For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32459 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Order Code RL32459 U.S.-French Commercial Ties Updated May 19, 2008 Raymond J. Ahearn Specialist in International Trade and Finance Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division U.S.-French Commercial Ties Summary U.S. commercial ties with France are extensive, mutually profitable, and growing. With over $1.2 billion in commercial transactions taking place between the two countries every day of the year, each country has an increasingly large stake in the health and openness of the other's economy. France is the 9th largest merchandise trading partner for the United States and the United States is France's largest trading partner outside the European Union. More than half of bilateral trade occurs in major industries such as aerospace, pharmaceuticals, medical and scientific equipment, electrical machinery, and plastics where both countries export and import similar products. The United States and France also have a large and growing trade in services such as tourism, education, finance, insurance and other professional services. In recent years, France has been the sixth largest market for U.S. exports of services. Although trade in goods and services receive most of the attention in terms of the commercial relationship, foreign direct investment and the activities of foreign affiliates can be viewed as the backbone of the commercial relationship. The scale of sales of U.S.-owned companies operating in France and French-owned companies operating in the United States outweighs trade transactions by a factor of almost five. In 2006, France was the eleventh largest host country for U.S. foreign direct investment abroad and the United States with investments valued at $65.9 billion was the number one foreign investor in France. During that same year, French companies had direct investments in the United States totaling $159 billion (historical cost basis), making France the fifth largest investor in the United States. French-owned companies employed some 473,000 workers in the United States in 2005 compared to 619,000 employees of U.S. companies invested in France. Most U.S. trade and investment transactions with France, dominated by multinational companies, are non-controversial. Nevertheless, three prominent issues -- agriculture, government intervention in corporate activity, and the war in Iraq -- have contributed periodically to increased bilateral tensions. The most pointed perhaps arose in early 2003 with reports of U.S. consumer boycotts of French goods and calls from some Members of Congress for trade retaliation against France (and Germany) due to foreign policy differences over the Iraq War. The foreign policy dispute, however, appears not to have had much impact on sales of products such as French wines, perfumes and toiletries, travel goods and handbags, and cheeses that are most prone to being boycotted. While some public opinion polls at the time suggested support for economic boycotts as a way of expressing opposition to France's position on Iraq, an economic backlash appears not to have materialized. Effective boycotts would jeopardize thousands of jobs on both sides of the Atlantic. This report will be updated as needed. See also its companion report, CRS Report RL32464, France: Factors Shaping French Policy, and Issues in U.S.-French Relations, by Paul Gallis. Contents Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Trade Ties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Investment Ties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Tensions and Disagreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Government Intervention in Corporate Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Iraq War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Appendix: Trade and Foreign Investment Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 List of Tables Table 1. U.S. Trade with France in Goods, 1998-2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Table 2. U.S. Trade with France in Services, 1998-2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Table 3. U.S. Trade Balance with France on Goods and Services, 1998-2006 . . . 3 Table 4. U.S. - France Commercial Interactions, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Table 5. U.S. Imports of Selective Luxury Goods from France, 2003-2007 . . . . . 8 Table A1. Top Ten U.S. Trading Partners, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Table A2. France's Top Trading Partners, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Table A3. Major U.S. Exports to France, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Table A4. Major U.S. Imports from France, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Table A5. U.S. Total Exports to France by Top 10 States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Table A6. Foreign Direct Investment in the United States: Top Five Countries, 2002-2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Table A7. Employment of French Majority-Owned U.S. Affiliates, by Top 15 States, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Table A8. French Foreign Direct Investment in the United States, 1990-2005 . . 