For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL31651 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Order Code RL31651 Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Interstate Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste: 2002 Update November 26, 2002 James E. McCarthy and Anne L. Hardenbergh Resources, Science, and Industry Division Congressional Research Service ~ The Library of Congress Interstate Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste: 2002 Update Summary This report, which replaces CRS Report RL31051, provides updated information on interstate shipment of municipal solid waste (MSW). Since the late 1980s, Congress has considered, but not enacted, numerous bills that would allow states to impose restrictions on interstate waste shipments, a step the Constitution prohibits in the absence of congressional authorization. Over this period, there has been a continuing interest in knowing how much waste is being shipped across state lines for disposal, and what states might be affected by proposed legislation. This report provides data useful in addressing these questions. Total interstate waste shipments continue to rise due to the closure of older local landfills and the increasing consolidation of the waste management industry. About 35 million tons of municipal solid waste crossed state lines for disposal in 2001, an increase of 9.4% over 2000. Waste imports have grown each year since CRS began tracking them in the early 1990s, and now represent 21.6% of all municipal solid waste disposed at landfills and waste combustion facilities. In the last eight years, reported imports have increased 141%. Pennsylvania remains, by far, the largest waste importer. The state received 10.7 million tons of municipal solid waste and 1.9 million tons of other non- hazardous waste from out of state in 2001, more than 30% of the national total for interstate shipments. Virginia, the second largest importer, received 4.1 million tons, 62% less than the amount received by Pennsylvania. Michigan, the third largest importer, imported 3.6 million tons of MSW in fiscal year 2001; waste imports to Michigan have doubled since 1999. Twenty-three states had increased imports in the current report ­ the largest increases occurring in Pennsylvania and Michigan. In all, eight states reported imports that exceeded one million tons. While waste imports increased overall, several states (including New Hampshire, South Carolina, Connecticut, Arizona, and Washington) reported sharp declines in waste imports. New York remains the largest exporter of waste, with New Jersey and Illinois in second and third place, respectively. Four states (New York, New Jersey, Illinois, and Maryland) account for more than half the national total of waste exports. Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Total Shipments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 States Reporting Increased Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 States Reporting Decreased Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Major Exporters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Net Imports and Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Additional Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 List of Figures Figure 1. Imports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2001 or Latest Year . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Figure 2. Exports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2001 or Latest Year . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 List of Tables Table 1. Imports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2001 or Latest Year . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Table 2. Exports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2001 or Latest Year . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Table 3. Net Imports/Exports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2001 or Latest Year . . 6 Table 4. Amount and Destination of Exported MSW, and Amount and Sources of Imported MSW, by State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Interstate Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste: 2002 Update Introduction This report provides updated information on interstate shipment of municipal solid waste. Concerned about increased waste imports, some states have attempted to regulate this commerce; federal courts, however, have declared these state restrictions unconstitutional. If states are to have such authority, congressional action is required. Since the late 1980s, Congress has considered, but not enacted, numerous bills that would grant such authority.1 Over this period, there has been a continuing interest in knowing how much waste is being shipped across state lines for disposal, and what states might be affected by proposed legislation. This report provides data useful in addressing these questions. It updates information provided in earlier CRS reports.2 The report presents information gathered through telephone contacts with solid waste officials in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and the Canadian province of Ontario. The data obtained from these contacts are summarized in Tables 1, 2, and 3, and Figures 1 and 2. Table 4 presents additional information, including the names and telephone numbers of state contacts. Not all states require reporting of waste imports, and very few track exports, so the available data are incomplete and in some cases represent estimates rather than actual measurements. In a number of cases, faced with conflicting reports from exporters and importers or no quantitative data at all, we provided our best estimate based on discussions with state officials or other sources. 