For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32760 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress ¢ ¢ ¢ The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) block grant funds a wide range of benefits and services for low-income families with children. TANF was created in the 1996 welfare reform law (P.L. 104-193). Its funding was recently extended through FY2010 by the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 (P.L. 109-171). This report responds to some frequently asked questions about TANF; it does not describe TANF rules (see, instead, CRS Report RL32748, The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: A Primer on TANF Financing and Federal Requirements, by Gene Falk). It will be updated. Funding and Expenditures. TANF provides fixed funding to states, the bulk of which is provided in a $16.5 billion-per-year basic block grant. States are required in total to contribute, from their own funds, at least $10.4 billion under a maintenance-of-effort (MOE) requirement. The basic block grant is not adjusted for inflation or changes in the cash welfare caseload (see "Caseload," below). It has lost 25% of its value (purchasing power) to inflation from FY1997 through FY2008. Though TANF is best known for funding cash welfare payments for needy families with children, the block grant and associated state MOE funds are used for a wide variety of benefits and activities. In FY2006, expenditures on activities associated with a "traditional" cash welfare program--cash benefits, administrative costs, and spending on work activities-- totaled only $15 billion, a little more than half of total TANF and MOE funds. TANF also contributes funds for child care and services for children who have been, or are at risk of, abuse and neglect. Cash Welfare Caseload. In June 2008, 1.7 million families, consisting of 3.9 million recipients, received TANF- or MOE-funded cash welfare. The cash welfare caseload is very heterogenous. The type of family historically thought of as the "typical" cash welfare family--one with an unemployed, adult recipient--accounted for less than half (45%) of all cash welfare families in FY2006. Another 13% of cash welfare families had an employed adult, while 42% of all families had no adult recipient. Child-only families include those with disabled adults receiving Supplemental Security Income (SSI), adults who are nonparents (e.g. grandparents, aunts uncles) caring for children, and families consisting of citizen children and noncitizen parents. Cash Welfare Benefits. TANF cash benefits are set by states. In July 2006, the maximum monthly benefit for a family of 3 ranged from $923 in Alaska to $170 in Mississippi. Benefits in all states represent a fraction of poverty-level income. In the median state (Illinois), the maximum monthly benefit for a family of three of $396 represents 29% of poverty-level income. Cash Welfare Work Requirements. TANF requires states to engage 50% of all families and 90% of two-parent families in work activities. Through FY2006, these participation standards were reduced for caseload reduction from FY1995. In FY2006, states achieved average work participation rates of 32.5% for all families and 45.9% for two-parent families. Beginning in FY2007, the 50% and 90% standards will be reduced for caseload reduction from FY2005 (rather than FY1995), requiring many states to raise participation to meet these standards. ¢ ¢ Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Current Topics ................................................................................................................................. 1 Is the Cash Welfare Caseload Rising Because of the Current Recession?.......................... 1 How Can States Pay for Any Caseload Increases Caused by the Recession?..................... 1 Will the TANF Contingency Fund Run Out of Money? ..................................................... 2 What is the "Excess MOE" Regulation Proposal?.............................................................. 2 May States Require Drug Testing of Welfare Recipients?.................................................. 3 History............................................................................................................................................. 3 When was the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant Created? ........................................................................................................................... 3 Has Legislation Modified TANF Since the 1996 Law?...................................................... 3 Funding and Expenditures............................................................................................................... 4 What is TANF's Current Funding Level? ........................................................................... 4 How Much Has the TANF Grant Declined in Value Because of Inflation?........................ 5 How Have States Used TANF Funds? ................................................................................ 5 How Much of the TANF Grant Has Gone Unspent? .......................................................... 7 The Caseload ................................................................................................................................... 7 How Many Families Receive TANF- or MOE-Funded Benefits and Services?................. 7 How Many Families and People Currently Receive TANF- or MOE-Funded Cash Welfare? ........................................................................................................................... 7 How Does the Current Cash Welfare Caseload Level Compare With Historical Levels?............................................................................................................................. 8 What Are the Characteristics of Cash Welfare Families? ................................................... 8 TANF Cash Benefits...................................................................................................................... 10 How Much Does a Family Receive in TANF Cash Per Month? ...................................... 10 How Have Cash Benefits Changed Over Time?............................................................... 14 TANF Work Participation Standards ............................................................................................. 16 What Is the TANF Work Participation Standard States Must Meet? ................................ 16 What Actual Work Participation Rates Have the States Achieved?.................................. 16 Figure 1. Federal TANF and State MOE Funds Used in FY2006, by Major Benefit or Service Category .......................................................................................................................... 6 Figure 2. Families Receiving Cash Welfare: July 1959-June 2008................................................. 8 Figure 3. Composition of the Cash Welfare Caseload: FY2006...................................................... 9 Table 1. TANF Federal Funding Provided in the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005, FY2006- FY2010......................................................................................................................................... 4 ¢ ¢ Table 2. Basic TANF Block Grant in Constant 1997 Dollars.......................................................... 5 Table 3. TANF- and MOE-Funded Cash Welfare Caseload, June 2008.......................................... 7 Table 4. Maximum TANF Cash Welfare Benefits by Family Size, July 2006 ...............................11 Table 5. Maximum Benefits for a Family of Three by State: In July of Selected Years and as a Percent of the Poverty Guidelines....................................................................................... 14 Table A-1. Temporary Extensions of Welfare Reform Programs, FY2003-FY2006.................... 17 Table A-2. Use of Federal TANF and MOE Funds in FY2006 ..................................................... 17 Table A-3. Cash Welfare Families by Family Type: FY1988, FY1994, and FY2006................... 