserP taht 91 .guA no detroper tsoP notgnihsaW eht ,4191 ,02 .guA litnu decnuonna ton saw noitanimon s'sdlonyeRcM ecitsuJ hguohtlA .g .)1 .p ,0191 ,51 enuJ ,tsoP notgnihsaW ",eriteR lliW ydooM"( "ydooM .rM fo esac eht revoc ot truoC emerpuS eht morf tnemeriter ot gnitaler etutats eht gnidnetxe llib a fo mrof eht ni ,noitca taht fo regnibrah laer eht detneserp ]0191 ,51 enuJ no[ egdoL rotaneS tub ,tnemeriter fo sromur lanoisacco neeb evah erehT .raey a tsomla rof truoC emerpuS eht ni seitud sih morf ydooM ecitsuJ tpek sah erutan suoires a fo ssenll" ,revewoH .)5 .p ,evaeL ot gnidiceD ,draW( 0191 ,02 .voN litnu truoC eht traped yllautca ton did ydooM ecitsuJ .f .)3 .p ,9091 ,41 .ceD ,tsoP notgnihsaW ",notruL semaN tfaT"( ",hcneb eht no devres eh mohw htiw dna ,sraey rof nwonk sah eh mohw ,notruL egduJ etomorp ot esoprup lanigiro sih ot gnirehda" yldetroper saw ,notruL gnitanimon ni ,tfaT tnediserP ,notruL .H ecaroH fo noitanimon s'tfaT drawoH mailliW tnediserP dna htaed s'mahkceP ecitsuJ neewteb yaled eht etipseD .e .cte ,noitasrevnoc lanosrep ,rettel yb eriter ot erised s'nworB ecitsuJ fo denrael tnediserP eht rehtehw drocer lacirotsih eht morf raelcnu si tI .d .)3 .p ,6091 ,8 .raM ,tsoP notgnihsaW ",llaF eht ni eriteR lliW nworB ecitsuJ :hcneB eht evaeL oT"( eriter ot dehsiw eh taht ,6091 ,8 .raM no ,tnediserP eht deifiton nworB ecitsuJ ,tsoP notgnihsaW eht ot gnidroccA .c .1A .p ,5691 ,12 yluJ ,tsoP notgnihsaW ",tsoP nosnevetS ot demaN si grebdloG" ,kcirtapliK llorraC eeS .nosnevetS .E ialdA ,rodassabma suoiverp eht fo ,5691 ,41 yluJ no htaed eht gniwollof snoitaN detinU eht ot rodassabmA .S.U eb ot grebdloG ecitsuJ detanimon yldetcepxenu nosnhoJ .B nodnyL tnediserP .aa .)5002 ,41 .tpeS ,ylleK norahS naicinhceT ecnerefeR yrarbiL ydenneK dna ylE anaD tsilaicepS noitamrofnI SRC neewteb noitacinummoc liam-e( 2691 ,71 yaM dnuora htlaeh gninilced s'retrufknarF ot ydenneK detrela evah dluow tnediserP eht dna ,ydnuB egroeGcM sriaffA ytiruceS lanoitaN rof tnatsissA laicepS ,retrufknarF neewteb ecnednopserroc taht tseggus selif eciffo s'ydenneK ,ylleK norahS naicinhceT ecnerefeR yrarbiL ydenneK ot gnidroccA .)656 .p ,)3691 ,OPG :notgnihsaW( ,2691 ,ydenneK .F nhoJ :setatS detinU eht fo stnediserP eht fo srepaP cilbuP ,retsigeR laredeF eht fo eciffO ,noitartsinimdA sdroceR dna sevihcrA lanoitaN .S.U( 2691 fo remmus eht gnirud emitemos htlaeh sih no kcehc ot retrufknarF ot diap tnediserP eht tisiv a secnerefer tnemeriter sih gnitpecca retrufknarF ecitsuJ ot rettel s'ydenneK .nwod deppets retrufknarF erofeb llew seenimon evitcepsorp gniredisnoc saw ydenneK tnediserP taht tseggus ,tnemeriter sih ot pu gnidael skeew eht ni htlaeh roop s'retrufknarF ecitsuJ dna ,grebdloG fo noitanimon kciuq s'ydenneK tnediserP ,revewoH .eriter ot noitnetni s'retrufknarF ecitsuJ fo denrael ydenneK tnediserP hcihw ta tniop tseilrae eht sa ,atad elbaliava no desab dehsilbatse eb nac hcihw etad evitinifed ylno eht si ,2691 ,82 .guA .z .ycnacav decnuonna ,2691 ,82 .raM eht fo ecnavda ni etadidnac truoC emerpuS a sa etihW deredisnoc evah thgim ydenneK ,revewoh ,noitca kciuq ylevitaler eht neviG .)1A .p ,1 .rpA ,tsoP notgnihsaW ",truoC hgiH rof eniL nI eerhT fo enO saW etihW" ,notyalC .E semaJ( )2691 ,03 hcraM no( "thgin yadirF decnuonna saw noitceles eht erofeb sruoh wef a tsuj edam yltnerappa saw" etihW etanimon ot noisiced s'ydenneK tnediserP ,tnuocca sserp a ot gnidroccA .y .5002 ,41 .tpeS ,ylleK norahS naicinhceT ecnerefeR yrarbiL ydenneK dna ylE anaD tsilaicepS noitamrofnI SRC neewteb noitacinummoc liam-e no desab si noitamrofni sihT .x .011-901 .pp ,)8591 ,OPG :notgnihsaW( 7591 ,rewohnesiE .D thgiwD :setatS detinU eht fo stnediserP eht fo srepaP cilbuP ,retsigeR laredeF eht fo eciffO ,noitartsinimdA sdroceR dna sevihcrA lanoitaN .S.U ",truoC emerpuS eht fo ecitsuJ etaicossA nA sa ecivreS evitcA morF tnemeriteR siH gnidrageR deeR yelnatS ot retteL" ees ,rewohnesiE dna deeR neewteb ecnednopserroc 13 .naJ eht roF .7591 ,13 .naJ no derrucco stneve htob ,sseldrageR .)361-261 .pp ,evaeL ot gnidiceD ,draW( ecnerefnoc sserp a hguorht tnemeriter sih decnuonna deeR taht stressa tnuocca s'draW sumetrA tsitneics lacitilop ,revewoH .)1A .p ,7591 ,1 .beF ,tsoP notgnihsaW ",truoC hgiH morF gniriteR sI deeR" ,drailloF .T drawdE( rewohnesiE ot rettel a dna ecnerefnoc sserp a denoitnem egarevoc aidem yraropmetnoC .raelcnu si deeR morf rettel a ro ecnerefnoc sserp eht hguorht tnemeriter s'deeR ecitsuJ fo denrael tsrif rewohnesiE tnediserP rehtehW .w .edam saw noitanimon eht fo tnemecnuonna rehtona taht tseggus ton seod ecnedivE .ssergnoC ht48 eht fo noisses tsrif eht fo trats eht retfa syad evif ,5591 ,01 .naJ no truoC eht ot nalraH detanimon-er rewohnesiE tnediserP .4591 ,2 .ceD no tnemnruojda lanif s'ssergnoC dr38 eht erofeb noitanimon nalraH eht no noitca lanif on koot etaneS ehT .v .)5002 ,2 .tpeS ,llewoS ydnaR tsivihcrA yrarbiL namurT dna ylE anaD tsilaicepS noitamrofnI SRC neewteb noitacinummoc liam-e( "retfaereht noos ro" etad taht no rettel eht deviecer namurT .5491 ,03 yluJ detad si rettel tnemeriter s'streboR ecitsuJ ,)1 .p ,5491 ,6 yluJ ,semiT selegnA soL ",ngiseR streboR dna uahtnagroM" ,sserP detinU( 5491 ,5 yluJ litnu eriter ot noitnetni s'streboR ecitsuJ ecnuonna ton did namurT tnediserP hguohtlA .u .54 .p ,2491 ,4 .tcO ,semiT kroY weN ",tnediserP ot retteL ni hcneB morF sngiseR senryB" ,sserP detaicossA ees ,tsop wen sih ot truoC eht morf noitisnart s'senryB fo yrammus a roF .raelcnu si etad esicerp eht hguohtla ,noitangiser lamrof eht ot roirp truoC eht no ycnacav gnidnepmi na fo erawa ,erofereht ,saw tlevesooR .ytilibatS cimonocE fo rotceriD gnimoceb ,2491 ,3 .tcO no tseuqer s'tlevesooR tnediserP ta dengiser senryB ecitsuJ .t .tnemeriter sih decnuonna sehguH litnu esira ton did eenimon wen a rof deen etinifed eht ,)1 .p ,1491 ,3 enuJ ,enubirT yliaD ogacihC ",truoC morF seriteR sehguH" ,nahorT retlaW( rettel tnemeriter lamrof sih fo noissimbus ot roirp "shtnom emos deromur" neeb dah htlaeh roop dna ega ot eud tnemeriter s'sehguH ecitsuJ feihC hguohtlA .s .cte ,noitasrevnoc lanosrep ,rettel yb eriter ot erised s'sdlonyeRcM ecitsuJ fo denrael tnediserP eht rehtehw drocer lacirotsih eht morf raelcnu si tI .r .rosseccus a redisnoc ot eciton ecnavda elttil dah tlevesooR tnediserP taht gnitseggus ,tpurba deredisnoc saw tnemeriter sih ,sselehtenoN .)1 .p ,9391 ,41 .beF ,semiT selegnA soL ",stiuQ ,truoC emerpuS fo naeD ,siednarB ecitsuJ" ,sserP detinU( tnemeriter sih gnicnuonna ot roirp ,kcatta traeh a morf gnirevocer ,htnom a rof hcneb eht morf