12 Table A9. U.S. Foreign Direct Investment in France, 1990-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 This report was written at the request of the co-chairs of the Congressional French Caucus. U.S.-French Commercial Ties Overview U.S. commercial ties with France are extensive, mutually profitable, and growing. Each country has an increasingly large stake in the health and openness of the other's economy. While the relationship dates back to the colonial period, it is also constantly evolving. The U.S. and French economies share many similarities. Based on a gross domestic product (GDP) in 2007 of $13.7 trillion, the United States is the world's largest economy. France with a GDP of $2.5 trillion is the world's sixth largest economy. France's population (2007) of 64.1 million has a per capita income of $39,000 while the comparable figure for the United States, based on a population of 302 million, is $45,400. As industrialized economies, both share similar structural attributes where over 75% of the civilian workforce is employed in services and less than 3% in agriculture.1 At the same time, the state still plays a larger role in the economy of France than in the United States. This is particularly true in the provision of services such as education and health care, but also in energy, telecommunications, and transport where state-owned companies play a prominent role. Policies geared to supporting national champions in leading sectors, to influencing mergers involving French companies, to screening foreign investments in "strategic" sectors, to sustaining a network of personal relationships linking the heads of large companies with senior civil servants, and to rejecting American-style laissez-faire capitalism all distinguish France from the United States. Yet, prompted by mandates of the European Union's Single Market, the need to reduce budget deficits by raising revenues through privatization efforts, as well as the need to de-regulate the economy, the French government's interventionist capabilities have been weakened in recent years. While President Sarkozy has supported mergers to create "national champions" in nuclear power, energy, and defense, he also has promoted market-oriented domestic reforms to put France's over-regulated economy back on a path of stronger growth.2 Trade Ties Differences in the role the state plays in the economy, however, have not precluded a growing number and type of international economic transactions from making the two economies increasingly interdependent. In the case of merchandise trade, France is the 9th largest trading partner for the United States and the United 1 CIA World Factbook, 2007 and OECD data. 2 The Economist Intelligence Unit, France: Country Profile 2007. Available online at [http://store.eiu.com/index.asp?layout=schedule]. CRS-2 States is France's largest trading partner outside the European Union. As shown in Table 1, total trade turnover (exports plus imports) totaled $69 billion in 2007, with the United States running a $14.9 billion deficit. Table 1. U.S. Trade with France in Goods, 1998-2007 (Billions of Dollars) 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Exports 18.9 20.4 19.9 19.0 17.0 19.6 20.7 24.2 27.4 Imports 25.7 29.8 30.4 28.2 29.2 31.5 33.5 37.1 41.6 Balance -6.8 -9.4 -10.5 -9.2 -12.2 -11.9 -12.8 -12.9 -14.2 Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Most striking about U.S.-French merchandise trade is the extent to which it is concentrated in similar industries and sectors (so-called intra-industry trade). In 2006, $38 billion or 62% of bilateral trade occurred in major industries such as aerospace, pharmaceuticals, medical and scientific equipment, electrical machinery, and plastics where both countries export and import similar products (see Tables C and D in the Appendix). Many of these products are components or capital goods used in the production of finished goods in both the United States and France. Furthermore, due to large amounts of foreign direct investment across both sides of the Atlantic, much of this intra-industry trade takes place as trade between parent companies and their affiliates (so-called intra-firm trade). This kind of trade, where large multinational companies, such as Michelin and General Electric, trade between their affiliates, has accounted for around 50% of total trade turnover in recent years.3 The overwhelming role that both intra-industry and intra-firm trade play in merchandise trade tends to limit targets of any potential trade retaliation. This is because restrictions placed on most of these traded items would adversely affect domestic production as well as employment of the country imposing the restriction. The United States and France also have a large and growing trade in services such as tourism, education, finance, insurance, and other professional services. As shown in Table 2, the U.S. exported $13.8 billion in services to France in 2006 and imported $14.8 billion in services. These amounts make France the sixth largest market for U.S. exports of services and the seventh largest provider of services to the United States. 