18 Table A-4. Selected Characteristics of Families Receiving AFDC or TANF/MOE Cash Welfare, Selected Years 1988-2006............................................................................................ 19 Table B-1. Use of FY2006 TANF and MOE Funds by Category.................................................. 20 Table B-2. Use of FY2006 TANF and MOE Funds by Category, as a Percent of Total Federal TANF and State MOE Funding ..................................................................................... 22 Table B-3. Unspent TANF Funds at the End of FY2006............................................................... 25 Table B-4. TANF and MOE Cash Welfare Caseload, June 2008 .................................................. 26 Table B-5. Number of Families Receiving Cash Assistance, 1994, 2001, 2007, and 2008 ......... 28 Table B-6. TANF Work Participation Rates for FY2006, by State................................................ 30 ¡ Appendix A. Supplementary Tables .............................................................................................. 17 Appendix B. State Tables .............................................................................................................. 20 Author Contact Information .......................................................................................................... 31 ¢ ¢ This report provides responses to frequently asked questions about the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) block grant. It is intended to serve as a quick reference to provide easy access to information and data. This report does not provide information on TANF program rules. For such information, see CRS Report RL32748, The Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant: A Primer on TANF Financing and Federal Requirements, by Gene Falk. Nationally, the available data do not show an increase in the cash welfare caseload as yet. The latest "official" data on the cash welfare caseload from the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), show that from June 2007 to June 2008, the cash welfare caseload had declined nationally 2.5%. However, more recent data suggests that the cash welfare caseload is rising in at least some states. In Florida, the cash welfare caseload in December 2008 was 10% above the June 2008 level, with much of the increase occurring during the three months October to December. On a year-to-year basis, the cash welfare caseload in California increased 5.9% from September 2007 to September 2008. On the other hand, more recent data from New York (the state with the second largest cash welfare caseload) show no increase through September 2008. The current level and historical trends in the cash welfare caseload is discussed later in this report. ¢ ¢ ¢ TANF has provided states with fixed funding since FY1997. The sharp decline in the cash welfare caseload (see the discussion below) meant that money was "freed-up" from lower cash welfare costs that were allocated to other benefits and services that could be paid for with TANF funds. These include a wide range of benefits and services for disadvantaged families, including financial aid for child care; refundable tax credits for the working poor; transportation aid; pre- Kindergarten programs; after-school programs; activities to help families who experienced, or were at-risk of, child abuse and neglect; pregnancy prevention programs; responsible fatherhood programs; and programs to promote healthy marriages. The fixed nature of TANF funding imposes some financial risk on states. Generally, states bear the risk of increased costs from a cash welfare caseload rise. However, TANF provides states with two sources of extra funding in the case of such as cash welfare caseload increase. First, states were given the ability to build up "reserve" funds with unused TANF grants that could be saved without fiscal year limit. The latest data on these funds are fairly old (September 30, 2007), with unspent and uncommitted state balances totaling $1.9 billion. They also provide only a small cushion, given the size of TANF federal spending and state maintenance of effort (MOE) spending (about $25 billion per year). ¢ ¢ Second, TANF includes a "contingency fund" that provides extra matching grants for states that meet criteria of economic need--either high and rising unemployment or increased food stamp (renamed Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) caseloads. This permits the federal government to share in the risks of a caseload rise stemming from economic circumstances. The maximum contingency fund grant for a fiscal year is 20% of the state's basic block grant. However, the contingency fund was not used during the last recession (2001). Currently 43 states meet the economic need criteria for eligibility for contingency funds. As of mid-December 2008, 11 states have either received or indicated that they would apply for funds. States that do not draw upon these extra sources of funds can also finance an increase in cash welfare costs by reducing TANF spending on some of the other activities listed above. ¢ ¢ At the beginning of the current fiscal year (FY2009), the contingency fund had $1.3 billion. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates that the fund will remain solvent through the end of FY2009, but run out of money sometime in FY2010. However, these estimates are subject to a lot of uncertainty. Whether the fund will be exhausted depends on whether a few large states, such as California and New York, currently not drawing contingency funds, begin to do so. (California is currently economically eligible, New York is not.) For example, if only the 11 states that are currently either drawing funds or have applied for funds receive them for the remainder of the fiscal year, the fund will be able to pay them their full grant all year. Under this scenario, a balance of more than $700 million will remain at the end of this fiscal year. However, if California is added to the current 11 states drawing funds and they receive their maximum contingency fund grant--California can draw up to $747 million in a year--the fund would be exhausted before the end of FY2009. There are other scenarios, such as New York becoming eligible and some other large states also drawing funds, in which the fund would be exhausted before the end of FY2009 as well. ¡ On August 8, 2008, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) proposed to eliminate what is known as the "excess MOE credit" toward the TANF work participation standards. TANF sets numerical work participation standards for its welfare caseload: 50% for all families (90% for its two-parent families). For each state, this standard is reduced one percentage point for each percent decline in its welfare caseload since FY2005. The "excess MOE credit" is basically an add-on to the "caseload reduction credit," allowing states to claim credit for cash welfare cases funded by state funds in excess of what they are required to spend under TANF maintenance of effort (MOE) rules. It reduces TANF work participation standards beyond the reduction allowed under the basic caseload reduction credit. The excess MOE credit is not a part of TANF law; it was created by regulations promulgated by the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) in 1999. A Hypothetical Example. This example shows how the caseload reduction credit and the "excess MOE credit" could affect the FY2007 participation standards (on the basis of a caseload reduction between FY2005 and FY2006). For simplicity, assume a caseload in FY2005 of 100 ¢ ¢ families and a caseload in FY2006 of 90 families. However, of the 90 families in FY2006, 10 were funded by "excess MOE." The caseload reduction credit would be based on 100 families in FY2005 and 80 families in FY2006, yielding a credit of 10 percentage points for normal caseload reduction and 10 percentage points for the 10 families funded by "excess MOE." That is, the state would receive a 20 percentage point credit, reducing their effective (after credit) participation standard to 30%. ¢ Yes. The 1996 welfare reform law gave states the option of