1 Legislation on interstate shipment of waste has been introduced in every Congress since the 100th. In the 104th Congress, the Senate passed S. 534. The bill would have granted states authority to restrict new shipments of municipal solid waste from out of state, if requested by an affected local government. In the 103rd Congress, both the House and Senate passed interstate waste legislation (H.R. 4779 and S. 2345), but lack of agreement on common language prevented enactment. For a discussion of the issues addressed in these bills, see CRS Report RS20106, Interstate Waste Transport: Legislative Issues. 2 This report replaces Interstate Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste: 2001 Update, CRS Report RL31051. Earlier reports, now out of print but available directly from the author, were Interstate Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste: 2000 Update, CRS Report RL30409, Interstate Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste: 1998 Update, CRS Report 98-689; Interstate Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste: 1997 Update, CRS Report 97-349; Interstate Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste: 1996 Update, CRS Report 96-712; Interstate Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste: 1995 Update, CRS Report 95-570; and Interstate Shipment of Municipal Solid Waste, CRS Report 93-743. CRS-2 Figure 1. Imports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2001 or latest year, in tons Amounts in Tons 1,000,000 or greater 500,000 to 999,999 100,000 to 499,999 0 to 100,000 Figure 2. Exports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2001 or latest year, in tons CRS-3 Table 1. Imports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2001 or Latest Year (in tons) State Quantity Imported a Pennsylvania 10,666,090 b Virginia 4,098,684 c,d Michigan 3,597,729 Ohio 1,988,753 e Indiana 1,456,699 d Illinois 1,440,804 f Oregon 1,301,882 Wisconsin 1,106,928 g Georgia 964,285 f New Jersey 892,394 New York 839,700 New Mexico 750,000 Kentucky 701,442 Kansas 636,847 h South Carolina 579,299 Nevada 532,615 h Iowa 505,598 Mississippi 466,399 f,i Alabama 382,000 Tennessee 329,036 j Arizona 260,000 New Hampshire 250,000 West Virginia 200,000 Missouri 178,032 k Maine 164,527 Oklahoma 125,000 Nebraska 122,500 f Washington 116,365 f North Dakota 103,382 h, l Connecticut 75,941 Massachusetts 67,247 m Maryland 39,926 n Texas 34,173 Montana 33,964 f California 28,672 h North Carolina 21,614 Arkansas 12,718 Idaho 12,583 o Utah 5,967 South Dakota 1,400 a i In addition, Pennsylvania received 1,938,857 tons As reported by BioCycle magazine. k of other waste (industrial waste, construction/ 1999. l demolition [C&D] waste, ash, asbestos, and sludge) Connecticut import total does not include waste from out of state at MSW landfills in 2001. from New York that was received at a Connecticut b Virginia also imported 720,782 tons of other waste, transfer station and re-exported to other states for mostly sludge, incinerator ash, and C&D waste in 2001. disposal. c m 10/1/2000 - 9/30/2001. Maryland also imported 422,945 tons of C&D d Converted from cubic yards using 3.3 cu. yds. = 1 ton. waste. e n Indiana also imported 172,410 tons of non-municipal 9/1/2000 - 8/31/2001. o solid waste, primarily C&D and industrial waste Utah landfills have generally imported more in 2000. industrial than municipal solid waste. f 2000. g 7/1/2001 - 6/30/2002. h 7/1/2000 - 6/30/2001. j 4/1/2001 - 3/31/2002. Source: CRS, based on telephone interviews with and data provided by state program officials. CRS-4 Table 2. Exports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2001 or Latest Year (in tons) State Quantity Exported a New York 7,493,130 b New Jersey 5,431,121 Illinois 3,084,880 Maryland 2,081,230 Ontario, Canada 1,976,000 c Missouri 1,671,162 Massachusetts 1,015,042 Ohio 986,693 District of Columbia 961,052 Washington 949,685 d Indiana 927,245 e North Carolina 900,743 California 746,433 f Connecticut 732,439 Minnesota 671,800 Pennsylvania 576,525 Florida 519,251 g Texas 518,698 e Iowa 390,917 Georgia 350,000 West Virginia 331,635 Tennessee 303,882 Kentucky 275,341 Wisconsin 204,831 Michigan 146,358 Idaho 134,062 h Rhode Island 121,631 Vermont 121,546 Alabama 107,769 Louisiana 103,539 e South Carolina 101,603 Arkansas 91,088 i Delaware 83,689 Mississippi 74,515 New Hampshire 57,000 Kansas 53,111 j Maine 50,862 Virginia 47,419 Alaska 30,000 Nebraska 17,900 Oklahoma 19,990 h Oregon 19,384 North Dakota 15,418 Nevada 5,475 South Dakota 2,400 Utah 1,000 a As reported by seven importing states. New York's