3 CRS calculation based on Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis data. CRS-3 Table 2. U.S. Trade with France in Services, 1998-2006 (Billions of Dollars) 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Exports 9.6 10.0 10.5 10.1 10.7 11.1 12.8 13.1 13.8 Imports 7.4 8.0 10.5 9.9 9.6 10.3 11.6 12.5 14.8 Balance 2.2 2.0 0.0 0.2 1.1 0.4 1.2 0.6 -1.0 Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. From 1998-2005, the United States experienced small surpluses in services trade with France. In 2006, France ran a $1 billion surplus in services trade for the first time in recent history. These services balances, as shown in Table 3, affect the merchandise trade balance only modestly. Table 3. U.S. Trade Balance with France on Goods and Services, 1998-2006 (Billions of Dollars) 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Balance -4.1 -4.8 -9.4 -10.3 -8.1 -11.8 -9.3 -12.2 -13.9 Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Investment Ties While trade in goods and services receives most of the attention in terms of U.S.-France commercial ties, foreign direct investment and the activities of foreign affiliates can be viewed as the backbone of the commercial relationship. Compared to trade flows, the scale of commercial activities of U.S.-owned companies operating in France and French-owned companies operating in the United States outweighs trade flows by a factor of almost five. This key dynamic of the commercial relationship is illustrated in Table 4. In 2005, French companies sold $242.3 billion of goods and services to U.S. consumers while U.S. companies sold $228.8 billion of goods and services to French consumers. Of this combined $470.8 billion in sales, only $81.8 billion or 17% was accounted for by international trade (exports of goods and services from French companies to the U.S. and from U.S. companies to France). The vast majority (83%) was due to sales by U.S. foreign affiliates producing and selling in France and French foreign affiliates producing and selling in the United States. The combined U.S.-French annual $470.8 billion sales figure translates into over $1.2 billion in commercial transactions taking place every day of the year. CRS-4 Table 4. U.S. - France Commercial Interactions, 2005 ( Billions of Dollars) Commercial Transaction France U.S. Totals Exports of goods 33.8 22.4 56.2 Exports of services 12.5 13.1 25.6 Foreign affiliate sales 196 193 389 Totals 242.3 228.8 470.8 Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, Census Bureau. In the case of foreign direct investment, France in 2006 was the eleventh largest host country for overall U.S. foreign direct investment and the United States was the number one foreign investor with investments valued at $65.9 billion (historical cost basis). During the same year, French companies had direct investments in the United States totaling $159 billion (valued on a historical cost basis), making France the fifth largest foreign investor in the United States in stock terms (see Table A6). Manufacturing accounted for 44% of total French investments.4 The assets of some 2,067 French-owned companies operating in the United States (2005 data) totaled $634 billion, up from $176 billion in 1990. The 1,326 U.S.-owned companies operating in France had $274 billion in total assets, up from $78 billion in 1990 (see Tables H and I). The total gross product or value added of French-owned companies operating in the United States in 2005 was $48 billion, up from $19 billion in 1993 (the first year this data was collected).5 This $48 billion gross product figure is equivalent to the total gross national product of countries such as Morocco, Ukraine and Vietnam.6 Affiliate sales are the primary means by which French companies deliver goods and services to U.S. consumers. In 2005, French affiliate sales totaled $196 billion, a sum that is four times greater than the $46.3 billion in French exports of goods and services to the U.S. Sales of U.S. affiliates operating in France totaled $193 billion in 2005, a figure that exceeds the $35.5 billion in U.S. exports of goods and services to France by a factor of more than five. 4 Unless otherwise noted, all foreign direct investment data come from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis. 5 Gross product is defined as the market value of goods and services produced by labor and property located in the United States. Gross product can be measured as gross output (sales or receipts and other operating income plus inventory change) minus intermediate inputs (purchased goods and services). 6 GDP data from World Bank Development Report, 2007. CRS-5 French-owned companies employed some 473,000 workers in the United States in 2005, up from 338,000 in 1990 but down from a high of 655,000 in 2000.7 The largest French companies such as Lafarge, Michelin, Sodexho (hotels and food service), EADS (European Aeronautic and Defense Company), Pernod-Richard, and Thomson historically account for around three-fourths of the employment.8 A breakdown of employment by states (see Table A7) indicates that the top 10 states hosting French majority-owned U.S. affiliates subsidiaries (2005 data) are California (55,000), New York (48,000), Texas (37,300), New Jersey (24,300), Pennsylvania (23,200), Florida (16,600), South Carolina (16,200), Massachusetts (16,100), and Ohio (15,400). U.S. companies invested in France had 619,900 employees in 2005, the vast majority French citizens. Of this total, 254,000 or 41% were employed in manufacturing industries such as chemicals, computers and electronic products, and machinery. An additional 57,100 people were employed in wholesale trade and 22,000 in scientific and technical services. French companies are also active in doing research and development (R&D) in the United States. Tensions and Disagreements France, as a member of the European Union, adopts the same trade policy as other members of the EU.9 By sharing common tariff and non-tariff policies with other EU members and by adopting EU-wide regulations and standards, there are few trade disputes that can be considered U.S.