requiring drug tests for welfare recipients and penalizing those who fail such tests. (See Section 902 of P.L. 104-193.) In addition to this option, the 1996 welfare reform law contained two other provisions related to drug abuse and TANF applicants or recipients. The law established a lifetime ban on eligibility for TANF and food stamps for those convicted of a drug-related felony. However, states may either opt out entirely or modify and limit this lifetime ban. (See Section 115 of P.L. 104-193.) Further, TANF allows states to establish Individual Responsibility Plans (IRPs) for their TANF families. The IRP may require participation in a substance abuse treatment program. A family may be sanctioned for failure to comply with its IRP. ¢ ¢ ¢ The TANF block grant was created by the 1996 welfare reform law, the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (P.L. 104-193). TANF replaced the program of Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), which dated back to the Social Security Act of 1935, and several other related programs. The Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (P.L. 105-35) included provisions establishing "welfare-to- work" grants for FY1998 and FY1999 and made several other policy and technical changes to TANF. No new welfare-to-work grants were made after FY1999. The original funding authority for TANF ended on September 30, 2002. Over the four-year period of 2002-2005, Congress considered, but did not pass, legislation to modify and reauthorize TANF (see CRS Report RL33418, Welfare Reauthorization in the 109th Congress: An Overview, by Gene Falk, Melinda Gish, and Carmen Solomon-Fears, Welfare Reauthorization in the 109th Congress: An Overview, by Gene Falk, Melinda Gish, and Carmen Solomon-Fears). Over this four-year period, Congress passed 12 "temporary extensions" of TANF and related programs as stop-gap measures until it could reach agreement on a longer-term reauthorization. (See Appendix A, Table A-1 for a listing of the temporary extensions.) ¢ ¢ The Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 (DRA, P.L. 109-171) includes a long-term extension of funding for TANF through FY2010. It also requires most states to either raise participation in work activities among families receiving cash welfare from TANF, or further reduce the cash assistance rolls; it establishes $100 million per year in TANF research and technical assistance funds for "healthy marriage promotion" initiatives; and it provides $50 million per year for "responsible fatherhood initiatives." (For a discussion of TANF provisions in the DRA, see CRS Report RS22369, TANF, Child Care, Marriage Promotion, and Responsible Fatherhood Provisions in the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 (P.L. 109-171), by Gene Falk.) ¡ The DRA provides funding for TANF through FY2010. The basic block grant is funded at $16.5 billion per year (for the 50 states and the District of Columbia) through FY2010. This was its original level, as established in the 1996 welfare reform law. The DRA also funds several grants and research in addition to the basic block grant, as shown on Table 1. Though the DRA extended most TANF funding through FY2010, it extended supplemental grants only through FY2008. P.L. 110-275 extended supplemental grants through FY2009. Note that the DRA provides the funding authority (an appropriation, not just authorization) in advance through FY2010. TANF funding is not provided in annual appropriations. 1 elbaT ,5002 fo tcA noitcudeR ticifeD eht ni dedivorP gnidnuF laredeF FNAT. 0102YF-6002YF )$ fo snoillim ni( 6002 7002 8002 9002 0102 tnarg kcolb cisaB 874,61 874,61 874,61 874,61 874,61 stnarg latnemelppuS 913 913 913 913 0 seirotirret eht rof gnidnuF 77 87 87 87 87 doohrehtaf yhtlaeh/noitomorP egairraM 051 051 051 051 051 hcraeser FNAT 51 51 51 51 51 mrofer eraflew no hcraeser uaeruB susneC 01 01 01 01 01 )sdnuf ycnegnitnoc tuohtiw( sdnuf laredef latoT 940,71 050,71 050,71 050,71 137,61 eciffO tegduB lanoissergnoC .S.U a ni atad fo sisab eht no ,)SRC( ecivreS hcraeseR lanoissergnoC :ecruoS .L.P rof tnuocca ot deifidom ,6002 ,72 yraunaJ ,5002 fo tcA noitcudeR ticifeD ehT ,2391 .S ,etamitsE tsoC )OBC( .9002YF hguorht stnarg latnemelppus dednetxe hcihw ,572-011 In addition to federal TANF funds, states are required in total to contribute, from their own funds, at least $10.4 billion per year for TANF-related activities for low-income families with children. This level of state funding, known as maintenance-of-effort (MOE) funding, was also established in the 1996 welfare law, and has not since been changed. ¢ ¢ From FY1997 (the first full year of TANF funding) through FY2008 (ended September 30, 2008), the real value of the TANF block grant declined by 25%. On the basis of the September 2008 inflation projections of the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), the block grant will decline in value by 30% from FY1997 through FY2010. sralloD 7991 tnatsnoC ni tnarG kcolB FNAT cisaB .2 elbaT raeY lacsiF tnarG kcolB eht fo eulaV fo ssoL evitalumuC fo snoilliB ni( eulaV )sralloD 7991YF )tnecrep ni( 7991 5.61 0 8991 2.61 2- 9991 9.51 3- 0002 4.51 6- 1002 9.41 9- 2002 7.41 11- 3002 4.41 31- 4002 1.41 51- 5002 6.31 71- 6002 1.31 02- 7002 8.21 22- 8002 3.21 52- 9002 8.11 82- 0102 6.11 03- gnisu detupmoc erew srallod tnatsnoC .)SRC( ecivreS hcraeseR lanoissergnoC eht yb deraperp elbaT :ecruoS tnatsnoc etupmoc ot desu saw noitalfni lautcA .)U-IPC( sremusnoC nabrU lla rof xednI ecirP remusnoC eht 9002YF rof srallod tnatsnoC .scitsitatS robaL fo uaeruB .S.U eht morf atad gnisu 8002YF-7991YF rof srallod ,)OBC( eciffO tegduB lanoissergnoC .S.U eht fo snoitpmussa noitalfni eht no desab era 0102YF hguorht .8002 rebmetpeS ni dehsilbup TANF is best known as a funding source of cash welfare benefits for needy families with children. However, states have considerable discretion in using TANF funds, and have used them for a wide range of benefits and services. Figure 1. shows the uses of federal TANF grants to states and state MOE funds in FY2006. In FY2006, a total of $28.4 billion of both federal TANF and state MOE expenditures were either expended or transferred to other block grant programs. The three expenditure categories commonly associated with "welfare" for needy families with children--cash benefits, administrative costs, and work activities--accounted for $14.7 billion, or a little more than half (52%) of all funds. ¢ ¢ TANF is a major contributor of child care funding. In FY2006, 19% of all TANF funds used were either expended on child care or transferred to the child care block grant (the Child Care and Development Fund, or CCDF). FY2006 TANF and MOE expenditures on child care totaled $3.5 billion and transfers to CCDF totaled $1.9 billion, adding up to a $5.4 billion contribution to child care funding from TANF. TANF is also a major contributor to the child welfare system, which provides foster care, adoption assistance, and services to families with children who either have experienced or are at risk of child abuse or neglect. However, TANF's accounting system poorly captures expenditures associated with spending on the child welfare system.1 ,6002YF ni desU sdnuF EOM etatS dna FNAT laredeF .1 erugiF yrogetaC ecivreS ro tifeneB rojaM yb Other Transfers to expenditures, SSBG, 3% 17% Basic (cash) assistance, 35% Family formation expenditures, 3% Other work supports, 6% Transfers to Administrative CCDF, 7% expenditures, 8% Child care Work program expenditures, expenditures, 8% 12% dna htlaeH fo tnemtrapeD .S.U eht morf atad fo sisab eht no )SRC( ecivreS hcraeseR lanoissergnoC :ecruoS .)SHH( secivreS namuH See Appendix A, Table A-2, for dollar amounts associated with each of these categories. For state-specific information on the use of TANF funds, see Appendix B, Table B-1 and Table B-2. 