data indicate exports of 4,900,100 tons. b As reported by six importing states. New Jersey's data indicated substantially smaller exports (2,651,000 tons in 2000). c As reported by receiving states. Missouri's data indicate exports of 1,439,834 tons in 2001. A significant percentage of Missouri's exports are believed to be construction and demolition or industrial waste sent to MSW landfills. d As reported by four receiving states (Michigan, Kentucky, Ohio, and Illinois). Indiana reported 335,190 tons of exports, but noted that the amount was incomplete because it only counted exports from transfer stations. e July 2000 - June 2001. CRS-5 f As reported by receiving states, Connecticut exports may include waste that originated in New York State, but was managed at a Connecticut transfer station. g September 1, 1999 - August 31, 2000. h 2000 data. i As reported by 4 receiving states. Delaware reported only 14,518 tons of exports in 2001. j 1999 data. Source: CRS, based on telephone interviews with and data provided by state program officials. In many cases, the amount is based on data compiled by receiving states. See Table 4 entries for additional information. CRS-6 Table 3. Net Imports/Exports of Municipal Solid Waste, 2001 or Latest Year (in tons) (Data subject to numerous qualifications: see notes from Tables 1, 2, and 4.) State Imports Exports Net Imports/Exports Pennsylvania 10,666,090 576,525 10,089,565 Virginia 4,098,684 47,419 4,051,265 Michigan 3,597,729 146,358 3,451,371 Oregon 1,301,882 19,384 1,282,498 Ohio 1,988,753 986,693 1,002,060 Wisconsin 1,106,928 204,831 902,097 New Mexico 750,000 - 750,000 Georgia 964,285 350,000 614,285 Kansas 636,847 53,111 583,736 Indiana 1,456,699 927,245 529,454 Nevada 532,615 5,475 527,140 South Carolina 579,299 101,603 477,696 Kentucky 701,442 275,341 426,101 Mississippi 466,399 74,515 391,884 Alabama 382,000 107,769 274,231 Arizona 260,000 - 260,000 New Hampshire 250,000 57,000 193,000 Iowa 505,598 390,917 114,681 Maine 164,527 50,862 113,665 Oklahoma 125,000 19,990 105,010 Nebraska 122,500 17,900 104,600 North Dakota 103,382 15,418 87,964 Montana 33,964 - 33,964 Tennessee 329,036 303,882 25,154 Utah 5,967 1,000 4,967 South Dakota 1,400 2,400 -1,000 Alaska - 30,000 -30,000 Arkansas 12,718 91,088 -78,370 Delaware - 83,689 -83,689 Louisiana - 103,539 -103,539 Idaho 12,583 134,062 -121,479 Vermont - 121,546 -121,546 Rhode Island - 121,631 -121,631 West Virginia 200,000 331,635 -131,635 Texas 34,173 518,698 -484,525 Florida - 519,251 -519,251 Connecticut 75,941 732,439 -656,498 Minnesota - 671,800 -671,800 California 28,672 746,443 -717,771 Washington 116,365 949,685 -833,320 North Carolina 21,614 900,743 -879,129 Massachusetts 67,247 1,015,042 -947,795 District of Columbia - 961,052 -961,052 Missouri 178,032 1,671,162 -1,493,130 Illinois 1,440,804 3,084,880 -1,644,076 Ontario, Canada - 1,976,000 -1,976,000 Maryland 39,926 2,081,230 -2,041,304 New Jersey 892,394 5,431,121 -4,538,727 New York 839,700 7,493,130 -6,653,430 Source: CRS, based on telephone interviews. CRS-7 Fifteen of the states provided data for a period other than calendar year 2001 ­ either their latest fiscal year or a different calendar year. This adds another layer of imprecision: we combined data for whatever was the latest reporting period, even though in these 15 cases, this meant combining data from different time periods. Each of the exceptions from the 2001 reporting period is noted in the appropriate tables, but the reader should perhaps keep in mind that many of the totals reported here are our best estimate rather than precise figures. Total Shipments The data show that total interstate waste shipments continue to rise: imports in the current survey totaled 35.0 million tons, 15.1% of the 231.9 million tons of municipal solid waste generated in the United States.3 Of municipal waste disposed (as opposed to recycled or composted), the percentage is even higher. EPA estimates that 69.9 million tons of municipal solid waste were recycled or composted in 2000, leaving 162 million tons to be disposed in landfills or incinerators. Of this amount, 21.6% crossed state lines for disposal.4 Between CRS's year 2001 report (reporting largely 1999 and 2000 data) and the current survey (reporting generally 2001 data), imports increased 3.0 million tons, or 9.4%. Since 1993, reported imports have risen 141%, from 14.5 million tons in 1993 to 35.0 million tons in the current survey. States Reporting Increased Imports Twenty-three states had increased imports of municipal waste in 2001, with the largest increases occurring in Pennsylvania and Michigan. The increases in these two states, 0.9 million tons and 0.75 million tons respectively, total 55% of the entire increase nationally. The preponderance of these two states in the 2001 waste statistics demonstrates another element of the emerging picture of interstate waste shipment: 52% of total municipal waste imports are disposed in just three states: Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Michigan. Pennsylvania continues to be the largest waste importer, by far. Disposal facilities in the state received 10.7 million tons of MSW and 1.9 million tons of other 3 Because many of the larger importers now differentiate MSW from other non-hazardous waste imports, we compared total MSW imports to EPA's national estimate of MSW generation (231.9 million tons in the latest available year, 2000). State-reported waste generation, summarized in BioCycle magazine's annual survey, is substantially higher (409 million tons in 2000) but is likely to include other nonhazardous waste, provided it was disposed at MSW facilities. For state-reported data, see Nora Goldstein and Celeste Madtes, "The State of Garbage in America," BioCycle, December 2001, p. 42. 