yawa neeb dah siednarB ecitsuJ .q .5791 ,82 .voN no derrucco tnemecnuonna ehT .)1A .p ,5791 ,92 .voN ,tsoP notgnihsaW ",tsiruJ ogacihC skciP droF" ,hciR recnepS( yad emas eht snevetS ,fo eciohc sih ecnuonna sa llew sa ,etanimon ot dediced dah tnediserP eht taht delaever nesseN noR yraterceS sserP esuoH etihW ,ecnerefnoc sserp ,5791 ,92 .voN a gniruD .jj .rettel tnemeriter 5791 ,21 .voN s'salguoD ecitsuJ litnu esira yllaiciffo ton did ycnacav a dna ,5791 ,9 .guA litnu ycnediserp eht emussa ton did eh ecnis ecitsuJ tnemecalper a redisnoc ot emit elttil ylevitaler dah evah dluow droF tnediserP ,revewoH .)1A .p ,5791 ,31 .voN ,tsoP notgnihsaW ",truoC morF seriteR salguoD" ,eizneKcaM .P nhoJ( ekorts a dereffus eh nehw ,4791 ,13 .ceD ecnis noitseuq ni neeb dah htlaeh s'salguoD ecitsuJ .)5002 ,21 .tpeS ,narhcoC auhsoJ naicinhceT tsivihcrA yrarbiL droF dna ylE anaD tsilaicepS noitamrofnI SRC neewteb noitacinummoc liam-e( ",ecitsuj wen a gnitnioppa nehw redisnoc ot ]tnediserP eht[ rof srotcaf" dereffo dna ,5791 ,01 .voN no droF dlareG tnediserP ot rettel a ni truoC eht no "ycnacav elbissop a ta ]de[tnih" yldetroper regruB nerraW ecitsuJ feihC .ii .4B .p ,9691 ,7 .guA ,tsoP notgnihsaW ",tiH eciohC truoC hgiH elbissoP" ,PA eeS .6 .guA sa ylrae sa tsael ta eenimon eht eb dluow htrowsnyaH taht detaluceps stnuocca aidem ,htrowsnyaH etanimon ot ,9691 ,81 .guA litnu detiaw noxiN .M drahciR tnediserP hguohtlA .hh .)093 .p ,1791 ,)OPG :notgnihsaW( ,0791 ,noxiN drahciR :setatS detinU eht fo stnediserP eht fo srepaP cilbuP ,retsigeR laredeF eht fo eciffO ,noitartsinimdA sdroceR dna sevihcrA lanoitaN .S.U( 8691 ,1 enuJ dna 1 yaM neewteb saw noisiced noitanimon a rof etad tegrat sih taht dna ",gnittis saw truoC eht taht emit a ta ekil eht dna sgniraeh etaneS eht ylbissop evah neht dna ,hcraM ro yraurbeF ni ,yas ,nwod og noitanimon a evah ot ecitsuJ feihC eht rof dna truoC eht rof tcepser fo kram reporp a eb ton dluow ti" thguoht eh taht detroper noxiN .noitanimon regruB eht gnidnuorrus ssecorp gnikam-noisiced sih fo noissucsid deliated yllausunu na dereffo noxiN tnediserP ,sretroper htiw noitasrevnoc ,9691 yaM a nI .)CD ,notgnihsaW ,ssergnoC fo yrarbiL ,noisiviD tpircsunaM ,srepaP nerraW lraE ,8691 ,4 .ceD ",ecitsuJ feihC eht yb tnemetatS"( demrifnoc saw rosseccus a litnu gnivres eunitnoc ot gnilliw saw eh taht noxiN .M drahciR tcele-tnediserP demrofni nerraW ecitsuJ feihC ,8691 ,3 .ceD nO .)4201 .p ,)0791 ,OPG :notgnihsaW( 2 .lov ,96-8691 ,nosnhoJ .B nodnyL :setatS detinU eht fo stnediserP eht fo srepaP cilbuP ,retsigeR laredeF eht fo eciffO ,noitartsinimdA sdroceR dna sevihcrA lanoitaN .S.U( liaverp ssenriaf dna nosaer ,sedisbus msilanoitome litnu ]eciffo ni[ gniniamer ]nerraW lraE[ ecitsuJ feihC tneserp eht yb devres retteb eb dluow tnemnrevog fo snoitadnuof eht ,secnatsmucric eht rednU" ,taht dna yranidroartxe saw noitautis eht ",semit yranidro" ni noitanimon rehtona edam evah dluow eh hguohtla taht etorw tnediserP ehT .noisiced sih no detarobale nosnhoJ ,retal syad thgiE .)905 .p ,6691 ,)OPG :notgnihsaW( 2 .lov ,96-8691 ,nosnhoJ .B nodnyL :setatS detinU eht fo stnediserP eht fo srepaP cilbuP ,retsigeR laredeF eht fo eciffO ,noitartsinimdA sdroceR dna sevihcrA lanoitaN .S.U( eenimon rehtona eman ton dluow eh taht ,8691 ,2 .tcO no decnuonna nosnhoJ tnediserP ,deliaf noitanimon ecitsuJ feihC satroF ebA eht retfA .srewop gnikam-noisiced laiciffo s'noxiN tnediserP fo gninnigeb eht skram ti esuaceb ycnacav eht rof etad gnitrats eht sa desu si ,)noitaruguani s'noxiN .M drahciR fo etad eht( 9691 ,02 .naJ .gg .)1 .p ,9691 ,72 enuJ ,tsoP notgnihsaW ",dneirf JBL esolC ',larebiL evitcurtsnoC` :yrrebnrohT remoH" ,snoyL .L drahciR( ",eciffo tfel ]nosnhoJ[ eh erofeb truoC emerpuS eht ot yrrebnrohT eman ot sraey ruof tsal eht rof dennalp sah nosnhoJ .rM taht erus era lotipaC eht ta snaxeT emo]s[" taht detroper saw ti ,8691 ,62 enuJ no noitanimon ecitsuJ feihC satroF eht litnu esira ton did ecitsuJ etaicossA wen a eman ot ytinutroppo cificeps a hguohtlA .ff .)647 .p ,0791 ,)OPG :notgnihsaW( 1 .lov ,96-8691 ,nosnhoJ .B nodnyL :setatS detinU eht fo stnediserP eht fo srepaP cilbuP ,retsigeR laredeF eht fo eciffO ,noitartsinimdA sdroceR dna sevihcrA lanoitaN .S.U( 8691 ,31 enuJ no rettel tnemeriter s'nerraW deviecer eh ,62 enuJ litnu tnemeriter s'nerraW ecitsuJ feihC ecnuonna ton did nosnhoJ tnediserP hguohtlA .ee .)1A .p ,tsoP notgnihsaW ,7691 ,]41 enuJ ",truoC ot llahsraM semaN JBL" ,eizneKcaM .P nhoJ( "truoc tsehgih s'noitaN eht rof mih moorg ot evom a ylraelc demees dah ,lareneG roticiloS emoceb ot slaeppA fo truoC tiucriC .S.U d2 eht no taes emitefil a morf ,tseuqer s'tnediserP eht ta ,oga sraey owt noitangiser s'llahsraM" ,troper tsoP notgnihsaW 7691 a ot gnidroccA .noitanimon lamrof eht erofeb truoC eht ot tnemtnioppa rof llahsraM gniredisnoc yldetroper saw nosnhoJ ecnis ,esirprus on saw noitanimon s'llahsraM ,noitanimon satroF 5691 eht ekiL .dd .)071 .p ,evaeL ot gnidiceD ,draW( "truoC eht morf nwod deppets rehtaf sih fi lareneg yenrotta tnenamrep eht deman eb ylno dluoc eh taht yesmaR dlot nosnhoJ ,7691 ,52 yraunaJ nO" .lareneG yenrottA eb ot ,yesmaR ,nos s'kralC ecitsuJ detanimon ot deraperp tnediserP eht nehw ,7691 .naJ sa ylrae sa tnemeriter s'kralC detpmorp evah thgim nosnhoJ taht stseggus ecnedive lacirotsih ,7691 ,82 .beF no tnemeriter gnimochtrof sih decnuonna kralC ecitsuJ taht tcaf eht etipseD .cc .)897 .p ,7691 ,)OPG :notgnihsaW( 2 .lov ,6691 ,nosnhoJ .B nodnyL :setatS detinU eht fo stnediserP eht fo srepaP cilbuP ,retsigeR laredeF eht fo eciffO ,noitartsinimdA sdroceR dna sevihcrA lanoitaN .S.U( ",shtnom 02 eht ni snoisacco suoremun no" noitanimon eht dessucsid dah satroF dna eh taht dias nosnhoJ tnediserP ,noitanimon s'satroF gnicnuonna ecnerefnoc sserp eht tA .gnisirprusnu noitanimon s'satroF dna noitangiser s'grebdloG neewteb keew eno ylno fo pag eht gnikam ,ycnacav grebdloG eht erofeb gnol satroF etanimon ot dediced yltnerappa nosnhoJ tnediserP ,5691 ,82 yluJ litnu detanimon ton saw satroF ecitsuJ hguohtlA .bb .)795 .p ,)5991 ,OPG :notgnihsaW( 1 .lov ,4991 ,notnilC .J mailliW :setatS detinU eht fo stnediserP eht fo srepaP cilbuP ,retsigeR laredeF eht fo eciffO ,noitartsinimdA sdroceR dna sevihcrA lanoitaN .S.U( .4991 ,6 lirpA no tnemeriter s'numkcalB decnuonna ylcilbup notnilC .) .81 .p ,4991 ,52 .rpA ,lanruoJ waL yesreJ weN ",snalP tnemeriteR diH numkcalB woH" ,oruaM ynoT( mret tsal sih eb dluow siht taht ,.C.S ,daeH notliH ni yadiloh s'raeY weN eht revo dnekeeW ecnassianeR ta notnilC lliB tnediserP dlot" yldetroper