1 For a discussion of the short-comings of TANF financial data reporting, see the U.S. Government Accountability Office, Better Information Needed to Understand Trends in States' Uses of the TANF Block Grant, GAO-06-414, March 2006. For an estimate of TANF's contribution to child welfare agencies' funding, see Scarcella et al, The Cost of Protecting Vulnerable Children V, Urban Institute, May 2006. ¢ ¢ At the end of FY2006 (September 30, 2006), a total of $4.0 billion of federal TANF funding had been neither transferred nor spent. However, some of that $4 billion represented funds that states had already committed to spend later. At the end of FY2006, states had made such commitments to spend--that is, obligations--totaling $1.9 billion. Generally, obligations are binding commitments to spend, and they come in the form of contracts and grants to provide benefits and services. However, the definition of "obligation" varies from program to program, and because TANF essentially consists of 54 different programs (one for each state, the District of Columbia, and the territories), what constitutes an obligation may vary. The remaining $2.2 billion in unspent funds is called the "unobligated balance." These funds are available to states to make new spending commitments. Table B-3 in Appendix B shows unspent TANF funds by state. ¢ This number is not known. Federal TANF reporting requirements focus on families receiving only ongoing assistance (generally cash welfare), with no complete reporting on families receiving other TANF benefits and services. As discussed in the previous section of this report, a little less than half of all TANF funds are used on activities not considered part of a traditional "welfare" program. Therefore, the federal reporting requirements that pertain to families receiving "assistance" are very likely to undercount the number of families receiving any TANF- funded benefit or service. ¢ ¢ Table 3 provides cash welfare caseload information for June 2008. A total of 1.7 million families composed of 3.9 million recipients received TANF- or MOE-funded cash in June 2008. The bulk of the "recipients" were children--3 million children in that month. For state-by-state cash assistance caseloads, see Table B-4 in Appendix B. 8002 enuJ ,daolesaC erafleW hsaC dednuF-EOM dna -FNAT.3 elbaT yrogetaC rebmuN seilimaF 808,776,1 stneipiceR 680,739,3 nerdlihC 228,800,3 stneipiceR tludA 184719 dna htlaeH fo tnemtrapeD .S.U eht morf atad fo sisab eht no )SRC( ecivreS hcraeseR lanoissergnoC :ecruoS .)SHH( secivreS namuH SHH esuaceb stluda latot dna nerdlihc latot fo mus eht naht retaerg si stneipicer latot fo rebmun ehT :etoN .mauG rof atad tluda latot ro nerdlihc latot ton tub atad tneipicer latot detroper ¢ ¢ The number of families receiving cash welfare peaked in March 1994 at 5.1 million families. The cash welfare caseload fell rapidly in the late 1990s (after the 1996 welfare reform law) before leveling off in 2001. Beginning again in 2004 the caseload began another decline, albeit at a slower pace than observed in the late 1990s. Figure 2 provides a long-term historical perspective on the number of families receiving cash welfare, from July 1959 to the present. The 1.7 million families currently on the cash assistance rolls represent their lowest level since 1969. Table B-5 shows recent trends in the number of cash welfare families by state. 8002 enuJ-9591 yluJ :erafleW hsaC gnivieceR seilimaF .2 erugiF 6 March 1994: Millions 5.1 million 5 4 3 June 2008: 1.7 million 2 1 0 Ju 9 Ju 2 Ju 5 Ju 8 Ju 1 Ju 4 Ju 7 Ju 0 Ju 3 Ju 6 Ju 9 Ju 2 Ju 5 Ju 8 Ju 1 Ju 4 7 l-5 l-6 l-6 l-6 l-7 l-7 l-7 l-8 l-8 l-8 l-8 l-9 l-9 l-9 l-0 l-0 l-0 Ju dna htlaeH fo tnemtrapeD .S.U eht morf atad fo sisab eht no )SRC( ecivreS hcraeseR lanoissergnoC :ecruoS .)SHH( secivreS namuH Historically, the "typical" cash welfare family has been headed by a single parent (usually the mother) with one or two children. The single parent has also typically been unemployed. However, the cash welfare caseload decline has occurred together with a major shift in the composition of the rolls. Today, less than half of all cash welfare families are headed by an unemployed, adult recipient. A little more than four out of 10 cash welfare families had no adult recipient at all, with the adults in the family ineligible for aid and the benefits paid only on behalf of the child (these are known as "child-only" families). This shift occurred because the caseload ¢ ¢ decline was concentrated among the families thought of as the "typical" cash welfare family, and welfare-to-work efforts have been concentrated on this population. Figure 3. shows the composition of the cash welfare caseload in FY2006. Families with an adult, unemployed recipient represent 45% of all cash welfare families. Families with an employed (in a regular job) adult recipient, who receive cash welfare as an earnings supplement, comprise an additional 13% of the cash welfare rolls. Within the "child-only" portion of the caseload, families with a parent (usually a disabled parent) receiving SSI and the children receiving TANF as a supplement to that benefit represent 9% of the cash welfare caseload. Families that are made up of children living with a non-parent relative (grandparents, aunts, uncles, etc.) represent 13% of the cash welfare caseload. Families of child citizens living with ineligible parents who are noncitizens or who have not reported their citizenship status make up 8% of the total cash welfare caseload. The remainder of the cash welfare caseload represents child recipients for whom data on the adults with whom they live is not available. 6002YF :daolesaC erafleW hsaC eht fo noitisopmoC .3 erugiF "Child-Only" Families Total child-only families: 42% of the total Other Noncitizen or 12% unknown citizenship of parent 8% Family with adult/not employed Nonparent 45% Caretaker 13% S S I Parent 9% Family with adult/employed 13% ylimaF :etoN .seliF ataD lanoitaN FNAT 6002YF eht fo sisylana )SRC( ecivreS hcraeseR lanoissergnoC :ecruoS .denoitcnas tub "ylno-dlihc" sa detroper seilimaf sedulcni deyolpmenu/tluda na htiw As previously discussed, the composition of the caseload has changed considerably over time. Table A-3 shows the change in this categorization of families over time. Table A-4 provides some additional information on the composition of the caseload. ¢ ¢ ¢ There are no federal rules that help determine the amount of TANF cash benefits paid to a family. (There are also no federal rules that require states to use TANF to pay cash benefits, though all states do so.) Benefit amounts are determined solely by the states. Table 4 shows the maximum monthly TANF cash benefit by state and family size as of July 2006.2 The benefit amounts shown are those for a single parent family with children. Some states vary their benefit amounts for other family types such as two-parent families or "child-only" cases. States also vary their benefits by other factors such as housing costs and sub-state geography. In general, the table shows the highest benefit amounts paid in the state, though the Michigan amount is for Wayne County (Detroit) and the New York benefit is for New York City.3 Most states base TANF cash benefit amounts on family size, paying bigger families larger cash benefits on the presumption that larger families have greater financial needs. The maximum monthly cash benefit is usually paid to a family that receives no other income (e.g., no earned or unearned income) and complies with program rules. Families with income other than TANF often are paid a reduced benefit. Moreover, some families are financially sanctioned for failure to meet a program requirement (e.g., a work requirement), and are also paid a lower benefit. The table also shows the benefit amounts relative to poverty-level income. TANF pays a family in cash only a fraction of poverty level income (as officially determined and published by the Department of Health and Human Services). For a family of three, in the "median state" (Illinois, ranked 26th among the 50 states and District of Columbia), a July 2006 monthly payment of $396 equalled 28.6% of poverty-level income. At the extreme, Alaska's benefit equalled the highest percentage of poverty-level income (53.4% of Alaska's poverty guideline, which is higher than that for the lower 48 states), whereas Mississippi paid the lowest percentage, 12.3%, for a family of three. 