4 Much of the waste destined for recycling may also have crossed state lines, but waste destined for recycling does not carry the same stigma as that sent for disposal, and recycling facilities do not generally require permits by state agencies. Thus, amounts shipped across state lines for recycling cannot generally be tracked by the solid waste agencies. CRS-8 nonhazardous waste from out of state in 2001. The amounts represented half of all solid waste disposed in the state and more than 30% of the national total for interstate shipments. After Pennsylvania, Virginia is the largest waste importer, with 4.1 million tons of MSW imports and 720,782 tons of other nonhazardous waste. Despite predictions that Virginia would receive increased imports as New York's Fresh Kills landfill phased out operations, waste imports to Virginia have remained roughly the same in the 1998-2001 period. (Instead, New York's increased exports appear to have gone primarily to Pennsylvania and New Jersey.) Michigan, the third largest waste importer in 2001, saw out-of-state waste disposed in the state grow by more than 750,000 tons that year. Substantial amounts of waste come to Michigan from Illinois, Indiana, and other neighboring states; but the biggest source, accounting for about half of Michigan's out-of-state waste, is Ontario, Canada. Ontario's waste shipments are growing as the Toronto area awards new contracts for waste disposal and closes its two remaining landfills. At the beginning of 1999, the Toronto area was generating about 2.8 million tons of waste annually, of which about 700,000 tons were shipped to Michigan. By early 2003, however, there will be virtually no local disposal capacity. Barring unforeseen developments, most of this waste is expected to be sent to Michigan for disposal. In other highlights: ! Eight states reported imports exceeding one million tons per year in the latest year, a figure unchanged from our two previous surveys, which reported 1998 and 2000 data. ! Another 21 states had imports exceeding 100,000 tons. ! For the fourth year in a row, New Jersey is on the list of major importers, with 892,394 tons of MSW imports in 2000 (2001 data were not yet available). The state is still a major exporter of waste, as well: receiving states estimate New Jersey's exports at more than 5.4 million tons in 2001. But the absence of flow control (local government requirements that waste within their jurisdiction be disposed at local facilities, which were overturned by the courts in the mid-1990s) has led waste-to-energy facilities in New Jersey to search for waste to replace local waste now being disposed elsewhere. As a result, large amounts of waste are entering New Jersey from New York. ! New York, the nation's largest waste exporter, also saw rapid growth in waste imports in 2000 and 2001. The state imported 839,700 tons of waste in 2001, an increase from 539,000 tons in our previous survey. ! Other states reporting major increases in imports were Ohio, Georgia, and New Mexico. Ohio has had a nearly 900,000 ton increase in MSW imports between 1998 and 2001; Georgia CRS-9 experienced a nearly 750,000 ton increase over the same three years; and New Mexico had a 500,000 ton increase in the last two years. ! Oklahoma made its first appearance on our list of importers: the state reported that in September 2001, it began receiving 1,500 tons per day of waste from Wichita, Kansas. Based on this information, we estimate imports at 125,000 tons for the year 2001. This amount will increase to around 400,000 tons in 2002. ! Although there are no comprehensive data, imports to transfer stations5 are a political issue in some locations. Transfer stations are generally located in urban areas and are subject to less stringent regulation than disposal facilities. Heavy truck traffic and odors have aroused concerns in some neighboring communities. Connecticut, Rhode Island, and the District of Columbia report significant amounts of out-of-state waste imported to transfer stations, then exported to other states for disposal. New York City's plan to export waste to transfer stations in New Jersey raised substantial controversy, before being rescinded. States Reporting Decreased Imports While waste imports increased overall, 14 states reported declines in waste imports. In many cases, the declines were small, but five of the states (New Hampshire, South Carolina, Connecticut, Arizona, and Washington) had declines exceeding 100,000 tons. Most notable were: South Carolina, where imports declined by about one-third in the last two years (simultaneous with a major increase in Georgia's imports); Connecticut, where imports declined by two-thirds; and New Hampshire, where new permit conditions imposed on the state's largest landfill have contributed to a state-wide reduction in imports of more than 560,000 tons since 1997. Major Exporters Six states (New York, New Jersey, Illinois, Maryland, Missouri, and Massachusetts) each exported more than one million tons of waste to facilities in other states in the latest reporting period, and ten other states and the District of Columbia exported more than half a million tons. The Canadian province of Ontario also exported a substantial amount of municipal waste (about 2,000,000 tons), most of it to Michigan. New York, New Jersey, Illinois, and Maryland remained the largest exporters. Together these four states accounted for 52% of waste exports nationally. New York's exports rose to 7,493,130 tons in 2001, according to seven receiving states, an increase of nearly 700,000 tons over the previous year. The 5 Transfer stations receive waste from collection trucks, compact it, bale it, and load it on larger trucks for disposal elsewhere. CRS-10 increase reflects the March 2001 closure of New York City's Fresh Kills Landfill -- the city's last disposal facility. New Jersey's estimated exports, 5.4 million tons, have also grown dramatically. In New Jersey's case, the cause of increased exports is the overturning of the state's flow control law, which, until 1997, directed much of the state's waste to high-cost local facilities for disposal. The state law was overturned and the state exhausted its appeals in October 1997. Exports have since grown by about 3 million tons per year. Illinois' exports, at 3.1 million tons, declined slightly in 2001, after several years of rapid growth: despite the decline, the state's exports in 2001 were still three and a half times the amount reported for 1995.6 Most of the exports originate in Cook County (Chicago and its suburbs), which has a relative shortage of disposal capacity. Illinois as a whole reported a more than doubling of landfill capacity between 1995 and 2000, but Chicago is located near the border of both Indiana and Wisconsin; so increases in capacity elsewhere in Illinois may not affect disposal decisions in the metropolitan area. In all, 13 states (and Ontario, Canada) increased waste exports by more than 100,000 tons each in the period, while 4 states had major decreases. In addition to the exporters discussed above, Pennsylvania and Maryland showed the largest increases (although in Pennsylvania's case, the increased exports were dwarfed by additional waste entering the state). Among states showing decreased exports, California showed the largest drop, a reduction of nearly 450,000 tons. Net Imports and Exports Table 3 combines import and export data to rank the states by net amounts imported or exported. The table shows that 25 states were net importers, 22 plus the District of Columbia were net exporters. Thirty-nine of the 50 states had net imports or exports exceeding 100,000 tons in the reporting period; 23 exceeded 500,000 tons. Perhaps most interesting, given the tendency to identify states as either exporters or importers, 17 states both exported and imported in excess of 100,000 tons of municipal solid waste. Several factors are at work here. In the larger states, there are sometimes differences in available disposal capacity in different regions within the state. Areas without capacity may be closer to landfills (or may at least find cheaper disposal options) in other states. A good example is Illinois: the Chicago area, which is close to two other states, exports significant amounts of waste out of state. Downstate, however, Illinois has substantial available landfill capacity, and imports about 1 million tons annually from St. Louis and other locations in Missouri. As noted earlier, the movement of waste also represents the growing regionalization and consolidation of the waste industry. In 2001, the three largest firms (Waste Management, Allied Waste, and Republic Services) accounted for 73% 6 Illinois, like most states, does not report waste exports. This export estimate was derived from data provided by neighboring states. CRS-11 of total revenues of the industry's 100 largest firms.7 These large firms offer integrated waste services, from collection to transfer station to disposal site, in many locations. Often, they ship waste to their own disposal facility across a border, rather than dispose of it at an in-state facility owned by a rival. As small landfills continue to close -- the number of U.S. landfills declined 52% between 1993 and 20008 -- this trend toward regionalization and consolidation is likely to continue. The amount of waste being shipped across state lines for disposal may rise in this process. Additional Information The remainder of this report consists of a table summarizing waste import and export data, by state. All 50 states and the District of Columbia are listed in alphabetical order, with data for the amount of waste exported, destination of exports, amount of waste imported, source of imports, and a state agency contact for additional information. 