numkcalB ecitsuJ ecnis ,noitamitse thgils a si 4991 ,1 .naJ .tt .)348 .p ,)4991 ,OPG :notgnihsaW( 1 .lov ,3991 ,notnilC .J mailliW :setatS detinU eht fo stnediserP eht fo srepaP cilbuP ,retsigeR laredeF eht fo eciffO ,noitartsinimdA sdroceR dna sevihcrA lanoitaN .S.U( 31 enuJ fo gnineve eht no noitanimon eht tpecca ot grubsniG deksa eh taht hceeps noitanimon sih ni deton notnilC tnediserP ,revewoH .3991 ,41 enuJ no noitanimon s'grubsniG decnuonna notnilC .J mailliW tnediserP .ss .3991 ,91 .raM eht no rettel eht dereviled ,esuoH etihW eht ni gnikrow neht yb ,skrelc wal remrof s'etihW ecitsuJ fo enO .381 .n ,381 .p ,evaeL ot gnidiceD ,draW dna )734 .p ,8991 , sserP eerF :kroY weN( etihW .R noryB ecitsuJ fo tiartroP A :etihW rezzihW ecnO saW ohW naM ehT ,nosnihctuH .J sinneD ees ,3991 ,81 .raM no gninnigeb tnediserP eht ot rettel tnemeriter s'etihW ecitsuJ gnirrefsnart fo sliated eht nO .rr .)1501 .p ,)2991 ,OPG :notgnihsaW( 2 .lov ,0991 ,hsuB egroeG :setatS detinU eht fo stnediserP eht fo srepaP cilbuP ,retsigeR laredeF eht fo eciffO ,noitartsinimdA sdroceR dna sevihcrA lanoitaN .S.U( yad taht litnu eenimon lanif a no dediced ton dah eh taht retuoS gnitanimon ecnerefnoc sserp ,0991 ,32 yluJ a ni detats hsuB .W .H egroeG tnediserP .qq .)6A .p ,7891 ,9 .voN ,tsoP notgnihsaW ",eciohC ylekiL ydenneK egduJ" ,sukraM htuR dna nonnaC uoL( "rosseforp wal dravraH a elihw anaujiram dekoms dah" eh taht gniwardhtiw erofeb yltrohs dettimda grubsniG ,noitanimon eht gnidnuorrus seisrevortnoc rehto gnomA .grubsniG etanimon ot noitnetni sih decnuonna dah nagaeR tnediserP retfa tub ,detanimon yllaiciffo gnieb erofeb noitaredisnoc morf eman sih werdhtiw grubsniG egduJ .pp .)1A .p ,7891 ,72 enuJ ,tsoP notgnihsaW ",htlaeH ,egA setiC tarcomeD detnioppA-noxiN" ,nemaK lA( "noitangiser eht fo gninraw ecnavda on dah" yldetroper nagaeR tnediserP .oo .ecitsuJ etaicossA na sa tsiuqnheR deeccus ot enoemos etanimon ot ytinutroppo eht fo ,nrut ni dna ,ecitsuJ feihC ot ecitsuJ etaicossA morf tsiuqnheR etavele ot ytinutroppo gnimochtrof eht fo tnediserP eht detrela )72 yaM no nagaeR tnediserP ot nwonk( eriter ot noitnetni s'regruB ecitsuJ feihC esuaceb desu si etad ,6891 ,72 yaM ehT .nn .)187 .p ,)9891 ,OPG :notgnihsaW( 2 .lov ,6891 ,nagaeR dlanoR :setatS detinU eht fo stnediserP eht fo srepaP cilbuP ,retsigeR laredeF eht fo eciffO ,noitartsinimdA sdroceR dna sevihcrA lanoitaN .S.U ",ecitsuJ etaicossA na eB oT ailacS ninotnA dna ecitsuJ feihC eB oT tsiuqnheR .H mailliW fo snoitanimoN eht dna regruB .E nerraW ecitsuJ feihC truoC emerpuS fo noitangiseR eht no skrameR"( 6891 ,72 yaM no snalp sih fo nagaeR demrofni yletavirp regruB ,eriter ot erised sih fo ,6891 ,71 enuJ no rettel yb ,nagaeR tnediserP deifiton yllaiciffo regruB ecitsuJ feihC hguohtlA .mm .kcehc dnuorgkcab eht dessap dah ehs retfa ,1891 ,91 .guA litnu reh etanimon yllamrof ton did nagaeR tnediserP .)795 .p ,)2891 ,OPG :notgnihsaW( ,1891 ,nagaeR dlanoR :setatS detinU eht fo stnediserP eht fo srepaP cilbuP ,retsigeR laredeF eht fo eciffO ,noitartsinimdA sdroceR dna sevihcrA lanoitaN .S.U( kcehc dnuorgkcab IBF deriuqer a fo noitelpmoc nopu ronnoC'O egduJ etanimon ot "noitnetni sih decnuonna" nagaeR tnediserP ,1891 ,7 yluJ nO .tnatropmi ylralucitrap si noitanimon lamrof eht dna eenimon eht fo tnemecnuonna fo setad eht neewteb noitcnitsid eht ,esac siht nI .ll .935 .p ,)2891 ,OPG :notgnihsaW( 1891 ,nagaeR dlanoR :setatS detinU eht fo stnediserP eht fo srepaP cilbuP ,retsigeR laredeF eht fo eciffO ,noitartsinimdA sdroceR dna sevihcrA lanoitaN .S.U( 1891 ,81 yaM no nagaeR dlanoR tnediserP ot ,eriter ot erised sih gnitats ,rettel a dereviled trawetS ,1891 ,81 enuJ litnu cilbup edam ton saw eriter ot noisiced s'trawetS ecitsuJ hguohtlA .kk 381 3 0 drocer oN fo drocer oN 081 .R hpesoJ lanoissergnoC d 0191/51/60 .H mailliW mailliW ecitsuJ feihC eb ot tnediserP gniraeh fo gniraeh retnaveD yb noitanimon etihW tfaT drawoH 3 3 0 drocer oN fo drocer oN 0 naV silliW etihW 0191/21/21 .D drawdE mailliW eettimmoC eettimmoC eettimmoC yraiciduJ yraiciduJ yraiciduJ ot ot derrefer ot derrefer ecitsuJ ecitsuJ feihC derrefer ton ton saw ton saw etihW feihC gniogtuo relluF tfaT drawoH 161 0 saw .moN noitanimoN noitanimoN 161 .D drawdE fo htaeD 0191/40/70 .W ellivleM mailliW sehguH ecitsuJ gniraeh fo gniraeh snavE gniogtuo rewerB tfaT drawoH 53 7 0 drocer oN fo drocer oN 82 selrahC fo htaeD 0191/82/30 .J divaD mailliW ecitsuJ gniraeh fo gniraeh notruL gniogtuo mahkceP tfaT drawoH 95 7 4 drocer oN fo drocer oN 05 .H ecaroH fo htaeD 9091/42/01 .W sufuR mailliW ceriter ot noitnetni fo tnediserP gniraeh fo gniraeh ydooM deifiton ecitsuJ nworB tlevesooR 972 53 2 drocer oN fo drocer oN 442 .H mailliW gniogtuO b 6091/80/30 .B yrneH erodoehT tnemeriter gniraeh fo gniraeh yaD tnenimmi fo .rJ ,sarihS tlevesooR 781 04 0 drocer oN fo drocer oN 741 .R mailliW stroper cilbuP a 2091/02/80 egroeG erodoehT semloH ecitsuJ gniraeh fo gniraeh lledneW gniogtuo yarG tlevesooR 08 2 0 drocer oN fo drocer oN 87 revilO fo htaeD 2091/51/90 ecaroH erodoehT noitca noitca noitca tnem etaneS etaneS lanif noitca lanif gnisrraeh -ecnuonna lanif ot tnem etaneS ot eettimmoc otttniefm n a t on woH nehW ot etad t -ecnuonna noitca lanif ot gsriirF eh -ecnuonna noiyaniamaV ecitsuJ tnediserP gnitratS noitanimoN eettimmoC noitanimoN ot cn c eenimoN gniogtuO gnitanimoN tnediserP ot nwonK ...morf despale syad fo rebmuN emaceB yltnerappA ycnacaV evitcepsorP ro lautcA 6002-0091 ,ssecorP noitamrifnoC-dna-noitanimoN truoC emerpuS eht ni stnevE rojaM neewteB syaD ni noitaruD .2 elbaT tsrif no 4 61 3 drocer oN fo drocer oN 1 ecreiP noitca fo kcaL 2291/40/21 tnemeriter noitca noitca gniraeh gniraeh fo gniraeh reltuB tnenimmi fo yaD gnidraH f lanif oN etaneS oN fo drocer oN drocer oN fo drocer oN 97 ecreiP stroper cilbuP 2291/50/90 .R mailliW nerraW eettimmoC eettimmoC eettimmoC yraiciduJ yraiciduJ yraiciduJ tnediserP ot derrefer ot derrefer ot derrefer ot dettimbus ton saw ton saw ton saw dnalrehtuS rettel ekralC gnidraH 0 0 noitanimoN noitanimoN noitanimoN 0 egroeG noitangiseR 2291/50/90 .H nhoJ nerraW eettimmoC eettimmoC eettimmoC yraiciduJ yraiciduJ yraiciduJ ot derrefer ot derrefer ot derrefer tfaT ecitsuJ ton saw ton saw ton saw drawoH gniogtuo etihW gnidraH 24 0 noitanimoN noitanimoN noitanimoN 24 mailliW fo htaeD 1291/91/50 .D drawdE nerraW eciffo sehguH gniraeh fo gniraeh ekralC lacitilop eusrup snavE nosliW 44 01 0 drocer oN fo drocer oN 43 .H nhoJ ot noitangiseR e 6191/01/60 selrahC wordooW ecitsuJ siednarB gniogtuo ramaL nosliW 151 521 8 501 21 62 .D siuoL fo htaeD 6191/20/10 .R hpesoJ wordooW ecitsuJ gniraeh fo gniraeh sdlonyeRcM gniogtuo notruL nosliW 84 01 5 drocer oN fo drocer oN 83 .C semaJ fo htaeD 4191/21/70 .H ecaroH wordooW ecitsuJ nalraH gniraeh fo gniraeh yentiP gniogtuo llahsraM tfaT drawoH 151 32 9 drocer oN fo drocer oN 821 nolhaM fo htaeD 1191/41/01 nhoJ mailliW tnemeriter gnizirohtua gniraeh fo gniraeh ramaL noitca ydooM tfaT drawoH noitca noitca noitca tnem etaneS etaneS lanif noitca lanif gnisrraeh -ecnuonna lanif ot tnem etaneS ot eettimmoc otttniefm n a t on woH nehW ot etad -ecnuonna noitca lanif ot gsriirF eh -ecnuonna noiyaniamaV t ecitsuJ tnediserP gnitratS noitanimoN eettimmoC noitanimoN ot cn c eenimoN gniogtuO gnitanimoN tnediserP ot nwonK ...morf despale syad fo rebmuN emaceB yltnerappA ycnacaV evitcepsorP ro lautcA tnediserP ot dettimbus gniraeh fo gniraeh kcalB rettel retnaveD tlevesooR 19 5 1 drocer oN fo drocer oN 68 .L oguH tnemeriteR i 7391/81/50 naV silliW .D nilknarF eriter ot noitnetni fo tnediserP .rJ ,semloH ozodraC deifiton ecitsuJ lledneW revooH 34 9 1 4 4 43 .N nimajneB gniogtuO 2391/21/10 revilO trebreH etaneS yb detcejer gniraeh fo gniraeh streboR noitanimon drofnaS revooH 31 11 1 drocer oN fo drocer oN 2 .J newO rekraP 0391/70/50 .T drawdE trebreH ecitsuJ rekraP gniogtuo drofnaS revooH 06 74 61 61 51 31 .J nhoJ fo htaeD 0391/80/30 .T drawdE trebreH tnediserP sehguH ot dettimbus tfaT gniraeh fo gniraeh snavE rettel drawoH revooH 01 01 3 drocer oN fo drocer oN 0 selrahC tnemeriteR 0391/30/20 mailliW trebreH tnemeriter enotS tnenimmi fo anneKcM egdilooC 24 13 3 h 5 32 11 .F nalraH stroper cilbuP h 4291/52/21 hpesoJ nivlaC gtnemeriter gnimochtrof gniraeh fo gniraeh drofnaS decnuonna yentiP gnidraH 44 02 0 drocer oN fo drocer oN 42 .T drawdE esuoH etihW 2291/61/21 nolhaM nerraW reltuB gniraeh fo gniraeh reltuB fo noitanimon noitca noitca noitca tnem etaneS etaneS lanif noitca lanif gnisrraeh -ecnuonna lanif ot tnem etaneS ot eettimmoc otttniefm n a t on woH nehW ot etad -ecnuonna noitca lanif ot gsriirF eh -ecnuonna noiyaniamaV t ecitsuJ tnediserP gnitratS noitanimoN eettimmoC noitanimoN ot cn c eenimoN gniogtuO gnitanimoN tnediserP ot nwonK ...morf despale syad fo rebmuN emaceB yltnerappA ycnacaV evitcepsorP ro lautcA egdeltuR tnemtnioppa senryB tlevesooR 821 82 7 01 11 001 .B yeliW senryB n 2491/30/01 .F semaJ .D nilknarF ecitsuJ feihC eb ot tnediserP noskcaJ yb noitanimon enotS tlevesooR 52 52 7 9 9 0 .H treboR enotS 1491/21/60 .F nalraH .D nilknarF tnediserP ecitsuJ feihC ot dettimbus sehguH enotS rettel snavE tlevesooR 52 51 4 2 9 01 .F nalraH tnemeriteR m1491/20/60 selrahC .D nilknarF l eettimmoC eettimmoC eettimmoC eriter yraiciduJ yraiciduJ yraiciduJ ot noitnetni ot derrefer ot derrefer ot derrefer fo tnediserP ton saw ton saw ton saw senryB deifiton ecitsuJ sdlonyeRcM tlevesooR 141 0 noitanimoN noitanimoN noitanimoN 141 .F semaJ gniogtuO 1491/22/10 .C semaJ .D nilknarF ecitsuJ yhpruM gniogtuo reltuB tlevesooR 16 21 1 4 7 94 knarF fo htaeD 9391/61/11 ecreiP .D nilknarF tnediserP ot dettimbus salguoD rettel siednarB tlevesooR k 05 51 8 3 4 53 .O mailliW tnemeriteR 9391/31/20 .D siuoL .D nilknarF ecitsuJ retrufknarF gniogtuo ozodraC .N tlevesooR j 291 21 1 6 5 081 xileF fo htaeD 8391/90/70 nimajneB .D nilknarF tnediserP ot dettimbus deeR rettel dnalrehtuS tlevesooR 02 01 1 4 5 01 .F yelnatS tnemeriteR 8391/50/10 egroeG .D nilknarF noitca noitca noitca tnem etaneS etaneS lanif noitca lanif gnisrraeh -ecnuonna lanif ot tnem etaneS ot eettimmoc otttniefm n a t on woH nehW ot etad -ecnuonna noitca lanif ot gsriirF eh -ecnuonna noiyaniamaV t ecitsuJ tnediserP gnitratS noitanimoN eettimmoC noitanimoN ot cn c eenimoN gniogtuO gnitanimoN tnediserP ot nwonK ...morf despale syad fo rebmuN emaceB yltnerappA ycnacaV evitcepsorP ro lautcA 74 71 1 0 61 03 .E selrahC sserP 7591/13/10 .F yelnatS .D thgiwD tnediserP 391 46 51 6 34 ot dettimbus q921 nannerB rettel notniM rewohnesiE 6591/51/01 ,tnemtnioppa sseceR 83 .J mailliW tnemeriteR 6591/70/90 namrehS .D thgiwD 07 56 6 41 54 5 larrefer larrefer eettimmoc eettimmoc retfa noitca retfa noitca noitca II nalraH ecitsuJ lanif fo noitca lanif eettimmoc eettimmoc gniraeh llahsraM gniogtuo noskcaJ rewohnesiE drocer oN fo drocer oN fo drocer oN drocer oN fo drocer oN 03 nhoJ fo htaeD 4591/90/01 .H treboR .D thgiwD ecitsuJ ecitsuJ feihC 471 94 5 22 22 p521 feihC gniogtuo nosniV rewohnesiE 3591/20/01 ,tnemtnioppa sseceR 42 nerraW lraE fo htaeD 3591/80/90 .M derF .D thgiwD ecitsuJ notniM gniogtuo egdeltuR namurT 42 91 1 6 21 5 namrehS fo htaeD 9491/01/90 .B yeliW .S yrraH ecitsuJ kralC gniogtuo yhpruM namurT 03 12 6 3 21 9 .C samohT fo htaeD 9491/91/70 knarF .S yrraH ecitsuJ ecitsuJ feihC nosniV feihC gniogtuo enotS namurT 95 41 1 5 8 54 .M derF fo htaeD 6491/22/40 .F nalraH .S yrraH tnediserP ot dettimbus gniraeh fo gniraeh notruB rettel streboR namurT 18 1 0 drocer oN fo drocer oN 08 .H dloraH tnemeriteR o 5491/03/60 .J newO .S .yrraH eciffo cilbup rehto ot noitca noitca noitca tnem etaneS etaneS lanif noitca lanif gnisrraeh -ecnuonna lanif ot tnem etaneS ot eettimmoc otttniefm n a t on woH nehW ot etad -ecnuonna noitca lanif ot gsriirF eh -ecnuonna noiyaniamaV t ecitsuJ tnediserP gnitratS noitanimoN eettimmoC noitanimoN ot cn c eenimoN gniogtuO gnitanimoN tnediserP ot nwonK ...morf despale syad fo rebmuN emaceB yltnerappA ycnacaV evitcepsorP ro lautcA nwardhtiw yb nwardhtiw lanif fo yrrebnrohT yb noitanimon nosnhoJ noitanimoN noitanimoN fo drocer oN drocer oN 51 0 remoH satroF y 8691/62/60 satroF ebA .B nodnyL tnediserP ot dettimbus ecitsuJ feihC rettel nerraW nosnhoJ 011 79 41 86 51 31 satroF ebA tnemeriteR x8691/31/60 lraE .B nodnyL w eriter ot noitnetni fo tnediserP llahsraM deifiton ecitsuJ kralC nosnhoJ 381 87 72 12 03 501 doogruhT gniogtuO 7691/82/20 .C samohT .B nodnyL v eciffo cilbup rehto ot tnemtnioppa grebdloG nosnhoJ 22 41 1 5 8 8 satroF ebA grebdloG 5691/02/70 .J ruhtrA .B nodnyL tnediserP ot dettimbus grebdloG rettel retrufknarF ydenneK u 82 72 0 41 31 1 .J ruhtrA tnemeriteR 2691/82/80 xileF .F nhoJ t tnediserP yb etihW deviecer rettel rekattihW ydenneK 41 21 0 0 21 2 .R noryB tnemeriteR 2691/82/30 .E selrahC .F nhoJ tnediserP ot dettimbus 112 801 51 11 28 s 301 trawetS rettel notruB rewohnesiE 8591/41/01 ,tnemtnioppa sseceR 8 rettoP tnemeriteR 8591/60/01 .H dloraH .D thgiwD rtnemeriter gnicnuonna deeR yb dleh rekattihW ecnerefnoc deeR rewohnesiE noitca noitca noitca tnem etaneS etaneS lanif noitca lanif gnisrraeh -ecnuonna lanif ot tnem etaneS ot eettimmoc