2 States are not required to report to the federal government their cash welfare benefit amounts in either the TANF state plan (under section 402 of the Social Security Act) or in annual program reports (under section 407 of the Social Security Act). The benefit amounts in this report are from the Urban Institute's welfare rules database. 3 In Michigan, higher maximum benefits were paid in Washtenaw County ($489 per month for a family of three) than in Wayne County. In New York, higher maximum benefits were paid in Suffolk County ($783 per month for a family of three) than in New York City. 5.53 8.33 8.33 2.33 7.33 8.33 297 956 365 954 173 672 nagihciM 8.04 6.14 8.24 7.44 1.74 2.15 219 218 317 816 815 814 sttesuhcassaM 8.33 2.53 5.53 4.53 1.53 9.62 557 686 295 094 683 022 dnalyraM 3.83 6.73 7.63 1.53 0.33 2.82 658 337 116 584 363 032 eniaM 4.61 8.61 0.71 3.71 1.71 9.41 663 723 482 042 881 221 anaisiuoL 3.91 6.91 7.91 9.81 5.02 8.22 234 383 823 262 522 681 ykcutneK 7.72 6.82 8.92 0.13 0.23 7.23 916 855 794 924 253 762 sasnaK 3.72 1.82 7.92 8.03 8.23 4.22 016 845 594 624 163 381 awoI 7.02 8.02 8.02 8.02 8.02 0.71 364 504 643 882 922 931 anaidnI 6.52 1.62 1.62 6.82 5.62 3.72 275 905 534 693 292 322 sionillI 8.31 8.51 5.81 3.22 1.82 8.73 903 903 903 903 903 903 ohadI 9.53 9.53 8.53 8.53 7.53 7.53 229 508 786 075 254 533 iiawaH 4.81 4.91 8.91 2.02 4.12 0.91 014 873 033 082 532 551 aigroeG 8.12 8.12 8.12 9.12 9.12 0.22 784 624 463 303 142 081 adirolF 2.03 4.92 9.92 4.92 1.92 5.13 476 375 894 704 023 752 aibmuloC fo tcirtsiD 4.42 4.42 4.42 4.42 5.42 6.42 445 574 704 833 072 102 erawaleD 9.14 8.24 5.44 0.64 6.64 2.94 539 538 147 636 315 204 tucitcennoC 4.62 3.62 9.52 7.52 5.52 1.21 095 215 234 653 082 99 odaroloC 3.94 3.05 7.15 3.25 1.35 0.44 1011 089 268 327 485 953 ainrofilaC 8.41 7.41 8.41 7.41 7.41 9.9 133 682 742 402 261 18 sasnakrA 1.52 1.52 1.52 1.52 0.52 0.52 165 094 814 743 572 402 anozirA 0.44 2.64 2.94 4.35 7.95 4.05 922,1 721,1 520,1 329 128 415 aksalA 7.31 1.41 7.41 5.51 3.71 2.02 503 572 542 512 091 561 amabalA xiS eviF ruoF eerhT owT enO xiS eviF ruoF eerhT owT enO etatS )%( seniledliuG ytrevoP SHH 6002 )$( eziS ylimaF yB stifeneB mumixaM eht fo tnecreP a sa stifeneB mumixaM 6002 yluJ ,eziS ylimaF yb stifeneB erafleW hsaC FNAT mumixaM .4 elbaT ¢ ¢ 6.02 5.12 0.32 6.42 4.72 1.23 064 024 483 043 103 262 ainigriV tseW 7.73 9.73 5.83 5.93 0.04 7.24 148 047 246 645 044 943 notgnihsaW 3.62 5.72 1.72 1.82 4.92 6.92 785 735 154 983 323 242 ainigriV 5.04 2.34 1.54 1.84 9.05 2.65 409 248 157 566 065 954 tnomreV 2.13 4.23 3.33 3.43 5.43 6.33 696 236 555 474 083 472 hatU 3.51 3.51 1.61 1.61 5.71 4.11 243 892 862 322 391 39 saxeT 7.31 5.31 6.31 4.31 9.21 6.11 503 462 622 581 241 59 eessenneT 9.92 5.13 7.33 7.63 3.14 4.54 866 416 165 805 454 173 atokaD htuoS 3.71 3.71 3.71 3.71 5.71 5.71 783 833 982 042 291 341 aniloraC htuoS 6.53 6.63 0.83 0.04 8.04 0.04 497 417 436 455 944 723 dnalsI edohR 8.03 1.13 8.03 4.03 0.03 3.62 786 706 415 124 033 512 ainavlysnneP 6.43 6.43 7.43 0.43 7.63 8.83 377 576 875 174 404 713 nogerO 6.12 6.12 7.12 1.12 5.02 0.22 384 224 163 292 522 081 amohalkO 6.92 4.03 4.03 6.92 5.03 0.03 066 395 705 014 633 542 oihO 3.43 4.43 4.43 5.43 4.43 5.43 767 076 375 774 873 282 atokaD htroN 6.51 6.61 8.71 7.91 5.12 2.22 943 423 792 272 632 181 aniloraC htroN 4.74 4.94 5.94 0.05 5.54 7.05 9501 469 528 196 105 414 kroY weN 1.82 1.82 1.82 1.82 2.82 3.82 726 845 964 983 013 132 ocixeM weN 6.72 3.82 3.92 7.03 3.92 8.91 616 255 884 424 223 261 yesreJ weN 1.73 4.83 3.14 2.54 5.05 9.95 928 847 886 526 655 984 erihspmaH weN 6.32 9.32 4.42 2.52 3.62 2.82 625 764 704 843 982 032 adaveN 8.52 9.52 1.62 3.62 6.62 2.72 775 605 534 463 392 222 aksarbeN 2.72 2.72 1.72 1.72 1.72 1.72 706 035 254 573 892 122 anatnoM 3.91 9.91 5.02 1.12 3.12 7.61 134 883 243 292 432 631 iruossiM 8.01 2.11 6.11 3.21 3.31 5.31 242 812 491 071 641 011 ippississiM 6.43 7.53 3.73 5.83 7.93 6.03 377 796 126 235 734 052 atosenniM )%( seniledliuG ytrevoP SHH 6002 )$( eziS ylimaF yB stifeneB mumixaM eht fo tnecreP a sa stifeneB mumixaM ¢ ¢ .secivreS namuH dna htlaeH fo tnemtrapeD .S.U eht morf era senilediug ytrevoP .)nwohs si tiorteD sedulcni hcihw ,ytnuoC enyaW( nagihciM dna )nwohs si ytiC kroY weN( kroY weN ni rof tpecxe etats eht ni diap mumixam eht tneserper elbat eht no nwohs stifeneb eht ,aera cihpargoeg yb stifeneb deirav evah taht setats roF .esabataD seluR erafleW s'etutitsnI nabrU eht morf era stifeneb eraflew hsac FNAT .)SRC( ecivreS hcraeseR lanoissergnoC eht yb deraperp elbaT :ecruoS 3.72 1.82 1.82 6.82 1.92 3.72 016 845 964 693 023 322 naideM 1.61 5.81 4.02 6.42 1.92 9.32 063 063 043 043 023 591 gnimoyW 1.03 5.43 4.04 7.84 2.16 0.0 376 376 376 376 376 0 nisnocsiW )%( seniledliuG ytrevoP SHH 6002 )$( eziS ylimaF yB stifeneB mumixaM eht fo tnecreP a sa stifeneB mumixaM ¢ ¢ 7.44 2.25 7.66 3.46 816 565 935 973 sttesuhcassaM 4.53 5.43 7.64 8.54 094 373 773 072 dnalyraM 1.53 6.83 5.15 1.15 584 814 614 103 eniaM 3.71 6.71 5.32 4.92 042 091 091 371 anaisiuoL 9.81 2.42 0.72 9.13 262 262 812 881 ykcutneK 0.13 7.93 9.25 9.95 924 924 724 353 sasnaK 8.03 4.93 8.84 1.16 624 624 493 063 awoI 8.02 6.62 7.53 3.34 882 882 882 552 anaidnI 6.82 9.43 4.24 3.15 693 773 243 203 sionillI 3.22 3.92 6.73 8.15 903 713 403 503 ohadI 8.53 2.75 4.55 0.96 075 217 515 864 iiawaH 2.02 9.52 4.33 1.13 082 082 072 381 aigroeG 9.12 0.82 1.43 1.33 303 303 572 591 adirolF aibmuloC 4.92 4.83 9.64 5.84 704 514 973 682 fo tcirtsiD 4.42 2.13 5.93 1.54 833 833 913 662 erawaleD 0.64 8.85 2.77 5.48 636 636 326 894 tucitcennoC 7.52 9.23 1.44 3.46 653 653 653 973 odaroloC 3.25 1.55 1.28 9.58 327 695 366 605 ainrofilaC 7.41 9.81 3.52 3.72 402 402 402 161 sasnakrA 1.52 1.23 3.63 3.43 743 743 392 202 anozirA 4.35 3.86 2.77 4.77 329 329 977 175 aksalA 5.51 2.51 6.41 0.02 512 461 811 811 amabalA 6002 6991 8891 1891 6002 6991 8891 1891 etatS )%( eerhT fo ylimaF )$( eerhT fo ylimaF a rof senilediuG ytrevoP eht a rof stifeneB mumixaM fo % a sa stifeneB mumixaM senilediuG ytrevoP eht fo tnecreP a sa dna sraeY detceleS fo yluJ nI :etatS yb eerhT fo ylimaF a rof stifeneB mumixaM .5 elbaT the median state of $396 represented 29% of poverty-level income. three in the median state represented about half of poverty-level income. In 2006, the maximum benefit in shows a decline in the value of cash welfare over time. In 1981, the maximum benefit for a family of percent of poverty-level income. The poverty guidelines are adjusted each year for inflation. The table family) with the benefits paid in July of 1981, 1988, and 1996. It also shows the maximum benefits as a benefit levels in many years. Table 5 compares the July 2005 benefit for a family of three (single-parent Most states do not regularly adjust benefits for the effects of inflation. Some states have not changed their states determined benefit amounts. The large variation in TANF cash welfare benefits is not new. Even before the 1996 welfare reform law, ¢ ¢ .raey hcae rof sdlohserht ytrevop SHH eht fo sisab eht no si emocni level-ytrevoP .setats eht fo syevrus SRC morf era atad 6991 dna ,8891 ,1891 yluJ .esabataD seluR erafleW s'etutitsnI nabrU eht morf era atad tifeneb 6002 yluJ .ecivreS hcraeseR lanoissergnoC eht yb deraperp elbaT :ecruoS 6.82 9.43 6.44 8.15 693 773 063 503 naideM 6.42 3.33 6.44 5.35 043 063 063 513 gnimoyW 7.84 8.74 0.46 4.57 376 715 715 444 nisnocsiW 6.42 4.32 8.03 0.53 043 352 942 602 ainigriV tseW 5.93 5.05 9.06 4.07 645 645 294 514 notgnihsaW 1.82 7.23 8.34 6.25 983 453 453 013 ainigriV 1.84 8.85 9.77 9.78 566 636 926 815 tnomreV 3.43 4.93 6.64 1.95 474 624 673 843 hatU 1.61 4.71 8.22 0.02 322 881 481 811 saxeT 4.31 1.71 4.12 7.02 581 581 371 221 eessenneT 7.63 8.93 3.54 5.45 805 034 663 123 atokaD htuoS 3.71 5.81 9.42 9.12 042 002 102 921 aniloraC htuoS 0.04 2.15 0.46 3.26 455 455 715 763 dnalsI edohR 4.03 9.83 8.94 4.65 124 124 204 233 ainavlysnneP 0.43 5.24 0.15 5.45 174 064 214 123 nogerO 1.12 4.82 4.83 9.74 292 703 013 282 amohalkO 6.92 5.13 3.83 6.44 014 143 903 362 oihO 5.43 8.93 9.54 7.65 774 134 173 433 atokaD htroN aniloraC 7.91 1.52 9.23 6.23 272 272 662 291 htroN 0.05 3.35 7.66 8.27 196 775 935 924 kroY weN 1.82 0.63 7.23 3.73 983 983 462 022 ocixeM weN 7.03 2.93 5.25 1.16 424 424 424 063 yesreJ weN erihspmaH 2.54 8.05 