7 "Waste Age 100," Waste Age, June 2002, pp. 42-52. 8 "The State of Garbage in America," BioCycle, April 1994, p. 51, and December 2001, p. 42. CRS-12 Table 4. Amount and Destination of Exported MSW, and Amount and Sources of Imported MSW, by State Amount of Destination of Amount of Sources of State MSW Exported Exported Waste MSW Imported Imported Waste State Contact The state has no reporting 97% to Mississippi; small The state has no reporting Mostly from Georgia. John Narramore, system but plans to begin amounts to Georgia and system but plans to begin AL Dept. of collecting information Tennessee. collecting information Environmental Alabama soon. Surrounding states soon. BioCycle magazine Management report 107,769 tons of reports 382,000 tons of (334) 271-7764 exports from Alabama. imports to Alabama. Alaska estimates exports Nearly all to Washington; No imports. N.A. Glenn Miller, at around 30,000 tons. maybe a small amount to AK Dept. of Alaska Oregon. Environmental Conservation (907) 465-5153 Arizona does not export Nevada, New Mexico 260,000 tons in the period Nearly all from California. David Janke, significant amounts of 4/1/2001 to 3/31/2002. A small amount comes AZ Dept. of MSW. There may be from New Mexico. Very Environmental Quality flows of less than 100 tons small amounts may also (607) 207-4173 Arizona per year to Nevada and come from Nevada or New Mexico. Also, the Utah. state does not track waste of the Navajo nation, which may export waste. State reports 91,088 tons State reports Oklahoma, State does not track Missouri Darlene Hale, exported in 2001. This Missouri, and Louisiana imports. According to the AR Dept. of Pollution includes all waste are the main destinations. state, there is probably Control and Ecology Arkansas exported, not just MSW. Mississippi also reports very little waste being (501) 682-0586 Receiving states report imports from Arkansas. imported. Missouri reports comparable amounts. exporting 12,718 tons to Arkansas in 2001. CRS-13 Amount of Destination of Amount of Sources of State MSW Exported Exported Waste MSW Imported Imported Waste State Contact According to California, Nevada and Arizona are 28,672 tons in 2000. State does not keep track Janelle Auyeung, exports were the major destinations. A of where waste comes CA Integrated Waste 2000: 746,433 tons small amount goes to from. Management Board 1999: 1,010,232 tons Washington. (916) 341-6218 1998: 676,327 tons. Receiving states report California slightly higher amounts. Although exports are substantial, they represent only about 2% of the MSW generated in the state. State does not track Kansas, Nebraska, and State does not track Kansas, Nebraska, North Glenn Mallory, exports. Some very small New Mexico imports. Small amounts of Dakota, and South Dakota CO Dept. of Public Health amounts of MSW may be MSW may be imported and Environment exported to Kansas, from Kansas and (303) 692-3445 Colorado Nebraska, and New Nebraska. Out-of-state Mexico. tires are sometimes disposed of in the state from the Dakotas, Kansas, and Nebraska. CRS-14 Amount of Destination of Amount of Sources of State MSW Exported Exported Waste MSW Imported Imported Waste State Contact According to Connecticut, 482,049 tons to 75,941 tons of MSW 36,617 tons from Rhode Judy Belaval, 303,069 tons of MSW Pennsylvania; imported in FY2001 Island; 28,535 from CT Dept. of were exported in FY2001 123,067 tons to Ohio; (7/1/2000 - 6/30/2001). Massachusetts; 10,788 Environmental Protection (7/1/2000 - 6/30/2001). 100,000 tons to NY; This does not include from New York. (860) 424-3237 This includes only waste 27,323 tons to Mass. 40,442 tons of NY waste reported through transfer managed at a CT transfer Connecticut stations and not waste station and then exported taken directly out of state for disposal. Waste by haulers. Receiving imports have decreased states report much more: a substantially in recent total of 732,439 tons years. received in 4 states in 2001. MSW exports in 2001 97% to Pennsylvania and The state operates 3 N.A. Jamie Rutherford, were 14,518 tons, Virginia. Small amounts landfills that are all DE Dept. of Natural according to Delaware. reported by New York and prohibited from accepting Resources and Receiving states report Ohio. out of state waste. There is Environmental Control, 83,689 tons. one private facility that is (302) 739-3689 permitted as an industrial waste facility that has in Delaware the past imported about 400,000 tons of construction and demolition waste. However, most of the waste going to that facility now is probably from in- state. CRS-15 Amount of Destination of Amount of Sources of State MSW Exported Exported Waste MSW Imported Imported Waste State Contact Receiving states report a Virginia (97%) New York reports sending Mostly Maryland. Sybil Hammond, total of 966,052 tons in Pennsylvania (3%) 800 tons of MSW to D.C. D.C. Dept. of Public 2001. in 2001. DC also imports Works substantial amounts of (202) 673-6833 District of Columbia waste from Maryland to transfer stations located in the District. None of this waste is disposed in DC. The state does not track Georgia (93%) The state does