otttniefm n a t on woH nehW ot etad -ecnuonna noitca lanif ot gsriirF eh -ecnuonna noiyaniamaV t ecitsuJ tnediserP gnitratS noitanimoN eettimmoC noitanimoN ot cn c eenimoN gniogtuO gnitanimoN tnediserP ot nwonK ...morf despale syad fo rebmuN emaceB yltnerappA ycnacaV evitcepsorP ro lautcA snevetS rettel salguoD droF 53 91 6 3 01 61 luaP nhoJ tnemeriteR aa 5791/21/11 .O mailliW .R dlareG tnediserP ot dettimbus II nalraH tsiuqnheR rettel llahsraM noxiN 87 05 71 02 31 82 .H mailliW tnemeriteR 1791/32/90 nhoJ .M drahciR tnediserP ot dettimbus .rJ ,llewoP rettel kcalB noxiN 08 64 31 02 31 43 .F siweL tnemeriteR 1791/71/90 .L oguH .M drahciR etaneS yb detcejer numkcalB noitanimon 43 82 6 7 51 6 .A yrraH llewsraC 0791/80/40 etaneS yb detcejer llewsraC noitanimon 831 97 15 02 8 95 dlorraH .G htrowsnyaH 9691/12/11 tnediserP .rJ ot dettimbus ,htrowsnyaH rettel noxiN 191 59 34 32 92 69 .F tnemelC noitangiseR 9691/41/50 satroF ebA .M drahciR )8691/4/01( tnediserP yb nwardhtiw noitanimon ecitsuJ feihC regruB ecitsuJ nerraW noxiN 041 91 6 0 31 121 .E nerraW feihC satroF z 9691/02/10 lraE .M drahciR tnediserP )8691/40/01( noitca etov ecitsuJ feihC yb tnediserP eettimmoc eettimmoc eb ot nosnhoJ noitca noitca noitca tnem etaneS etaneS lanif noitca lanif gnisrraeh -ecnuonna lanif ot tnem etaneS ot eettimmoc otttniefm n a t on woH nehW ot etad -ecnuonna noitca lanif ot gsriirF eh -ecnuonna noiyaniamaV t ecitsuJ tnediserP gnitratS noitanimoN eettimmoC noitanimoN ot cn c eenimoN gniogtuO gnitanimoN tnediserP ot nwonK ...morf despale syad fo rebmuN emaceB yltnerappA ycnacaV evitcepsorP ro lautcA ot dettimbus retuoS rettel nannerB hsuB .W 47 17 5 41 25 3 .H divaD tnemeriteR 0991/02/70 .J mailliW .H egroeG ydenneK lawardhtiw 88 48 7 44 33 4 .M ynohtnA grubsniG 7891/70/11 etaneS yb detcejer ff noitanimon laiciffo erofeb grubsniG noitanimon )7891/70/11( werdhtiw grubsniG 6 .H salguoD kroB 7891/32/01 tnemeriter gnicnuonna llewoP yb dleh kroB ecnerefnoc .rJ ,llewoP nagaeR ee 911 411 71 12 67 5 .H treboR sserP 7891/62/60 .F siweL dlanoR ecitsuJ feihC eb ot nagaeR ailacS yb noitanimon tsiuqnheR nagaeR 311 29 43 9 94 12 ninotnA tsiuqnheR dd6891/72/50 .H mailliW dlanoR eriter ot noitnetni fo tnediserP detrela ecitsuJ feihC tsiuqnheR yletavirp regruB nagaeR 311 29 43 61 24 12 .H mailliW cc ecitsuJ 6891/72/50 .E nerraW dlanoR tnediserP ot dettimbus ronnoC'O rettel trawetS nagaeR bb 621 67 6 6 46 05 yaD ardnaS tnemeriteR bb 1891/81/50 rettoP dlanoR tnediserP ot dettimbus noitca noitca noitca tnem etaneS etaneS lanif noitca lanif gnisrraeh -ecnuonna lanif ot tnem etaneS ot eettimmoc otttniefm n a t on woH nehW ot etad -ecnuonna noitca lanif ot gsriirF eh -ecnuonna noiyaniamaV t ecitsuJ tnediserP gnitratS noitanimoN eettimmoC noitanimoN ot cn c eenimoN gniogtuO gnitanimoN tnediserP ot nwonK ...morf despale syad fo rebmuN emaceB yltnerappA ycnacaV evitcepsorP ro lautcA ecitsuJ streboR gniogtuo tsiuqnheR hsuB 62 42 7 01 7 2 .G nhoJ fo htaeD 5002/30/90 .H mailliW .W egroeG lawardhtiw .rJ ,otilA sreiM fo 69 29 7 51 07 4 .A leumaS tnemecnuonnA 5002/72/01 tnediserP yb noissimbus-er dna lawardhtiw noitanimon sgniraeh eettimmoC sreiM streboR fo yraiciduJ fo trats eht erofeb )5002/72/01( eenimon sa werdhtiw sreiM 82 teirraH tnemecnuonnA 5002/50/90 tnediserP ot dettimbus )5002/50/90( ecitsuJ feihC sa detanimon-er ;gniraeh eettimmoC streboR rettel ronnoC'O hsuB yraiciduJ tsrif eht erofeb )5002/50/90( tnediserP yb nwardhtiw noitanimoN 81 .G nhoJ tnemeriteR 5002/10/70 yaD ardnaS .W egroeG tnediserP detrela reyerB yletavirp numkcalB notnilC hh 902 77 01 7 06 231 .G nehpetS ecitsuJ 4991/10/10 .A yrraH .J mailliW tnediserP ot dettimbus grubsniG rettel etihW notnilC gg 731 05 5 9 63 78 redaB htuR tnemeriteR 3991/91/30 .R noryB .J mailliW tnediserP ot dettimbus samohT rettel llahsraM hsuB .W 011 601 81 71 17 4 ecneralC tnemeriteR 1991/72/60 doogruhT .H egroeG tnediserP noitca noitca noitca tnem etaneS etaneS lanif noitca lanif gnisrraeh -ecnuonna lanif ot tnem etaneS ot eettimmoc otttniefm n a t on woH nehW ot etad -ecnuonna noitca lanif ot gsriirF eh -ecnuonna noiyaniamaV t ecitsuJ tnediserP gnitratS noitanimoN eettimmoC noitanimoN ot cn c eenimoN gniogtuO gnitanimoN tnediserP ot nwonK ...morf despale syad fo rebmuN emaceB yltnerappA ycnacaV evitcepsorP ro lautcA .tnemeriter sih decnuonna sehguH litnu esira ton did eenimon wen a rof deen etinifed eht ,)1 .p ,1491 ,3 enuJ ,enubirT yliaD ogacihC ",truoC morF seriteR sehguH" ,nahorT retlaW( rettel tnemeriter lamrof sih fo noissimbus ot roirp "shtnom emos deromur" neeb dah htlaeh roop dna ega ot eud tnemeriter s'sehguH ecitsuJ feihC hguohtlA .m .cte ,noitasrevnoc lanosrep ,rettel yb eriter ot erised s'sdlonyeRcM ecitsuJ fo denrael tnediserP eht rehtehw drocer lacirotsih eht morf raelcnu si tI .l .rosseccus a redisnoc ot eciton ecnavda elttil dah tlevesooR tnediserP taht gnitseggus ,tpurba deredisnoc saw tnemeriter sih ,sselehtenoN .)1 .p ,9391 ,41 .beF ,semiT selegnA soL ",stiuQ ,truoC emerpuS fo naeD ,siednarB ecitsuJ" ,sserP detinU( tnemeriter sih gnicnuonna ot roirp ,kcatta traeh a morf gnirevocer ,htnom a rof hcneb eht morf yawa neeb dah siednarB ecitsuJ .k .8391 ,9 yluJ no htaed s'ozodraC litnu rucco ton did ecitsuJ wen a etanimon ot deen etinifed a ,)1M .p ,8391 ,01 yluJ ,tsoP notgnihsaW ",.Y.N ni tnemliA traeH ot sbmuccuS larebiL truoC emerpuS" ,sserP detinU( 7391 rebmeceD ecnis hcneb eht morf yawa dna lli neeb dah ozodraC ecitsuJ hguohtlA .j .04 .p ,7391 ,32 yaM ,semiT kroY weN ",retnaveD naV yb dediA 'taeB` sweN" ees ,tnemecnuonna eht fo gninrom eht no eriter ot noisiced sih fo retroper a gnitrela yletavirp retnaveD naV ecitsuJ fo tnuocca na roF .i .lattimmocer ,5291 ,62 .naJ eht ton ,1 elbaT ni nwohs etad noitamrifnoc ,5291 ,5 .beF eht no desab era enotS no noitca etaneS lanif rof snoitaluclac noitaruD .)2 .p ,4291 ,52 .ceD ,tsoP notgnihsaW ",truoC emerpuS eht fo ecitsuJ a sa nooS eriteR ot anneK'M"( 4291 ,52 .ceD no tnemeriter tnenimmi sih detroper aidem eht ,revewoH .5291 ,5 .naJ litnu eriter yllaiciffo ton did anneKcM ecitsuJ .h .)71 .p ,2291 ,71 .ceD ,enubirT yliaD ogacihC ",sngiseR"( 2291 ,61 .ceD no erutraped gnimochtrof s'yentiP decnuonna esuoH etihW eht ,2291 ,13 .ceD fo sa evitceffe saw noitangiser s'yentiP ecitsuJ hguohtlA .g .)1 .p ,2291 ,6 .tpeS ,tsoP notgnihsaW ",hcneB eht evaeL yaM yaD ecitsuJ"( 2291 ,5 .tpeS no gnifeirb esuoH etihW a ta denoitnem saw tnemeriter fo noitaredisnoc s'yaD taht detroper tsoP notgnihsaW eht ,revewoH .2291 ,31 .voN litnu truoC eht evael ton did yaD .f .6191 fo gnirps