-French bilateral disagreements per se. Most U.S. trade and investment with France, dominated by multinational companies and intra-firm trade, is non-controversial. Nevertheless, three prominent issues -- agriculture, government intervention in corporate activity, and the war in Iraq -- have contributed to increased bilateral tensions in recent years. Agriculture. Agricultural trade disputes historically have been the major sticking point in U.S.-France commercial relations. Although the agricultural sector accounts for a declining percentage of output and employment in both countries, it has produced a disproportionate amount of trade tensions between the two sides. As trade, as well as agriculture, is under the jurisdiction of the European Commission, the problems, of course, are not technically bilateral in nature. From the U.S. perspective, the restrictive trade regime set up by the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has been the main problem.. It has been a longstanding U.S. contention that the CAP is the largest single distortion of global agricultural trade. American farmers and policymakers have complained over the years that U.S. 7 Based on U.S. data collected by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, Department of Commerce. French data indicate that French-owned companies operating in the United States employ 550,000 persons, or 100,000 more than the U.S. data indicate. 8 Embassy of France. "Economic Relations between France and the United States," January 2004. Available at [http://www.onfo-france-usa.org]. 9 For discussion of U.S.-EU commercial ties, see CRS Report RL30608, EU-U.S. Economic Ties: Framework, Scope, and Magnitude, by William Cooper. CRS-6 sales and profits are adversely affected by (1) EU restrictions on market access that have protected the European market for European farmers; by (2) EU export subsidies that have deflated U.S. sales to third markets; and by (3) EU domestic income support programs that have kept non-competitive European farmers in business. From an EU and French perspective, the CAP has been substantially reformed in recent years and cannot be characterized as the largest source of distortions in agricultural trade. On the contrary, under this view there is ample evidence that EU (as well as Australian, New Zealand, and Canadian) farm exports have been hampered by U.S. food aid policies in some developing countries. France's agricultural sector, which in terms of output and land is the largest in Europe, has long been the biggest beneficiary of the CAP. Over the past several years, French farmers have received about 20 to 25% of CAP outlays that have averaged around $40 billion. Acting to continue benefits and subsidies for its farmers, the French position, which is shared by many other EU members, can determine the limits and parameters of the European Commission's negotiating flexibility on a range of agricultural issues that are of keen interest to the United States. The most prominent and perhaps important example relates to current efforts to get the WTO Doha round of multilateral trade negotiations back on track by reducing agricultural subsidies and other barriers to market access. Other examples where the French position, backed by many other EU members, arguably has made settlement of disputes more difficult include expanded trademark protection for wines, cheeses, and other food products linked to specific regions, and a ban on the importation of beef treated with hormones.10 Government Intervention in Corporate Activity. Despite significant reform and privatization over the past 15 years, the French government continues to play a larger role in influencing corporate activity than does the U.S. government. This difference is manifested not only in the French government's continuing direct control of key companies and its support of "national champions", but also in its continuing proclivity to influence mergers involving French firms. President Sarkozy in a number of ways has continued to support this policy tradition. Nevertheless, although bilateral disputes may be more prone to occur because of the French government's interventionist and regulatory tendencies, the dictates of EU laws as well as the urgent need to raise the revenues through privatization efforts and to enact market-oriented reforms, are weakening the French dirigiste tradition. In 1997, the then socialist government restarted a process of privatization and opening of government-controlled firms to private investment that had begun in the 1980s, and the program was continued by the center-right government that took power in 2002. In 2003 and 2004, the government reduced its stakes in large 10 Trademark protection for geographic indications is also an issue of great importance for Italy (parma ham and parmesan cheese), Greece (feta cheese), Hungary (tokay wine), and Portugal (porto wine). Denmark, Italy, and Germany are other EU countries taking the lead on limits on research and use of GM crops and most all EU members strongly support the ban on the importation of beef treated with hormones. For further discussion of these disputes, see CRS Report RS21569, Geographical Indications and WTO Negotiations, by Charles Hanrahan, and CRS Report RS21556, Agricultural Biotechnology: The U.S.