not track N.A. Peter Goren, exports. Georgia and South Carolina (7%) imports. There is little FL Dept. of South Carolina report incentive to import, since Environmental Protection receiving 519,251 tons of disposal is less expensive (850) 488-0300 MSW from Florida. in Georgia. Florida Exports increased by two- thirds in the most recent report, but still represent less than 2% of Florida's waste generation. The state has no Mostly to Alabama. South 964,285 tons in FY 2002 50% of the waste comes Scott Henson, information on exports. Carolina and Tennessee (7/1/2001 to 6/30/2002). from Florida, 21% from GA Dept. of Natural CRS estimates 350,000 each report about 20,000 Waste imports have New Jersey, 11% from Resources Georgia tons of exports based on tons from Georgia. quadrupled since FY South Carolina, 6% from (404) 362-4533 information available for 1998. Rhode Island, 4% from three receiving states. New York. No exports of MSW. N.A. No imports of MSW. N.A. Gary Siu, Hawaii HI Dept. of Health (808) 586-4244 Idaho estimates 134,062 Washington (82,928 tons) State estimates 12,583 7,103 tons from Oregon; Dean Ehlert, tons of exports. Oregon (27,956 tons) tons of imports. 5,475 tons from Nevada; 5 ID Dept. of Idaho Montana (23,178 tons). tons from Utah Environmental Quality (208) 373-0416 CRS-16 Amount of Destination of Amount of Sources of State MSW Exported Exported Waste MSW Imported Imported Waste State Contact 3,084,880 tons in 2001, 1,336,000 tons to Indiana The state reports Missouri (72%); Iowa Ellen Gambach, according to six receiving (CRS estimate based on importing 1,440,804 tons (20%); Wisconsin (4%); IL Environmental states. Indiana data). 865,000 in 2001. Indiana (3%); Kentucky Protection Agency Illinois tons to Wisconsin. (1%); negligible amounts (217) 782-9288 779,000 tons to Michigan. from 6 other states. Smaller amounts to three other states. Four receiving states Michigan (536,033 tons), 1,456,699 tons of MSW in 92% from Illinois. The Michelle Weddle, report receiving a total of Ohio (180,407 tons), 2001. remainder mostly from IN Dept of Environmental 927,245 tons from Kentucky (161,858 tons), Ohio, Kentucky, and Management Indiana. Indiana reports Illinois (48,947 tons). Michigan. (317) 233-4624 335,190 tons of exports in Indiana 2001, but this includes only waste exported by transfer stations, not waste taken directly out of state by haulers. In FY2001 (7/1/2000- 345,372 tons to Illinois; Iowa imported 505,598 478,641 tons (95%) from Tammie Krausman, 6/30/2001), Iowa exported 24,599 tons to Nebraska; tons of MSW in FY2001 Minnesota; smaller IA Dept of Natural Iowa 390,917 tons of MSW. 18,833 tons to Missouri; (7/1/2000-6/30/2001). amounts from Missouri, Resources 2,113 tons to Wisconsin. Nebraska, Illinois, South (515) 281-8382 Dakota, and Wisconsin 53,111 tons exported in Missouri and Oklahoma. 636,847 tons in 2001, 608,212 tons (96%) from Kent Foerster, 2001. Oklahoma reports which was 19% of total Missouri; the remainder KS Dept. of Health and Kansas substantially higher MSW disposed of in the from Oklahoma and Environment amounts. state. Nebraska. (785) 296-1540 CRS-17 Amount of Destination of Amount of Sources of State MSW Exported Exported Waste MSW Imported Imported Waste State Contact The state does not track Tennessee (58%) 701,442 tons of MSW 379,820 tons (54%) from Carol Sole, exports. Four neighboring Ohio (21%) imported in 2001. Ohio; 161,858 tons (23%) KY Dept. for states report 275,341 tons Indiana (18%) from Indiana; 119,617 Environmental Protection Kentucky of Kentucky exports. Illinois (3%). tons (17%) from W. Va.; (502) 564-6716 x216 35,851 tons (5%) from Tennessee. Small amts. from 4 other states. No tracking system, but Mississippi. Small No tracking. Mississippi Mississippi Dennis Duszynski, Mississippi reports that it amounts may go to Texas, reports its border areas LA Dept. of Louisiana received 103,539 tons as well. may export small amounts Environmental Quality from Louisiana in 2001. to Louisiana. (225) 765-0230 50,862 tons in 1999, plus 19,000 to New Brunswick 164,527 tons of MSW in Massachusetts (74%); the George MacDonald, 40,412 tons of (Canada); most of the rest 1999. rest from New Hampshire. ME Dept of Maine construction and to New Hampshire. Environmental Protection demolition waste. (207) 287-5759 Maryland reported 1,718,468 tons to Virginia; 39,926 tons imported in Delaware, Pennsylvania, Frank Diller, 1,547,065 tons of MSW 361,710 tons to 2001. Maryland also Virginia, West Virginia, MD Dept of the exported in 2000. Pennsylvania. imported 422,945 tons of and D.C. Environment Maryland Receiving states, which C&D waste. (410) 631-4143 have reported data for 2001, reported receiving 2,081,230 tons. CRS-18 Amount of Destination of Amount of Sources of State MSW Exported Exported Waste MSW Imported Imported Waste State Contact 1,015,042 tons exported in 327,576 tons to South 67,247 tons of MSW 27,323 tons from Brian Holdridge, 2001; nearly 400,000 tons Carolina; 273,111 tons to imported in 2001; 141,135 Connecticut; 21,196 tons MA Dept. of of other waste (mainly New York; 200,242 tons to tons of other waste from New Hampshire; Environmental Protection construction and New Hampshire; 155,314 (mainly construction and 16,189 tons from Rhode (617) 292-5578 demolition waste and tons to Maine; smaller demolition waste, tires, Island; 2,078 tons from tires). amounts to Connecticut, and ash). Vermont; 461 tons from Massachusetts Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode New York. Island, and Canada. New York reports receiving 450,000 tons of MSW in 2001, substantially more than Massachusetts reports. The state does not track Ohio (55%) In FY2001, 10/1/2000 - Ontario, Canada (50%), Lynn Dumroese, exports, but two Indiana (45%). 