eht tuohguorht noitangiser sehguH a ta detnih dah stroper aidem ,ngiser dluow sehguH ecitsuJ taht niatrec rof wenk nosliW tnediserP taht etacidni ton seod hcraeser aidem lacirotsih hguohtlA .)1 .p ,6191 ,11 enuJ ,tsoP notgnihsaW ",snacilbupeR daeL ot llaC syebO ,gniR tahT sdroW htiW ,sehguH"( noitanimon laitnediserp nacilbupeR 6191 eht eusrup ot dengiser sehguH ecitsuJ ,6191 ,01 enuJ nO .e .)1 .p ,0191 ,51 enuJ ,tsoP notgnihsaW ",eriteR lliW ydooM"( "ydooM .rM fo esac eht revoc ot truoC emerpuS eht morf tnemeriter ot gnitaler etutats eht gnidnetxe llib a fo mrof eht ni ,noitca taht fo regnibrah laer eht detneserp ]0191 ,51 enuJ no[ egdoL rotaneS tub ,tnemeriter fo sromur lanoisacco neeb evah erehT .raey a tsomla rof truoC emerpuS eht ni seitud sih morf ydooM ecitsuJ tpek sah erutan suoires a fo ssenllI" ,revewoH .)5 .p ,evaeL ot gnidiceD ,draW( 0191 ,02 .voN litnu truoC eht traped yllautca ton did ydooM ecitsuJ .d .cte ,noitasrevnoc lanosrep ,rettel yb eriter ot erised s'nworB ecitsuJ fo denrael tnediserP eht rehtehw drocer lacirotsih eht morf raelcnu si tI .c .)3 .p ,6091 ,8 .raM ,tsoP notgnihsaW ",llaF eht ni eriteR lliW nworB ecitsuJ :hcneB eht evaeL oT"( eriter ot dehsiw eh taht ,6091 ,8 .raM no ,tnediserP eht deifiton nworB ecitsuJ ,tsoP notgnihsaW eht ot gnidroccA .b .)1 .p ,2091 ,02 .guA ,tsoP notgnihsaW ",noitisoP 'sarihS ecitsuJ enilceD dluoW eH taht feileB :tI tnaW toN yaM xonK"( 2091 ,02 .guA tsael ta yb notgnihsaW ni nwonk llew saw erutraped gnimochtrof s'sarihS taht stseggus egarevoc tsoP notgnihsaW ,revewoH .eriter ot noitnetni s'sarihS ecitsuJ fo denrael tlevesooR erodoehT tnediserP nehw raelcnu si tI .a .woleb seton elbat eht ni sraeppa noitamrofni ecruos lanoitiddA .hcneb eht tfel secitsuJ yhw snosaer eht no atad gnilipmoc ni lufesu yllaicepse saw evaeL ot gnidiceD s'draW .seirarbiL laitnediserP htiw ecnednopserroc SRC dna ,srepap laitnediserp laiciffo ,srepapswen lacirotsih no deiler hcraeser siht ,txet eht ni debircsed sA .srohtua SRC eht yb detupmoc erew ssecorp noitamrifnoc-dna-noitanimon eht ni slavretni rojam rof snoitaruD :secruoS sih ot pu gnidael skeew eht ni htlaeh roop s'retrufknarF ecitsuJ dna ,grebdloG fo noitanimon kciuq s'ydenneK tnediserP ,revewoH .eriter ot noitnetni s'retrufknarF ecitsuJ fo denrael ydenneK tnediserP hcihw ta tniop tseilrae eht sa ,atad elbaliava no desab dehsilbatse eb nac hcihw etad evitinifed ylno eht si ,2691 ,82 .guA .u .5002 ,41 .tpeS ,ylleK norahS naicinhceT ecnerefeR yrarbiL ydenneK dna ylE anaD tsilaicepS noitamrofnI SRC neewteb noitacinummoc liam-e no desab si noitamrofni sihT .t .seulav wol ro hgih ylemertxe ot naem eht naht evitisnes ssel si naidem eht esuaceb ssecorp eht ni segats neewteb snoitarud naidem eht gnitupmoc no tcapmi laminim a evah slavretni gnol eht ,sselehtenoN .tnemecnuonna noitanimon ot ycnacav morf emit despale naidem eht etaluclac ot desu era slavretni htoB .)8591 ,41 .tcO( trawetS ecitsuJ fo tnemtnioppa ssecer s'rewohnesiE dna )8591 ,6 .tcO( tnemecnuonna tnemeriter s'notruB neewteb lavretni eht ro ,syad thgie sa deifissalc eb osla dluoc elbatemit gnikam-noisiced lautca s'tnediserP eht ,syad 112 si )9591 ,5 yaM( noitca etaneS lanif litnu etad gnitrats eht morf lavretni eritne eht dna ,syad 301 si )9591 ,71 .naJ( etad noitanimon dna )1 elbaT ni nwohs sa ,8591 ,6 .tcO( etad gnitrats eht neewteb lavretni eht hguohtla ,eroferehT .ssergnoC ht68 eht fo noisses tsrif eht rof denevnoc ssergnoC retfa ,9591 ,71 .naJ no ,truoC eht ot mih detanimon dna ,8591 ,41 .tcO no ecitsuJ etaicossA sa trawetS rettoP detnioppa-ssecer rewohnesiE tnediserP .)915 .p ,)OPG :notgnihsaW( ssergnoC ht801 :yrotceriD lanoissergnoC laiciffO 4002-3002,gnitnirP no eettimmoC tnioJ ,ssergnoC .S.U( 8591 ,6 .tcO no tnediserP eht ot rettel tnemeriter sih dettimbus notruB nehw noisses ni ton saw ssergnoC .s .011-901 .pp ,)8591 ,OPG :notgnihsaW( 7591 ,rewohnesiE .D thgiwD :setatS detinU eht fo stnediserP eht fo srepaP cilbuP ,retsigeR laredeF eht fo eciffO ,noitartsinimdA sdroceR dna sevihcrA lanoitaN .S.U ",truoC emerpuS eht fo ecitsuJ etaicossA nA sa ecivreS evitcA morF tnemeriteR siH gnidrageR deeR yelnatS ot retteL" ees ,rewohnesiE dna deeR neewteb ecnednopserroc 13 .naJ eht roF .7591 ,13 .naJ no derrucco stneve htob ,sseldrageR .)361-261 .pp ,evaeL ot gnidiceD ,draW( ecnerefnoc sserp a hguorht tnemeriter sih decnuonna deeR taht stressa tnuocca s'draW sumetrA tsitneics lacitilop ,revewoH .)1A .p ,7591 ,1 .beF ,tsoP notgnihsaW ",truoC hgiH morF gniriteR sI deeR" ,drailloF .T drawdE( rewohnesiE ot rettel a dna ecnerefnoc sserp a denoitnem egarevoc aidem yraropmetnoC .raelcnu si deeR morf rettel a ro ecnerefnoc sserp eht hguorht tnemeriter s'deeR ecitsuJ fo denrael tsrif rewohnesiE tnediserP rehtehW .r .seulav wol ro hgih ylemertxe ot naem eht naht evitisnes ssel si naidem esuaceb ssecorp eht ni segats neewteb snoitarud naidem eht gnitupmoc no tcapmi laminim a evah slavretni gnol eht ,sselehtenoN .tnemecnuonna noitanimon ot ycnacav morf emit despale naidem eht etaluclac ot desu era slavretni htoB .)6591 ,51 .tcO( nannerB ecitsuJ fo tnemtnioppa ssecer s'rewohnesiE dna )6591 ,7 .tpeS( tnemecnuonna tnemeriter s'nannerB neewteb lavretni eht ro ,syad 83 sa deifissalc eb osla dluoc elbatemit gnikam-noisiced lautca s'tnediserP eht ,syad 391 si )7591 ,91 .raM( noitca etaneS lanif litnu etad gnitrats eht morf lavretni eritne eht dna ,syad 921 si )7591 ,41 .naJ( etad tnemecnuonna dna )1 elbaT ni nwohs sa ,6591 ,7 .tpeS( etad gnitrats eht neewteb lavretni eht hguohtla ,eroferehT .ssergnoC ht58 eht fo noisses tsrif eht rof denevnoc ssergnoC retfa ,7591 ,41 .naJ no ,truoC eht ot mih detanimon dna ,6591 ,51 .tcO \, no ecitsuJ etaicossA sa nannerB .J mailliW detnioppa-ssecer rewohnesiE tnediserP .)915 .p ,)OPG :notgnihsaW( ssergnoC ht801 :yrotceriD lanoissergnoC laiciffO 4002 -3002 ,gnitnirP no eettimmoC tnioJ ,ssergnoC .S.U( 6591 ,7 .tpeS no tnediserP eht ot rettel tnemeriter sih dettimbus notniM ecitsuJ nehw noisses ni ton saw ssergnoC .q .seulav wol ro hgih ylemertxe ot naem eht naht evitisnes ssel si naidem eht esuaceb ssecorp eht ni segats neewteb snoitarud naidem eht gnitupmoc no tcapmi laminim a evah slavretni gnol eht ,sselehtenoN .tnemecnuonna noitanimon ot ycnacav morf emit despale naidem eht etaluclac ot desu era slavretni htoB .)3591 ,2 .tcO( nerraW ecitsuJ feihC fo tnemtnioppa ssecer s'rewohnesiE dna )3591 ,8 .tpeS( htaed s'nosniV neewteb lavretni eht ro ,syad 42 sa deifissalc eb osla dluoc elbatemit gnikam-noisiced lautca s'tnediserP eht ,syad 471 si )4591 ,1 .raM( noitca etaneS lanif litnu etad gnitrats eht morf lavretni eritne eht dna ,syad 521 si )4591 ,11 .naJ( etad tnemecnuonna dna )1 elbaT ni nwohs sa ,3591 ,8 .tpeS( etad gnitrats eht neewteb lavretni eht hguohtla ,eroferehT .ssergnoC dr38 eht fo noisses dnoces eht rof denevnocer ssergnoC retfa ,4591 ,11 .naJ no ,truoC eht ot mih detanimon dna 3591 ,2 .tcO no ecitsuJ feihC sa nerraW lraE detnioppa-ssecer rewohnesiE tnediserP .)915 .p ,)OPG :notgnihsaW( ssergnoC ht801 -3002 :yrotceriD lanoissergnoC laiciffO 4002 ,gnitnirP no eettimmoC tnioJ ,ssergnoC .S.U( 3591 ,8 .tpeS no deid nosniV ecitsuJ feihC nehw noisses ni ton saw ssergnoC .p .)5002 ,2 .tpeS ,llewoS ydnaR tsivihcrA yrarbiL namurT dna ylE anaD tsilaicepS noitamrofnI SRC neewteb noitacinummoc liam-e( "retfaereht noos ro" etad taht no rettel eht deviecer namurT .5491 ,03 enuJ detad si rettel tnemeriter s'streboR ecitsuJ ,)1 .p ,5491 ,6 yluJ ,semiT selegnA soL ",ngiseR streboR dna uahtnagroM" ,sserP detinU( 5491 ,5 yluJ litnu eriter ot noitnetni s'streboR ecitsuJ ecnuonna ton did namurT tnediserP hguohtlA .o .54 .p ,2491 ,4 .tcO ,semiT kroY weN ",tnediserP ot retteL ni hcneB morF sngiseR senryB" ,sserP detaicossA ees ,tsop wen sih ot truoC eht morf noitisnart s'senryB fo yrammus a roF .raelcnu si etad esicerp eht hguohtla ,noitangiser lamrof eht ot roirp truoC eht no ycnacav gnidnepmi na fo erawa ,erofereht ,saw tlevesooR .ytilibatS cimonocE fo rotceriD gnimoceb ,2491 ,3 .tcO no tseuqer s'tlevesooR tnediserP ta dengiser senryB ecitsuJ .n dna ecitsuJ feihC eB oT tsiuqnheR .H mailliW fo snoitanimoN eht dna regruB .E nerraW ecitsuJ feihC truoC emerpuS fo noitangiseR eht no skrameR"( 6891 ,72 yaM no snalp sih fo nagaeR demrofni yletavirp regruB ,6891 ,71 enuJ no rettel yb ,eriter ot erised sih fo nagaeR tnediserP deifiton yllaiciffo regruB ecitsuJ feihC hguohtlA .cc .)935 .p ,)2891 ,OPG :notgnihsaW( 1891 ,nagaeR dlanoR :setatS detinU eht fo stnediserP eht fo srepaP cilbuP ,retsigeR laredeF eht fo eciffO ,noitartsinimdA sdroceR dna sevihcrA lanoitaN .S.U( 1891 ,81 yaM no nagaeR dlanoR tnediserP ot ,eriter ot erised sih gnitats ,rettel a dereviled trawetS ,1891 ,81 enuJ litnu cilbup edam ton saw eriter ot noisiced s'trawetS ecitsuJ hguohtlA .bb .rettel tnemeriter 5791 ,21 .voN s'salguoD ecitsuJ litnu esira yllaiciffo ton did ycnacav a dna ,5791 ,9 .guA litnu ycnediserp eht emussa ton did eh ecnis ecitsuJ tnemecalper a redisnoc ot emit elttil ylevitaler dah evah dluow droF tnediserP ,revewoH .)1A .p ,5791 ,31 .voN ,tsoP notgnihsaW ",truoC morF seriteR salguoD" ,eizneKcaM .P nhoJ( ekorts a dereffus eh nehw ,4791 ,13 .ceD ecnis noitseuq ni neeb dah htlaeh s'salguoD ecitsuJ .)5002 ,21 .tpeS ,narhcoC auhsoJ naicinhceT tsivihcrA yrarbiL droF dna ylE anaD tsilaicepS noitamrofnI SRC neewteb noitacinummoc liam-e( "ecitsuj wen a gnitnioppa nehw redisnoc ot ]tnediserP eht[ rof srotcaf" dereffo dna ,5791 ,01 .voN no droF dlareG tnediserP ot rettel a ni truoC eht no "ycnacav elbissop a ta ]de[tnih" yldetroper regruB nerraW ecitsuJ feihC .aa .)093 .p ,)1791 ,OPG :notgnihsaW( ,0791 ,noxiN drahciR :setatS detinU eht fo stnediserP eht fo srepaP cilbuP ,retsigeR laredeF eht fo eciffO ,noitartsinimdA sdroceR dna sevihcrA lanoitaN .S.U( 8691 ,1 enuJ dna 1 yaM neewteb saw noisiced noitanimon a rof etad tegrat sih taht dna ",gnittis saw truoC eht taht emit a ta ekil eht dna sgniraeh etaneS eht ylbissop evah neht dna ,hcraM ro yraurbeF ni ,yas ,nwod og noitanimon a evah ot ecitsuJ feihC eht rof dna truoC eht rof tcepser fo kram reporp a eb ton dluow ti" thguoht eh taht detroper noxiN .noitanimon regruB eht gnidnuorrus ssecorp gnikam-noisiced sih fo noissucsid deliated yllausunu na dereffo noxiN tnediserP ,sretroper htiw noitasrevnoc ,9691 yaM a nI .)CD ,notgnihsaW ,ssergnoC fo yrarbiL ,noisiviD tpircsunaM ,srepaP nerraW lraE ,8691 ,4 .ceD ",ecitsuJ feihC eht yb tnemetatS"( demrifnoc saw rosseccus a litnu gnivres eunitnoc ot gnilliw saw eh taht noxiN .M drahciR tcele-tnediserP demrofni nerraW ecitsuJ feihC ,8691 ,3 .ceD nO .)4201 .p ,)0791 ,OPG :notgnihsaW( 2 .lov ,96-8691 ,nosnhoJ .B nodnyL :setatS detinU eht fo stnediserP eht fo srepaP cilbuP ,retsigeR laredeF eht fo eciffO ,noitartsinimdA sdroceR dna sevihcrA lanoitaN .S.U( liaverp ssenriaf dna nosaer ,sedisbus msilanoitome litnu ]eciffo ni[ gniniamer ]nerraW lraE[ ecitsuJ feihC tneserp eht yb devres retteb eb dluow tnemnrevog fo snoitadnuof eht ,secnatsmucric eht rednU" ,taht dna yranidroartxe saw noitautis eht ",semit yranidro" ni noitanimon rehtona edam evah dluow eh hguohtla taht etorw tnediserP ehT .noisiced sih no detarobale nosnhoJ ,retal syad thgiE .)905 .p ,)6691 ,OPG :notgnihsaW( 2 .lov ,96-8691 ,nosnhoJ .B nodnyL :setatS detinU eht fo stnediserP eht fo srepaP cilbuP ,retsigeR laredeF eht fo eciffO ,noitartsinimdA sdroceR dna sevihcrA lanoitaN .S.U( eenimon rehtona eman ton dluow eh taht ,8691 ,2 .tcO no decnuonna nosnhoJ tnediserP ,deliaf noitanimon ecitsuJ feihC satroF ebA eht retfA .srewop gnikam-noisiced laiciffo s'noxiN tnediserP fo gninnigeb eht skram ti esuaceb ycnacav eht rof etad gnitrats eht sa desu si ,)noitaruguani s'noxiN .M drahciR fo etad eht( 9691 ,02 .naJ .z .)1 .p ,9691 ,72 enuJ ,tsoP notgnihsaW ",dneirf JBL esolC ',larebiL evitcurtsnoC` :yrrebnrohT remoH" ,snoyL .L drahciR( ",eciffo tfel ]nosnhoJ[ eh erofeb truoC emerpuS eht ot yrrebnrohT eman ot sraey ruof tsal eht rof dennalp sah nosnhoJ .rM taht erus era lotipaC eht ta snaxeT emo]s[" taht detroper saw ti ,8691 ,62 enuJ no noitanimon ecitsuJ feihC satroF eht litnu esira ton did ecitsuJ etaicossA wen a eman ot ytinutroppo cificeps a hguohtlA .y .)647 .p ,)6691 ,OPG :notgnihsaW( 1 .lov ,96-8691 ,nosnhoJ .B nodnyL :setatS detinU eht fo stnediserP eht fo srepaP cilbuP ,retsigeR laredeF eht fo eciffO ,noitartsinimdA sdroceR dna sevihcrA lanoitaN .S.U( 8691 ,31 enuJ no rettel tnemeriter s'nerraW deviecer eh ,62 enuJ litnu tnemeriter s'nerraW ecitsuJ feihC ecnuonna ton did nosnhoJ tnediserP hguohtlA .x .)071 .p ,evaeL ot gnidiceD ,draW( "truoC eht morf nwod deppets rehtaf sih fi lareneg yenrotta tnenamrep eht deman eb ylno dluoc eh taht yesmaR dlot nosnhoJ ,7691 ,52 yraunaJ nO" .lareneG yenrottA eb ot ,yesmaR ,nos s'kralC ecitsuJ detanimon ot deraperp tnediserP eht nehw ,7691 .naJ sa ylrae sa tnemeriter s'kralC detpmorp evah thgim nosnhoJ taht stseggus ecnedive lacirotsih ,7691 ,82 .beF no tnemeriter gnimochtrof sih decnuonna kralC ecitsuJ taht tcaf eht etipseD .w .1A .p ,5691 ,12 yluJ ,tsoP notgnihsaW ",tsoP nosnevetS ot demaN si grebdloG" ,kcirtapliK llorraC