4.16 3.55 526 055 694 623 weN 2.52 2.23 9.04 9.04 843 843 033 142 adaveN 3.62 7.33 1.54 4.95 463 463 463 053 aksarbeN 1.72 5.04 5.44 0.44 573 834 953 952 anatnoM 1.12 0.72 9.43 1.24 292 292 282 842 iruossiM 3.21 1.11 9.41 3.61 071 021 021 69 ippississiM 5.83 2.94 9.56 7.57 235 235 235 644 atosenniM 2.33 4.24 0.45 4.76 954 954 634 793 nagihciM )%( eerhT fo ylimaF )$( eerhT fo ylimaF a rof senilediuG ytrevoP eht a rof stifeneB mumixaM fo % a sa stifeneB mumixaM ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ The TANF statute requires states to have 50% of their caseload meet standards of participation in work or activities--that is, a family member must be in specified activities for a minimum number of hours.4 There is a separate participation standard that applies to the two-parent portion of a state's caseload, requiring 90% of the state's two-parent caseload to meet participation standards. States that fail the TANF work participation standards are penalized by a reduction in their block grant amounts. However, the statutory work participation standards are reduced by a "caseload reduction credit." The caseload reduction credit reduces the participation standard one percentage point for each percent decline in the caseload. Through FY2006, states were given credit for caseload declines that occurred since FY1995. Beginning in FY2007, states will be credited only with caseload declines that have occurred since FY2005. The FY2007 effective (after-credit) standard will be based on caseload declines from FY2005 to FY2006. The FY2008 effective standard will be based on caseload declines from FY2005 to FY2007. States are not given credit for caseload declines that result from new restrictions on eligibility enacted by states since FY2005. The currently available caseload data do not tell what the effective (after-credit) participation standards will be for FY2007. However, cash welfare caseloads have declined over the past year. From FY2005 to FY2006, the national average decline in the overall cash welfare caseload was about 6% If the average state is given a caseload reduction credit equal to this decline, the average state will see its effective participation standards reduced by six percentage points--from 50% to 44%. In FY2006, the national average work participation rate for all families achieved by states was 32.5%. The participation rate within TANF achieved nationwide for the two-parent portion of the caseload was 45.9%. This implies that many states would have to raise their participation rates from historical levels to comply with the FY2007 TANF work participation standards. In FY2006, most states were in compliance with TANF work participation standards, but Indiana and Guam failed to meet the standard for all families and Arkansas, the District of Columbia and Guam failed to meet the standards for two-parent families. See Table B-6 in Appendix B for FY2006 participation rates for all states. FY2006 was the last fiscal year before the new work participation standard rules placed into law by the DRA became effective (see above). 4 Some families are excluded from the participation rate calculation. 4.3 0.1 GBSS ot srefsnarT 6.61 7.4 serutidnepxe rehtO 3.3 9.0 serutidnepxe noitamrof ylimaF 0.6 7.1 stroppus krow rehtO 6.6 9.1 FDCC ot srefsnarT 5.21 5.3 serutidnepxe erac dlihC 3.8 4.2 serutidnepxe margorp kroW 5.8 4.2 serutidnepxe evitartsinimdA 8.43 9.9 ecnatsissa )hsac( cisaB srefsnarT dna )snoillib ni( yrogetaC ecivreS ro tifeneB serutidnepxE latoT fo % sralloD 6002YF ni sdnuF EOM dna FNAT laredeF fo esU .2-A elbaT .)SRC( ecivreS hcraeseR lanoissergnoC :ecruoS .noisnetxe yraropmet eht fo stsoc eht tesffo ot 0102YF-6002YF rof shtrib kcoldew-fo-tuo gnicuder rof sunob eht decudeR .6002 ,13 hcraM hguorht smargorp eht rof ytirohtua gnidnuf dednetxe taht llib gnidnats-eerF 6002 ,13 .raM-6002 ,1 .naJ 161-901 .L.P .5002 ,13 .ceD hguorht smargorp eht rof ytirohtua gnidnuf eht dnetxe dna ,enacirruh eht yb detceffa setats ni stnemeriuqer niatrec dnepsus ,anirtaK enacirruH yb detceffa seilimaf ot stifeneb edivorp setats pleh ot gnidnuf artxe edivorp ot lliB 5002 ,13 .ceD-5002 ,1 .tcO 86-901 .L.P .5002 ,03 .tpeS hguorht smargorp eht rof ytirohtua gnidnuf dednetxe taht llib gnidnats-eerF 5002 ,03 .tpeS-5002 ,1 yluJ 91-901 .L.P .5002 ,03 enuJ hguorht smargorp eht rof ytirohtua gnidnuf dednetxe taht llib gnidnats-eerF 5002 ,03 enuJ-5002 ,1 .rpA 4-901 .L.P .5002 ,13 .raM hguorht smargorp eht rof ytirohtua gnidnuf dednetxe taht llib gnidnats-eerF 5002 ,13 .raM -4002 ,1 .tcO 803-801 .L.P .4002 ,03 .tpeS hguorht margorp eht rof ytirohtua gnidnuf dednetxe taht llib gnidnats-eerF 4002 ,03 .tpeS-4002 ,1 yluJ 262-801 .L.P .4002 ,03 enuJ hguorht margorp eht rof ytirohtua gnidnuf dednetxe taht llib gnidnats-eerF 4002 ,03 enuJ-4002 ,1 .rpA 012-801 .L.P .4002YF fo flah tsrif eht hguorht smargorp dednetxe taht llib esoprupitluM 4002 ,13 .raM-3002 ,1 .tcO 98-801 .L.P .smargorp detaler dna FNAT dnetxe ot tcA ytiruceS laicoS eht dednema taht llib gnidnats-eerF 3002 ,03 .tpeS-3002 ,1 yluJ 04-801 .L.P .tcA snoitairporppA detadilosnoC eht fo trap sa noisnetxE 3002 ,03 enuJ-3002 ,1 .rpA 7-801 .L.P .noituloser gniunitnoc a fo trap sa noisnetxE 3002 ,13 .raM-3002 ,1 .naJ 492-701 .L.P .noituloser gniunitnoc a fo trap sa noisnetxE 2002 ,13 .ceD-2002 ,1 .tcO 922-701 .L.P setoN doireP emiT waL cilbuP 6002YF-3002YF ,smargorP mrofeR erafleW fo snoisnetxE yraropmeT.1-A elbaT ¢ ¡ ¢ ¢ .noitcnas a rednu era ohw "ylno-dlihc" sa detroper seilimaf sedulcni deyolpmenu ,tluda na htiw ylimaF .sPSS rednu srallod EOM htiw dednuf erew stifeneb esohw esoht sa llew sa srallod FNAT morf dednuf erew stifeneb esohw esoht sedulcni daolesac eraflew hsac eht ,6002YF dna 1002YF roF :etoN .eliF ataD lanoitaN FNAT 6002 eht dna ;eliF ataD esU cilbuP lortnoC ytilauQ CDFA 4991 eht ;eliF ataD esU cilbuP lortnoC ytilauQ CDFA 8891 eht fo snoitalubat )SRC( ecivreS hcraeseR lanoissergnoC :ecruoS 1.6 8.0 5.0 nwonknu/esac ylno-dlihC 8.5 9.2 4.1 tnerap elbigileni rehto/esac ylno-dlihC eganeila nwonknu fo tnerap ro 5.7 7.3 3.1 tnerap neziticnon deifilauq/esac ylno-dlihC 3.31 5.6 0.5 evitaler rekaterac/esac ylno-dlihC 1.9 4.3 6.1 tneraP ISS/esac ylno-dlihC 0.61 5.7 5.6 deyolpme tneipicer tluda na/tluda na htiw ylimaF 2.24 3.57 7.38 deyolpmenu stneipicer tluda lla/tluda na htiw ylimaF 0.001 0.001 0.001 )%( seilimaf fo rebmun latoT 207,911 143,83 798,91 nwonknu/esac ylno-dlihC 729,211 622,641 367,15 tnerap elbigileni rehto/esac ylno-dlihC eganeila nwonknu fo tnerap ro 994,741 793,481 565,74 tnerap neziticnon deifilauq/esac ylno-dlihC 332,062 092,823 895,881 evitaler rekaterac/esac ylno-dlihC 490,871 193,171 889,95 tneraP ISS/esac ylno-dlihC 754,313 126,873 375,342 deyolpme tneipicer tluda na/tluda na htiw ylimaF 094,528 799,897,3 665,631,3 deyolpmenu stneipicer tluda lla/tluda na htiw ylimaF 204,759,1 362,640,5 059,747,3 )$( seilimaf fo rebmun latoT 6002 4991 8891 6002YF dna ,4991YF ,8891YF :epyT ylimaF yb seilimaF erafleW hsaC .3-A elbaT .)SHH( secivreS namuH dna htlaeH fo tnemtrapeD .S.U eht morf atad fo sisab eht no )SRC( ecivreS hcraeseR lanoissergnoC eht yb deraperp elbaT :ecruoS 0.001 4.82 latoT 0.01 9.2 srefsnart latoT 0.09 6.52 serutidnepxe latoT srefsnarT dna )snoillib ni( yrogetaC ecivreS ro tifeneB serutidnepxE latoT fo % sralloD ¢ ¢ sPSS rednu srallod EOM htiw dednuf erew stifeneb esohw esoht sa llew sa srallod FNAT morf dednuf erew stifeneb esohw esoht sedulcni daolesac eraflew hsac eht ,6002YF dna 1002YF roF :etoN .eliF ataD lanoitaN FNAT 6002 eht dna ;eliF ataD lanoitaN FNAT 1002 eht ;eliF ataD esU cilbuP lortnoC ytilauQ CDFA 4991 eht ;eliF ataD esU cilbuP lortnoC ytilauQ CDFA 8891 eht fo snoitalubat )SRC( ecivreS hcraeseR lanoissergnoC :ecruoS 1.71 9.01 5.11 redlo dna 31 egA 6.82 3.62 0.82 21 egA ot 6 egA 6.82 6.43 5.33 5 egA ot 2 egA 0.21 9.61 AN 1 egA 7.31 2.11 AN tnafnI 4.72 3.22 6.42 1 egA dna tnafnI )seilimaf latot fo %( dlihC tsegnuoY fo egA 0.8 6.9 9.9 erom ro ruoF 4.31 6.51 8.51 eerhT 4.72 0.03 2.03 owT 0.94 6.24 5.24 enO )seilimaf latot fo %( stneipiceR dlihC fo rebmuN 6.44 2.71 8.9 stludA oN 6.5 3.8 1.9 stludA eroM ro owT 8.94 5.47 1.18 stludA enO )seilimaf latot fo %( stneipiceR tludA fo rebmuN 