-EU Dispute, by Charles Hanrahan. CRS-7 companies such as Air France-KLM (to 44.6 from 54.0%), France Telecom (to 42.2 from 54.5%), Renault (to 15.6 from 26.0%), and Thomson (to 2.0 from 20.8%). The government still has stakes in Bull and Safran, and in 1,280 other firms. While the trend has been to privatize many large companies (fully or partially), the government still maintains a strong presence in sectors such as power, public transport, and defense.11 Despite its on-going privatization program, the French government continues to promote national champions and "economic patriotism," a concept that has been used to justify opposition to foreign takeovers of French firms. This tendency has been apparent in an effort by the government to strengthen a French takeover law and a parallel effort to scrutinize sensitive foreign investments more closely. In the summer of 2005, the government orchestrated a quick merger of two utilities, publicly traded Suez SA, a French utility, and state-controlled Gaz de France (GDF), to fend off a potential takeover by Enel of Italy. President Sarkozy is now exploring ways to create "national champions" in other industries such as nuclear power and defense. Such mergers would involve Areva, the state-owned nuclear group and other French companies, plus the huge defense/aerospace companies Thales and Safran.12 At the same time that Sarkozy is supporting interventionist policies designed to enhance France's economic and industrial strength, he is also promoting market- oriented domestic reforms on issues such as taxation and labor markets. In this context, President Sarkozy views increased competition as a way to get France's over-regulated economy on track for stronger growth.13 Iraq War. In the era of the Cold War, there was considerable concern that trade disputes between allies could undermine political and security ties. Deep differences over the Iraq war between the United States and many of its allies, particularly France and Germany, reversed this Cold War concern into whether foreign policy disputes can weaken or undermine strong commercial ties. Specific concerns that divisions over Iraq could spill over into the trade arena arose in early 2003 with reports of U.S. consumer boycotts of French goods and calls from some U.S. lawmakers for trade retaliation against France (and Germany). The spike in bilateral tensions and hard feelings, however, appears not to have had much impact on sales of the products -- such as wines, perfumes, handbags, and cheeses -- most prone to being boycotted.14 As shown in Table 5, U.S. imports of all four of these French products increased in absolute terms from 2003 to 2007. Moreover, the French share of U.S. total imports of these products has increased for cheese and 11 U.S. Department of Commerce, Country Commercial Guide-France, 2006. 12 Financial Times, "National Champions: French Energy Mergers Test Europe's Free Market Puritans," September 27, 2007. 13 Hollinger, Peggy, Financial Times, "Sarkozy's Uneven First 100 Days," August 23, 2007. 14 This is an illustrative, not exhaustive, list of products that are likely to be targets of boycotts because they have a strong element of brand identification with France, and tend to be luxury items. CRS-8 curd, stayed the same for perfumes and travel goods, and declined only for wines. But the decline in market share for wines (from 35% in 2003 to 31.6% in 2007) started well before the Iraq War.15 It also should be pointed out that because the euro grew substantially weaker during this 2003-2007 time frame, U.S. demand for these products had to remain strong. Although there are few signs that goods and services clearly identified with France or the United States are being boycotted, some polls have found evidence of public support among some segments of the U.S. population for expressing opposition to foreign policy disagreements in the shopping malls. Nevertheless, a substantial economic backlash appears unlikely because of the high degree of economic integration. Effective boycotts would jeopardize thousands of jobs on both sides of the Atlantic. Table 5. U.S. Imports of Selective Luxury Goods from France, 2003-2007 (Millions of U.S. Dollars and % Share of U.S. Imports) Product 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007* Cheese and $108.4 $131.8 $124.2 $134.4 $136.9 curd (12.16%) (13.3%) (12.2%) (13.1%) (13.7%) HTS-0406) Wine of $1,136 $1,047 $1,106 $1,329 $1,343 Fresh (35.o%) (30.8%) (29.57%) (32.02%) (31.55%) Grapes (HTS-2204) Perfumes $717.6 $758.7 $832.6 $844.14 871.9 and Toilet (63.4%) (60.65%) (62.01%) (59.79%) (62.48%) Water (HTS-3303) Travel $205.9 $239.1 $257.9 $296.0 $294.4 