eeS .nosnevetS .E ialdA ,rodassabma suoiverp eht fo ,5691 ,41 yluJ no htaed eht gniwollof snoitaN detinU eht ot rodassabmA .S.U eb ot grebdloG ecitsuJ detanimon yldetcepxenu nosnhoJ .B nodnyL tnediserP .v .)5002 ,41 .tpeS ,ylleK norahS naicinhceT ecnerefeR yrarbiL ydenneK dna ylE anaD tsilaicepS noitamrofnI SRC neewteb noitacinummoc liam-e( 2691 ,71 yaM dnuora htlaeh gninilced s'retrufknarF ot ydenneK detrela evah dluow tnediserP eht dna ,ydnuB egroeGcM sriaffA ytiruceS lanoitaN rof tnatsissA laicepS ,retrufknarF neewteb ecnednopserroc taht tseggus selif eciffo s'ydenneK ,ylleK norahS naicinhceT ecnerefeR yrarbiL ydenneK ot gnidroccA .)656 .p ,)3691 ,OPG :notgnihsaW( ,2691 ,ydenneK .F nhoJ :setatS detinU eht fo stnediserP eht fo srepaP cilbuP ,retsigeR laredeF eht fo eciffO ,noitartsinimdA sdroceR dna sevihcrA lanoitaN .S.U( 2691 fo remmus eht gnirud emitemos htlaeh sih no kcehc ot retrufknarF ot diap tnediserP eht tisiv a secnerefer tnemeriter sih gnitpecca retrufknarF ecitsuJ ot rettel s'ydenneK .nwod deppets retrufknarF erofeb llew seenimon evitcepsorp gniredisnoc saw ydenneK tnediserP taht tseggus ,tnemeriter .hcneb eht tfel secitsuJ yhw snosaer eht no atad gnilipmoc ni lufesu yllaicepse saw )3002 ,sserP kroY weN fo ytisrevinU etatS :ynablA( truoC emerpuS setatS detinU eht morf tnemeriteR fo scitiloP ehT :evaeL ot gnidiceD ,s'draW sumetrA .seirarbiL laitnediserP htiw ecnednopserroc SRC dna ,srepap laitnediserp laiciffo ,srepapswen lacirotsih no deiler hcraeser siht ,txet eht ni debircsed sA .srohtua SRC eht yb detupmoc erew ssecorp noitamrifnoc-dna-noitanimon eht ni slavretni rojam rof snoitaruD :secruoS 6002 67 22 5 9 51 82 -0091 6002 311 48 7 41 25 21 -1891 0891 95 71 3 6 5.21 43 -0091 noitcA etaneS laniF noitcA etaneS laniF noitcA etaneS noitcA laniF gniraeH tsriF tnemecnuonnA noitanimoN ot ycnacaV evitcepsorP ot tnemecnuonnA laniF ot noitcA eettimmoC ot tnemecnuonnA ot ycnacaV evitcepsorP ro lautcA fo denraeL noitanimoN laniF eettimmoC ot gniraeH tsriF noitanimoN ro lautcA fo denraeL doirep yltnerappA tnediserP yltnerappA tnediserP emiT a ... morf despale syad fo rebmun naideM 6002 -0091 ,ssecorP noitamrifnoC-dna-noitanimoN truoC emerpuS eht ni stnevE rojaM neewteB syaD ni noitaruD naideM . 3 elbaT .)795 .p ,5991 ,)OPG :notgnihsaW( 1 .lov ,4991 ,notnilC .J mailliW :setatS detinU eht fo stnediserP eht fo srepaP cilbuP ,retsigeR laredeF eht fo eciffO ,noitartsinimdA sdroceR dna sevihcrA lanoitaN .S.U( .4991 ,6 lirpA no tnemeriter s'numkcalB decnuonna ylcilbup notnilC .) .81 .p ,4991 ,52 .rpA ,lanruoJ waL yesreJ weN ",snalP tnemeriteR diH numkcalB woH" ,oruaM ynoT( mret tsal sih eb dluow siht taht ,.C.S ,daeH notliH ni yadiloh s'raeY weN eht revo dnekeeW ecnassianeR ta notnilC lliB tnediserP dlot" yldetroper numkcalB ecitsuJ ecnis ,noitamitse na si ,4991 ,1 .naJ .hh .3991 ,91 .raM eht no rettel eht dereviled ,esuoH etihW eht ni gnikrow neht yb ,skrelc wal remrof s'etihW ecitsuJ fo enO .381 .n ,381 .p ,evaeL ot gnidiceD ,draW dna )734 .p ,8991 , sserP eerF :kroY weN( etihW .R noryB ecitsuJ fo tiartroP A :etihW rezzihW ecnO saW ohW naM ehT ,nosnihctuH .J sinneD ees ,3991 ,81 .raM no gninnigeb tnediserP eht ot rettel tnemeriter s'etihW ecitsuJ gnirrefsnart fo sliated eht nO .gg .)6A .p ,7891 ,9 .voN ,tsoP notgnihsaW ",eciohC ylekiL ydenneK egduJ" ,sukraM htuR dna nonnaC uoL( "rosseforp wal dravraH a elihw anaujiram dekoms dah" eh taht gniwardhtiw erofeb yltrohs dettimda grubsniG ,noitanimon eht gnidnuorrus seisrevortnoc rehto gnomA .grubsniG etanimon ot noitnetni sih decnuonna dah nagaeR tnediserP retfa tub ,detanimon yllaiciffo gnieb erofeb noitaredisnoc morf eman sih werdhtiw grubsniG egduJ .ff .)1A .p ,7891 ,72 enuJ ,tsoP notgnihsaW ",htlaeH ,egA setiC tarcomeD detnioppA-noxiN" ,nemaK lA( "noitangiser eht fo gninraw ecnavda on dah" yldetroper nagaeR tnediserP .ee .ecitsuJ etaicossA na sa tsiuqnheR deeccus ot enoemos etanimon ot ytinutroppo eht fo ,nrut ni dna ,ecitsuJ feihC ot ecitsuJ etaicossA morf tsiuqnheR etavele ot ytinutroppo gnimochtrof eht fo tnediserP eht detrela )72 yaM no nagaeR tnediserP ot nwonk( eriter ot noitnetni s'regruB ecitsuJ feihC esuaceb desu si etad ,6891 ,72 yaM ehT .dd .)187 .p ,)9891 ,OPG :notgnihsaW( 2 .lov ,6891 ,nagaeR dlanoR :setatS detinU eht fo stnediserP eht fo srepaP cilbuP ,retsigeR laredeF eht fo eciffO ,noitartsinimdA sdroceR dna sevihcrA lanoitaN .S.U ",ecitsuJ etaicossA na eB oT ailacS ninotnA .snoitaluclac naidem ni dedulcni era setad esoht ,etov lanif a dleh ro sgniraeh dleh eettimmoC yraiciduJ eht fI .).cte ,dettimmocer ,nwardhtiw saw noitanimon eht ,.g.e( etov lanif on koot etaneS eht hcihw no tub ,etaneS eht ni deregnil snoitanimon hcihw ni sesac ,)noitca etaneS lanif ot tnemecnuonna noitanimon( noitca etaneS latot rof lavretni eht gnitaluclac nehw ,edulcni ton seod troper eht fo noisrev sihT .troper siht fo snoisrev suoiverp morf degnahc evah 3 elbaT ni scitsitats yrammus eht fo emos ,2 elbaT dna 1 elbaT ni atad detadpu ot euD .)9891 ,reiveslE :kroY weN( scimonocE dna ssenisuB rof sisylanA lacitsitatS ,uohC nul-aY ni 4 retpahc ees ,noitamrofni erom roF .doirep eritne eht rof naidem eht ot lauqe ton si yllareneg segats laudividni rof snaidem eht fo mus eht ,noitubirtsid )"depahs-lleb" ,.e.i( "lamron" a ton osla era atad eht esuaceb dna ,snoitavresbo fo rebmun tnereffid a evah nac ssecorp eht fo egats hcae esuaceB .snoitavresbo fo stes laudividni rof tniop-dim eht seifitnedi naidem ehT .egats hcae rof snaidem eht fo mus eht lauqe ton seod doirep emit hcae nihtiw )noitca etaneS lanif ot tnemecnuonna noitanimon morf ,.e.i( snoitca etaneS lla rof emit fo htgnel naidem eht ,esiwekiL .ssecorp noitamrifnoc-dna-noitanimon eht ni egats hcae rof snaidem eht fo mus eht lauqe ylirassecen ton seod doirep emit hcae nihtiw noitca etaneS lanif ot ycnacav morf emit fo tnuoma naidem eht ,3 elbaT nI .a .2 elbaT ees ,ssecorp noitamrifnoc -dna-noitanimon truoC emerpuS eht ni stneve rojam neewteb syad ni noitarud eht fo ,noitanimon hcae rof ,gnitsil a roF .1 elbaT gnidecerp eht ees ,3 elbaT ni snmuloc eht ni rof detnuocca "stneve rojam" eht fo setad eht ,noitanimon hcae rof ,dna doirep 6002-0091 eht gnirud edam snoitanimon truoC emerpuS lla fo gnitsil a roF :etoN R. Sam Garrett Curtis W. Copeland Analyst in American National Government Specialist in American National Government rgarrett@crs.loc.gov, 7-6443 cwcopeland@crs.loc.gov, 7-0632 Denis Steven Rutkus Specialist on the Federal Judiciary srutkus@crs.loc.gov, 7-7162 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL33118