378 968 863 stludA oN 901 024 043 stludA eroM ro owT 579 757,3 930,3 stludA enO )sdnasuoht( stneipiceR tludA fo rebmuN 3 3 3 srebmem ylimaf fo rebmun naideM 9.2 8.2 8.2 srebmem ylimaf fo rebmun egarevA 759,1 640,5 847,3 seilimaf fo rebmun ylhtnom egarevA 6002 4991 8891 6002-8891 sraeY detceleS ,erafleW hsaC EOM/FNAT ro CDFA gnivieceR seilimaF fo scitsiretcarahC detceleS .4-A elbaT ¢ ¢ erihspmaH 7.57 1.1 2.21 3.1 9.0 2.4 6.4 8.7 5.8 9.43 weN 8.76 8.0 7.9 0.0 6.6 0.0 8.2 9.0 9.31 0.33 adaveN 4.101 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.9 5.6 9.51 6.6 3.36 aksarbeN 8.94 0.2 4.7 4.0 0.0 1.5 6.1 4.11 5.5 5.61 anatnoM 2.863 7.12 9.78 6.11 0.0 0.32 5.95 0.82 3.41 2.221 iruossiM 2.201 0.9 3.9 7.5 7.41 2.91 4.1- 8.81 6.4 3.22 ippississiM 8.184 8.4 7.64 0.0 7.77 3.47 8.33 5.96 0.64 1.921 atosenniM 9.883,1 0.86 7.862 3.501 7.0 3.431 9.181 2.89 5.901 3.224 nagihciM 0.239 9.54 2.511 8.92 9.77 9.19 9.391 0.22 1.53 4.023 sttesuhcassaM 1.093 8.22 4.8 0.33 4.901 3.01 7.13 8.82 4.93 3.601 dnalyraM 5.621 3.3 7.3 0.0 9.51 1.51 9.31 2.2 2.7 2.56 eniaM 7.732 4.61 6.24 8.75 0.4 9.73 0.0 7.9 5.42 8.44 anaisiuoL 4.442 0.0 0.02 0.0 3.7 4.45 0.12 9.32 2.71 6.001 ykcutneK 9.081 2.7 1.42 0.0 7.63 7.12 3.61 4.3 7.8 8.26 sasnaK 5.002 0.31 8.43 3.51 7.5 8.12 7.5 9.71 3.21 9.37 awoI 0.923 0.2 4.501 6.1 9.14 0.11 2.51 6.8 6.43 7.801 anaidnI 1.510,1 4.33 5.433 2.1 9.91 0.0 1.604 4.17 1.52 5.321 sionillI 1.94 4.1 6.71 4.2 3.0 7.8 2.1 7.7 4.2 2.7 ohadI 2.171 8.9 0.0 0.0 4.1 0.5 7.41 9.73 7.71 7.48 iiawaH 1.275 1.02 8.513 9.53 1.41 7.92- 2.22 6.57 3.22 7.59 aigroeG 2.399 3.26 1.022 9.6 6.7 5.221 4.152 6.38 4.96 5.961 adirolF aibmuloC 9.512 0.4 1.61 7.31 0.0 5.81 7.26 7.02 1.81 1.26 fo tcirtsiD 4.97 8.2 7.2 6.0 9.21 0.0 6.43 3.1 1.6 3.81 erawaleD 6.594 4.62 8.761 1.97 1.5 0.0 0.32 9.43 2.53 1.421 tucitcennoC 2.632 6.41 3.711 1.0 8.8 1.21 9.0 9.0 5.81 0.36 odaroloC 6.155,6 4.181 8.226 5.41 7.651 8.98 1.288 7.515 8.806 7.974,3 ainrofilaC 2.08 7.1- 0.6 8.2 6.4 5.7 5.02 7.41 6.01 3.51 sasnakrA 9.133 6.22 7.28 0.0 3.7 0.0 2.33 7.41 3.43 1.731 anozirA 3.68 1.4 9.1 6.0 9.0 4.21 9.21 4.01 7.6 4.63 aksalA 4.621 4.01 6.03 4.2 7.3 6.8 2.6 6.51 2.41 6.43 amabalA latoT GBSS ot rehtO noitamroF stroppuS FDCC ot serutid margorP evitarts ecnatsissA etatS srefsnarT ylimaF kroW srefsnarT -nepxE kroW -inimdA )hsaC( rehtO eraC cisaB dlihC )snoi llim ni $( yrogetaC yb sdnuF EOM dna FNAT 6002YF fo esU .1-B elbaT ¡ ¢ ¢ .)SHH( secivreS namuH dna htlaeH fo tnemtrapeD .S.U eht morf atad fo sisab eht no )SRC( ecivreS hcraeseR lanoissergnoC eht yb deraperp elbaT :ecruoS 7.544,82 0.479 8.517,4 1.049 7.417,1 9.778,1 0.245,3 3.463,2 8.014,2 0.609,9 slatoT 7.62 0.0 1.6 0.0 8.1 7.3 3.3 5.0 9.0 5.01 gnimoyW 9.715 7.41 8.11 1.21 6.85 9.26 3.081 8.83 8.72 9.011 nisnocsiW 0.621 9.01 0.41 1.0- 7.61 0.0 9.02 4.1 9.42 3.73 ainigriV tseW 2.847 7.9 8.83 0.0 3.3 1.501 0.47 7.681 0.64 4.482 notgnihsaW 5.803 6.41 0.62 0.1 4.6 0.3 0.93 8.04 1.24 7.531 ainigriV 0.87 7.4 8.0 0.0 3.51 2.9 4.6 7.0 3.6 6.43 tnomreV 1.101 3.5 8.0 5.0 3.1 0.0 0.7 0.53 2.41 9.63 hatU 3.267 2.13 2.393 8.3 0.1 0.0 8.62 0.37 3.49 9.831 saxeT 3.033 3.01 6.54 0.0 3.9 6.35 1.83 8.63 9.23 7.301 eessenneT 0.13 1.2 4.9 0.0 1.0 0.0 8.0 1.4 4.2 2.21 atokaD htuoS aniloraC 3.551 0.01 9.18 7.2 9.1 0.0 1.4 1.8 1.8 5.83 htuoS 3.861 3.4 2.72 0.0 3.0 0.02 5.13 0.6 1.41 0.56 dnalsI edohR 6.101,1 1.51 8.201 1.73 8.73 7.29 3.961 0.261 9.19 9.293 ainavlysnneP 4.152 0.0 6.68 0.0 2.9 0.0 5.11 3.12 1.43 6.88 nogerO 3.591 8.41 1.23 3.5 5.02 5.92 8.24 0.0 7.22 7.72 amohalkO 9.291,1 8.27 0.232 5.76 6.12 0.0 7.103 3.06 4.601 6.033 oihO atokaD 7.13 0.0 6.01 3.2 6.1 0.0 7.0 4.2 7.3 5.01 htroN aniloraC 0.723 5.4 2.21- 2.0- 4.4 2.27 1.501 8.64 0.21 4.49 htroN 0.319,4 5.321 1.848 9.771 3.828 6.845 0.201 4.902 5.154 8.326,1 kroY weN 4.241 0.0 3.61 0.0 1.1 8.33 9.2 6.01 2.4 6.37 ocixeM weN 1.656 6.51 0.21 4.802 8.13 9.45 3.51 3.741 0.39 7.77 yesreJ weN latoT GBSS ot rehtO noitamroF stroppuS FDCC ot serutid margorP evitarts ecnatsissA etatS srefsnarT ylimaF kroW srefsnarT -nepxE kroW -inimdA )hsaC( rehtO eraC cisaB dlihC ¢ ¢ 0.001 9.4 3.91 6.7 0.0 7.9 1.31 1.7 9.7 4.03 nagihciM 0.001 9.4 4.21 2.3 4.8 9.9 8.02 4.2 8.3 4.43 sttesuhcassaM 0.001 8.5 2.2 5.8 1.82 6.2 1.8 4.7 1.01 3.72 dnalyraM 0.001 6.2 9.2 0.0 6.21 9.11 0.11 8.1 7.5 6.15 eniaM 0.001 9.6 9.71 3.42 7.1 9.51 0.0 1.4 3.01 8.81 anaisiuoL 0.001 0.0 2.8 0.0 0.3 3.22 6.8 8.9 1.7 1.14 ykcutneK 0.001 0.4 3.31 0.0 3.02 0.21 0.9 9.1 8.4 7.43 sasnaK 0.001 5.6 4.71 6.7 9.2 9.01 9.2 9.8 1.6 9.63 awoI 0.001 6.0 0.23 5.0 7.21 3.3 6.4 6.2 5.01 0.33 anaidnI 0.001 3.3 9.23 1.0 0.2 0.0 0.04 0.7 5.2 2.21 sionillI 0.001 9.2 9.53 8.4 6.0 8.71 4.2 8.51 0.5 7.41 ohadI 0.001 7.5 0.0 0.0 8.0 9.2 6.8 2.22 3.01 4.94 iiawaH 0.001 5.3 2.55 3.6 5.2 2.5- 9.3 2.31 9.3 7.61 aigroeG 0.001 3.6 2.22 7.0 8.0 3.21 3.52 4.8 0.7 1.71 adirolF aibmuloC 0.001 9.1 4.7 3.6 0.0 6.8 0.92 6.9 4.8 8.82 fo tcirtsiD 0.001 5.3 4.3 8.0 3.61 0.0 6.34 7.1 7.7 1.32 erawaleD 0.001 3.5 9.33 0.61 0.1 0.0 6.4 0.7 1.7 1.52 tucitcennoC 0.001 2.6 7.94 0.0 7.3 1.5 4.0 4.0 8.7 7.62 odaroloC 0.001 8.2 5.9 2.0 4.2 4.1 5.31 9.7 3.9 1.35 ainrofilaC 0.001 1.2- 4.7 5.3 7.5 4.9 5.52 3.81 3.31 1.91 sasnakrA 0.001 8.6 9.42 0.0 2.2 0.0 0.01 4.4 3.01 3.14 anozirA 0.001 8.4 2.2 7.0 1.1 3.41 9.41 1.21 8.7 2.24 aksalA 0.001 3.8 2.42 9.1 9.2 8.6 9.4 3.21 3.11 4.72 amabalA latoT GBSS ot rehtO noitamroF stroppuS FDCC ot serutidnepxE margorP evitart ecnatsissA etatS srefsnarT ylimaF kroW rehtO srefsnarT eraC dlihC kroW -sinimdA )hsaC( cisaB gnidnuF EOM etatS dna FNAT laredeF latoT fo tnecreP a sa ,yrogetaC yb sdnuF EOM dna FNAT 6002YF fo esU .2-B elbaT ¢ ¢ 0.001 7.8 1.11 1.0- 2.31 0.0 6.61 1.1 8.91 6.92 ainigriV tseW 0.001 3.1 2.5 0.0 4.0 0.41 9.9 0.52 2.6 0.83 notgnihsaW 0.001 7.4 4.8 3.0 1.2 0.1 6.21 2.31 6.31 0.44 ainigriV 0.001 1.6 0.1 0.0 6.91 8.11 2.8 9.0 1.8 3.44 tnomreV 0.001 2.5 8.0 5.0 3.1 0.0 9.6 6.43 1.41 5.63 hatU 0.001 1.4 6.15 5.0 1.0 0.0 5.3 6.9 4.21 2.81 saxeT 0.001 1.3 8.31 0.0 8.2 2.61 5.11 1.11 0.01 4.13 eessenneT 0.001 9.6 2.03 0.0 4.0 0.0 6.2 1.31 7.7 2.93 atokaD htuoS 0.001 4.6 7.25 8.1 2.1 0.0 6.2 2.5 2.5 8.42 aniloraC htuoS 0.001 6.2 1.61 0.0 2.0 9.11 7.81 5.3 4.8 6.83 dnalsI edohR 0.001 4.1 3.9 4.3 4.3 4.8 4.51 7.41 3.8 7.53 ainavlysnneP 0.001 0.0 5.43 0.0 7.3 0.0 6.4 5.8 6.31 3.53 nogerO 0.001 6.7 4.61 7.2 5.01 1.51 9.12 0.0 6.11 2.41 amohalkO 0.001 1.6 5.91 7.5 8.1 0.0 3.52 1.5 9.8 7.72 oihO 0.001 0.0 3.33 2.7 0.5 0.0 2.2 6.7 7.11 1.33 atokaD htroN 0.001 4.1 7.3- 1.0- 3.1 1.22 1.23 3.41 7.3 9.82 aniloraC htroN 0.001 5.2 3.71 6.3 9.61 2.11 1.2 3.4 2.9 0.33 kroY weN 0.001 0.0 4.11 0.0 8.0 7.32 0.2 5.7 9.2 7.15 ocixeM weN 0.001 4.2 8.1 8.13 8.4 4.8 3.2 4.22 2.41 8.11 yesreJ weN 0.001 5.1 1.61 7.1 2.1 5.5 1.6 4.01 3.11 2.64 erihspmaH weN 0.001 2.1 3.41 0.0 7.9 0.0 2.4 4.1 6.02 7.84 adaveN 0.001 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 9.8 4.6 7.51 5.6 4.26 aksarbeN 0.001 0.4 9.41 7.0 0.0 2.01 1.3 0.32 9.01 1.33 anatnoM 0.001 9.5 9.32 1.3 0.0 2.6 1.61 6.7 9.3 2.33 iruossiM 0.001 8.8 1.9 6.5 4.41 8.81 4.1- 4.81 5.4 9.12 ippississiM 0.001 0.1 7.9 0.0 1.61 4.51 0.7 4.41 5.9 8.62 atosenniM latoT GBSS ot rehtO noitamroF stroppuS FDCC ot serutidnepxE margorP evitart ecnatsissA etatS srefsnarT ylimaF kroW rehtO srefsnarT eraC dlihC kroW -sinimdA )hsaC( cisaB ¢ ¢ .)SHH( secivreS namuH dna htlaeH fo tnemtrapeD .S.U eht morf atad fo sisab eht no )SRC( ecivreS hcraeseR lanoissergnoC eht yb deraperp elbaT :ecruoS 0.001 4.3 6.61 3.3 0.6 6.6 5.21 3.8 5.8 8.43 slatoT 0.001 0.0 9.22 0.0 6.6 8.31 4.21 9.1 2.3 1.93 gnimoyW 0.001 8.2 3.2 3.2 3.11 1.21 8.43 5.7 4.5 4.12 nisnocsiW latoT GBSS ot rehtO noitamroF stroppuS FDCC ot serutidnepxE margorP evitart ecnatsissA etatS srefsnarT ylimaF kroW rehtO srefsnarT eraC dlihC kroW -sinimdA )hsaC( cisaB ¢ ¢ 5.242 5.3 0.932 aniloraC htroN 0.853 4.751 6.002 kroY weN 2.92 2.92 0.0 ocixeM weN 4.641 8.631 6.9 yesreJ weN 4.34 4.34 0.0 erihspmaH weN 6.52 6.52 0.0 adaveN 9.5 2.5 8.0 aksarbeN 3.63 7.53 6.0 anatnoM 7.51 0.0 7.51 iruossiM 4.53 4.03 0.5 ippississiM 6.96 0.0 6.96 atosenniM 0.0 0.0 0.0 nagihciM 1.7 0.0 1.7 sttesuhcassaM 8.321 2.011 5.31 dnalyraM 5.5 5.5 0.0 eniaM 1.43 0.0 1.43 anaisiuoL 5.75 5.75 0.0 ykcutneK 3.1 3.1 0.0 sasnaK 4.42 2.91 2.5 