Goods, (4.21%) (4.20%) (4.14%) (4.27%) (4.20%) handbags, wallets and jewelry cases (HTS-4202) Source: Global Trade Atlas 15 French wines have experienced a long-term declining share of total U.S. imports. In 1998 French wines accounted for 47.05% of total U.S. imports, in 2000 42.34% and in 2002 35.12%. CRS-9 Appendix: Trade and Foreign Investment Data Table A1. Top Ten U.S. Trading Partners, 2006 (billions of U.S. dollars) Trade Turnover Country (exports and imports) Canada 534 China 343 Mexico 332 Japan 208 Germany 130 United Kingdom 99 South Korea 78 France 61.3 Taiwan 61.1 Malaysia 49 Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Table A2. France's Top Trading Partners, 2006 (billions of dollars) Trade Turnover Country (exports plus imports) Germany 178 Belgium 94 Italy 88 Spain 84 United Kingdom 75 United States 57 Source: IMF Directions of Trade. CRS-10 Table A3. Major U.S. Exports to France, 2006 (billions of dollars) Rank Harmonized System 2-Digit Description Value 1 84-Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances 6.5 such as gas turbines, computers, and office machinery 2 88-Aircraft, spacecraft, and parts thereof 3.2 3 90-Optical, photographic, and medical instruments 2.6 4 85-Electrical machinery and equipment, such as integrated circuits 1.9 5 29-Organic chemicals, such as hormones and glycosides 1.6 6 30-Pharmaceutical products 1.3 7 98-Special Classification Provisions, NESOI 0.7 8 87-Vehicles and parts 0.6 9 38-Miscellaneous chemical products 0.6 10 39-Plastics and articles thereof 0.5 Source: U.S. International Trade Commission. Table A4. Major U.S. Imports from France, 2006 (billions of dollars) Rank Harmonized System 2-Digit Description Value 1 84-Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery and mechanical appliances 5.9 such as gas turbines, bulldozers, and machinery for working rubber or plastics 2 88-Aircraft, spacecraft, and parts thereof 4.3 3 30-Pharmaceutical products 3.9 4 22-Beverages, and spirits such as wine and liqueurs 2.8 5 27-Mineral fuels, mineral oils and related products; bituminous 2.0 substances; mineral waxes 6 97-Works of art, collectors' pieces and antiques 1.9 7 85- Electrical machinery and equipment such as electronic 1.8 integrated circuits, TV equipment and video cameras 8 90-Optical, photographic, medical or surgical instruments 1.6 9 87-Vehicles and parts 1.3 10 33-Essential oils, perfumes, and cosmetic preparations 1.3 Source: U.S. International Trade Commission. CRS-11 Table A5. U.S. Total Exports to France by Top 10 States (millions of dollars) Rank State 2004 2005 2006 All States 21,239 22,402 24,217 1 California 2,955 2,692 2,435 2 Washington 1,266 978 1,798 3 New York 1,232 1,407 1,493 4 Kentucky 1,084 1,288 1,482 5 Texas 1,162 1,267 1,474 6 Indiana 1,177 1,467 1,378 7 Connecticut 1,181 1,602 1,216 8 Illinois 731 834 1,055 9 Ohio 893 953 1,009 10 New Jersey 744 817 924 Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Table A6. Foreign Direct Investment in the United States: Top Five Countries, 2002-2006 (billions of dollars) Direct Investment Position on a Historical Cost Basis Country 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 United Kingdom 215 220 251 282 303 Japan 151 160 176 190 210 Netherlands 150 153 167 171 189 Germany 139 156 163 184 203 France 142 139 148 143 159 Source: Survey of Current Business. CRS-12 Table A7. Employment of French Majority-Owned U.S. Affiliates, by Top 15 States, 2005 Total Employment 473,100 Rank State 1 California 55,000 2 New York 48,000 3 Texas 37,300 4 New Jersey 24,300 5 Pennsylvania 23,200 6 Illinois 20,000 7 Florida 16,600 8 South Carolina 16,200 9 Massachusetts 16,100 10 Ohio 15,400 11 Indiana 14,300 12 Virginia 13,000 13 North Carolina 12,800 14 Georgia 12,700 15 Michigan 11,900 Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis. Table A8. French Foreign Direct Investment in the United States, 1990-2005 Gross No. of French- No. of Assets Sales Year Product owned Companies Employees (billions $) (billions $) (billions $) 1990 1,759 338,000 176 82 N/A 1991 1,893 364,900 162 89 N/A 1992 2,327 363,400 273 102 N/A 1993 1,862 359,400 214 97 19 1994 2,124 376,200 211 112 23 1995 2,406 346,000 232 111 24 1996 2,521 420,200 283 132 34 1997 2,239 415,000 328 136 36 1998 2,250 527,500 390 142 37 1999 2,686 614,300 523 170 45 2000 2,986 654,800 484 195 55 2001 2,918 578,600 535 188 40 2002 2,533 514,000 466 163 40 2003 2,423 456,000 531 155 41 2004 2,416 452,000 597 172 43 2005 2,067 473,100 634 196 48 Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis. The new benchmark survey conducted by BEA in 2002 makes the times series data beginning in 2002 less comparable than before. CRS-13 Table A9. U.S. Foreign Direct Investment in France, 1990-2005 No. of U.S.-owned Assets Sales Year No. of Employees Companies (billions $) (billions $) 1990 1,026 419,700 78 102 1991 1,052 439,300 83 103 1992 1,067 404,800 89 104 1993 1,072 400,300 82 99 1994 1,262 397,800 133 107 1995 1,228 416,000 141 125 1996 1,270 448,800 146 136 1997 1,299 464,400 150 130 1998 1,260 492,300 168 139 1999 1,269 575,300 205 144 2000 1,256 589,300 187 138 2001 1,286 578,300 191 135 2002 1,314 583,200 213 139 2003 1,336 591,000 223 158 2004 1,328 563,000 235 163 2005 1,326 619,900 274 193 Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL32459