awoI 7.46 0.0 7.46 anaidnI 0.0 0.0 0.0 sionillI 5.6 0.0 5.6 ohadI 9.541 5.801 4.73 iiawaH 3.361 0.421 3.93 aigroeG 6.53 0.0 6.53 adirolF 4.64 4.53 0.11 aibmuloC fo tcirtsiD 2.3 1.2 0.1 erawaleD 0.0 0.0 0.0 tucitcennoC 1.58 1.58 0.0 odaroloC 9.804 0.0 9.804 ainrofilaC 0.401 9.99 0.4 sasnakrA 3.61 0.0 3.61 anozirA 4.83 0.1 3.73 aksalA 0.65$ 4.25$ 5.3$ amabalA sdnuF tnepsnU sdnuF tnepsnU sdnuF dednepxenU etatS latoT dna detagilbonU yb detagilbO )snoillim ni $ ,6002 ,03 rebmetpeS( 6002YF fo dnE eht ta sdnuF FNAT tnepsnU .3-B elbaT ¢ ¢ 971,3 193,9 075,21 212,5 iiawaH RN RN 387,01 270,3 mauG 022,2 142,53 164,73 543,12 aigroeG 643,21 857,76 401,08 211,94 adirolF 760,2 515,9 285,11 392,5 aibmuloC fo tcirtsiD 346,1 948,6 294,8 690,4 erawaleD 485,11 370,72 756,83 957,81 tucitcennoC 914,4 561,61 485,02 484,8 odaroloC 194,742 773,169 868,802,1 265,194 ainrofilaC 187,4 918,31 006,81 712,8 sasnakrA 718,71 935,65 653,47 019,43 anozirA 494,2 795,5 190,8 370,3 aksalA 627,8 876,03 404,93 121,71 amabalA stneipiceR nerdlihC stneipiceR seilimaF etatS tludA 8002 enuJ ,daolesaC erafleW hsaC EOM dna FNAT.4-B elbaT .)SHH( secivreS namuH dna htlaeH fo tnemtrapeD .S.U eht morf atad fo sisab eht no )SRC( ecivreS hcraeseR lanoissergnoC eht yb deraperp elbaT :ecruoS 9.640,4 8.051,2 1.698,1 slatoT 5.84 9.54 5.2 gnimoyW 0.0 0.0 0.0 nisnocsiW 2.13 2.13 0.0 ainigriV tseW 5.81 5.81 0.0 notgnihsaW 8.4 9.1 9.2 ainigriV 0.0 0.0 0.0 tnomreV 7.25 7.25 0.0 hatU 5.791 0.0 5.791 saxeT 2.061 2.061 0.0 eessenneT 4.91 4.91 0.0 atokaD htuoS 2.94 2.94 0.0 aniloraC htuoS 5.5 5.5 0.0 dnalsI edohR 0.62 4.2 6.32 ainavlysnneP 8.34 8.34 0.0 nogerO 3.001 3.001 0.0 amohalkO 2.438 1.134 0.304 oihO 3.91 3.91 0.0 atokaD htroN sdnuF tnepsnU sdnuF tnepsnU sdnuF dednepxenU etatS latoT dna detagilbonU yb detagilbO ¢ ¢ 823 158 971,1 904 sdnalsI nigriV 808,2 599,5 308,8 167,3 tnomreV 573,3 467,8 931,21 629,4 hatU 032,51 805,79 837,211 112,15 saxeT 655,53 537,79 192,331 294,25 eessenneT 618 668,4 286,5 997,2 atokaD htuoS 653,7 973,62 537,33 289,41 aniloraC htuoS 954,5 992,31 857,81 210,8 dnalsI edohR 940,01 926,12 876,13 797,11 ociR otreuP 765,82 000,88 765,611 734,84 ainavlysnneP 574,21 324,43 898,64 441,02 nogerO 915,2 929,31 844,61 097,7 amohalkO 914,14 838,131 752,371 114,08 oihO 923,1 016,3 939,4 299,1 atokaD htroN 081,7 432,73 414,44 227,32 aniloraC htroN 557,201 403,472 950,773 785,251 kroY weN 920,8 167,62 097,43 524,31 ocixeM weN 270,32 579,55 740,97 852,33 yesreJ weN 621,2 434,6 065,8 082,4 erihspmaH weN 934,4 157,31 091,81 171,7 adaveN 153,3 825,21 978,51 566,6 aksarbeN 500,2 253,5 753,7 169,2 anatnoM 356,62 442,06 798,68 731,63 iruossiM 342,5 525,71 867,22 031,11 ippississiM 079,01 144,63 114,74 015,12 atosenniM 374,34 607,221 971,661 321,46 nagihciM 693,82 746,16 340,09 713,54 sttesuhcassaM 523,11 250,43 773,54 276,91 dnalyraM 353,11 000,22 353,33 305,11 eniaM 554,2 501,91 065,12 969,9 anaisiuoL 319,11 754,54 073,75 795,82 ykcutneK 402,9 008,02 400,03 649,11 sasnaK 050,41 066,13 017,54 982,81 awoI 004,72 722,68 726,311 977,93 anaidnI 104,8 634,74 738,55 672,42 sionillI 311 060,2 371,2 974,1 ohadI stneipiceR nerdlihC stneipiceR seilimaF etatS tludA ¢ ¢ 7.1 3.57- 276,91 143,91 621,92 607,97 dnalyraM 9.3 2.94- 305,11 370,11 832,11 146,22 eniaM 6.7- 4.88- 969,9 787,01 401,42 147,58 anaisiuoL 0.2- 9.36- 795,82 371,92 893,53 522,97 ykcutneK 3.51- 2.06- 649,11 690,41 501,31 020,03 sasnaK 4.7- 1.45- 982,81 257,91 735,12 318,93 awoI 5.1- 4.54- 977,93 304,04 702,44 188,27 anaidnI 1.51- 0.09- 672,42 995,82 327,95 047,242 sionillI 2.5- 1.38- 974,1 065,1 792,1 937,8 ohadI 5.81- 0.57- 212,5 893,6 902,81 448,02 iiawaH 0.0 7.55 270,3 270,3 936,2 379,1 mauG 1.11- 7.48- 543,12 500,42 933,94 665,931 aigroeG 1.5 5.97- 211,94 017,64 337,75 232,932 adirolF 4.11- 7.08- 392,5 579,5 441,61 344,72 aibmuloC fo tcirtsiD 6.4 6.36- 690,4 619,3 243,5 932,11 erawaleD 1.9- 6.86- 957,81 236,02 594,72 107,95 tucitcennoC 1.71- 5.97- 484,8 032,01 356,01 873,14 odaroloC 6.4 5.64- 265,194 990,074 874,615 535,919 ainrofilaC 7.2- 3.86- 712,8 744,8 390,21 298,52 sasnakrA 9.0- .15- 019,43 232,53 644,33 035,17 anozirA 4.6- 3.67- 370,3 482,3 699,5 779,21 aksalA 5.2- 4.56- 121,71 455,71 412,81 284,94 amabalA 8002 enuJ 8002 enuJ 8002 7002 1002 4991 etatS -7002 enuJ -4991 enuJ enuJ enuJ enuJ enuJ egnahC egatnecreP 8002 dna ,7002 ,1002 ,4991 ,ecnatsissA hsaC gnivieceR seilimaF fo rebmuN .5-B elbaT .detroper ton setoned "RN" :etoN .)SHH( secivreS namuH dna htlaeH fo tnemtrapeD .S.U eht morf atad fo sisab eht no )SRC( ecivreS hcraeseR lanoissergnoC eht yb deraperp elbaT :ecruoS 184,719 228,800,3 680,739,3 808,776,1 slatoT 56 283 744 542 gnimoyW 799,5 097,13 787,73 685,71 nisnocsiW 053,5 900,41 953,91 496,8 ainigriV tseW 810,73 357,48 177,121 371,35 notgnihsaW 290,91 163,94 354,86 598,03 ainigriV stneipiceR nerdlihC stneipiceR seilimaF etatS tludA ¢ ¢ .)SHH( secivreS namuH dna htlaeH fo tnemtrapeD .S.U eht morf atad fo sisab eht no )SRC( ecivreS hcraeseR lanoissergnoC eht yb deraperp elbaT :ecruoS 5.2- 7.66- 808,776,1 565,127,1 585,071,2 050,340,5 slatoT 8.2- 7.59- 542 252 394 157,5 gnimoyW 9.1 0.77- 685,71 662,71 895,81 854,67 nisnocsiW 9.6- 5.87- 496,8 533,9 359,41 973,04 ainigriV tseW 4.7 0.94- 371,35 915,94 816,75 342,401 notgnihsaW 2.2- 8.85- 598,03 875,13 745,92 020,57 ainigriV 2.2- 0.36- 904 814 976 601,1 sdnalsI nigriV 4.61- 4.26- 167,3 005,4 005,5 600,01 tnomreV 8.3- 9.17- 629,4 321,5 783,7 635,71 hatU 4.41- 9.18- 112,15 497,95 935,721 209,282 saxeT 6.31- 0.25- 294,25 777,06 006,06 933,901 eessenneT 5.2- 2.95- 997,2 178,2 076,2 868,6 atokaD htuoS 5.3 0.17- 289,41 974,41 708,81 095,15 aniloraC htuoS 8.5- 8.46- 210,8 105,8 070,61 737,22 dnalsI edohR 1.01- 8.97- 797,11 221,31 285,52 484,85 ociR otreuP 8.12- 1.77- 734,84 849,16 345,18 134,112 ainavlysnneP 5.7 0.25- 441,02 147,81 834,61 289,14 nogerO 7.21- 4.38- 097,7 129,8 188,31 468,64 amohalkO 4.4 6.76- 114,08 500,77 591,28 688,742 oihO 7.3- 2.56- 299,1 860,2 130,3 527,5 atokaD htroN 6.4- 9.18- 227,32 758,42 917,14 560,131 aniloraC htroN 9.1- 9.66- 785,251 594,551 757,122 095,064 kroY weN 1.2- 2.06- 524,31 617,31 332,81 237,33 ocixeM weN 7.2- 9.27- 852,33 771,43 750,64 635,221 yesreJ weN 3.41- 1.36- 082,4 499,4 617,5 195,11 erihspmaH weN 8.1 5.94- 171,7 340,7 296,7 702,41 adaveN 3.2- 4.75- 566,6 918,6 343,01 946,51 aksarbeN 3.8- 3.57- 169,2 032,3 490,5 400,21 anatnoM 8.6- 8.06- 731,63 467,83 361,94 562,29 iruossiM 1.2- 8.97- 031,11 663,11 309,51 381,55 ippississiM 3.91- 9.56- 015,12 646,62 632,93 340,36 atosenniM 5.21- 2.17- 321,46 382,37 514,17 274,222 nagihciM 6.1 8.85- 713,54 916,44 016,14 801,011 sttesuhcassaM 8002 enuJ 8002 enuJ 8002 7002 1002 4991 etatS -7002 enuJ -4991 enuJ enuJ enuJ enuJ enuJ egnahC egatnecreP ¢ ¢ 9.84 8.73 kroY weN 5.45 3.24 ocixeM weN a 2.92 yesreJ weN a 1.42 erihspmaH weN a 8.74 adaveN a 0.23 aksarbeN 3.38 2.97 anatnoM a 7.81 iruossiM a 5.53 ippississiM a 3.03 atosenniM 2.62 6.12 nagihciM a 6.31 sttesuhcassaM a 5.44 dnalyraM a 6.62 eniaM 5.24 4.83 anaisiuoL 3.15 6.44 ykcutneK 3.28 2.77 sasnaK a 0.93 awoI a 7.62 anaidnI a 0.35 sionillI 2.93 2.44 ohadI a 3.73 iiawaH 0.0 0.0 mauG a 9.46 aigroeG a 0.14 adirolF 1.31 1.71 aibmuloC fO .tsiD a 3.52 erawaleD a 8.03 tucitcennoC 2.53 0.03 odaroloC a 2.22 ainrofilaC 3.22 9.72 sasnakrA 5.76 6.92 anozirA 2.45 6.54 aksalA a 6.14 amabalA 9.54 5.23 setatS detinU )%( seilimaF )%( seilimaF etatS tneraP-owT llA etatS yb ,6002YF rof setaR noitapicitraP kroW FNAT.6-B elbaT ¢ ¢ gfalk@crs.loc.gov, 7-7344 Specialist in Social Policy Gene Falk .4002YF ni margorp FNAT sti nihtiw seilimaf tnerap-owt evres ton did etatS .a .)SHH( secivreS namuH dna htlaeH fo tnemtrapeD .S.U eht morf atad fo sisab eht no )SRC( ecivreS hcraeseR lanoissergnoC eht yb deraperp elbaT :ecruoS 9.57 2.77 gnimoyW 1.71 2.63 nisnocsiW a 2.62 ainigriV tseW 1.34 1.63 notgnihsaW a 9.35 ainigriV a 5.41 sdnalsI nigriV 9.33 2.22 tnomreV a 5.24 hatU a 0.24 saxeT a 2.75 eessenneT a 9.75 atokaD htuoS 7.46 5.94 aniloraC htuoS 3.49 9.42 dnalsI edohR a 1.31 ociR otreuP 5.23 1.62 ainavlysnneP 6.22 2.51 nogerO a 9.23 amohalkO 5.55 9.45 oihO a 9.15 atokaD htroN 0.45 4.23 aniloraC htroN )%( seilimaF )%( seilimaF etatS tneraP-owT llA ¢ ¢ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32760