9/30/2001, imports were Illinois (22%), Indiana MI Dept. of neighboring states 3,597,729 tons, 757,000 (15%), Ohio (9%), Environmental Quality Michigan reported 146,358 tons tons more than in FY2000. Wisconsin (4%) (517) 373-4738 from Michigan in 2001, an (Data converted from Imports from Ontario are increase of 72%. cubic yards by CRS). growing rapidly. 671,800 tons in 2001, a 372,300 tons to Iowa; Imports were N.A. Jim Chiles, slight decrease from 239,700 tons to Wisconsin; inconsequential. MN Pollution Control Minnesota 704,878 tons in 2000. 58,400 to North Dakota; Agency 1,400 to South Dakota . (651) 296-7273 State does not track Any exports most likely go 466,399 tons of MSW in 230,237 tons (49%) from Pradip Bhowal, exports, but believes small to Alabama, Louisiana, 2001. Tennessee; 104,550 tons MS Dept. of amounts of waste are and Tennessee. (22%) from Alabama; Environmental Quality being exported from 103,539 tons (22%) from (601) 961-5082 Mississippi "isolated areas" near the Louisiana; 27,910 tons borders. Tennessee (6%) from Arkansas. reports receiving 74,515 tons of Mississippi waste. CRS-19 Amount of Destination of Amount of Sources of State MSW Exported Exported Waste MSW Imported Imported Waste State Contact According to Missouri, Illinois (62%), 178,032 tons in 2001. 80,441 tons from Illinois; Debbie Sessler, 1,439,834 tons in 2001. Kansas (36%). 75,937 tons from MO Dept. of Natural MSW definition includes Small amounts to Arkansas; 11,135 tons Resources Missouri some industrial waste. Arkansas, Iowa, from Kansas; 10,159 tons (573) 751-5401 Receiving states report Tennessee, and Indiana. from Iowa. 1,671,162 tons. The state says it sends a North Dakota 33,964 tons in 2001. 27,373 tons (81%) from Pat Crowley, "tiny little bit" to North Idaho; small amounts MT Dept. of Health and Montana Dakota. from North Dakota, Environmental Sciences Washington, and (406) 444-5294 Wyoming. Nebraska does not collect Iowa and Kansas. Nebraska does not collect Mostly from Iowa. Some Keith Powell, annual data on waste annual data on waste from South Dakota. NE Dept. of exports. From 7/1/2000 - imports. A one-time Environmental Quality 6/30/2001, Iowa reports survey reported 122,500 (402) 471-4210 receiving 9,255 tons. In tons in 1997. Probably Nebraska calendar year 2001, hasn't been much change Kansas reports receiving since then, according to 8,645. the state. Iowa reports sending 24,599 tons from 7/1/2000 - 6/30/2001. There are no exports from Idaho 532,615 tons in 2001, Almost all from Les Gould, Nevada according to the about 16% of total MSW California. Tiny amounts NV Division of Nevada state. Idaho reports disposed in Nevada. from Arizona and Utah. Environmental Protection receiving 5,475 tons from (775) 687-4670 x3018 Nevada. 57,000 tons in 2001. Massachusetts and New 250,000 tons in 2001, less Mainly Massachusetts. Pierce Rigrod, York than half of what was NH Dept. of New Hampshire imported in 1999. Environmental Services (603) 271-3713 CRS-20 Amount of Destination of Amount of Sources of State MSW Exported Exported Waste MSW Imported Imported Waste State Contact 5,431,121 tons in 2001, 88% to Pennsylvania, 5% 892,394 tons in 2000, a Nearly all from New Ray Worob, according to six importing to Ohio, 4% to Georgia, slight increase from 1999. York. NJ Dept. of New Jersey states. New Jersey reports 3% to Virginia. Environmental Protection substantially less: (609) 984-6903 2,651,000 tons in 2000. The state says there are no Arizona and Texas In 2001, 750,000 tons of Colorado, Texas, and John O'Connell, exports: New Mexico's MSW were imported, maquiladora waste from NM Environment Dept. tipping fees are lower than more than triple the Mexican border areas. (505) 827-2385 those in surrounding amount two years earlier. New Mexico states. However, Texas The imported waste and Arizona both report represented 25% of all receiving small amounts waste landfilled in the of waste from New state in 2001. Mexico. Seven importing states report Primarily Pennsylvania (4.8 New York estimates 450,000 tons (54%) from Gerard Wagner, a total of 7,493,130 tons million tons), Virginia (1.1 839,700 tons were Massachusetts; 200,000 NY State Dept. of from New York. New York million tons), New Jersey imported in 2001 from tons (24%) from Environmental facilities reported exports of (879,000 tons), and Ohio 4,900,100 tons in 2001, but (664,000 tons). "selected states". Waste Pennsylvania; 100,000 Conservation these data are believed to be imports to New York have tons (12%) from (518) 402-8692 incomplete. grown by 700,000 tons Connecticut; lesser since 1998. amounts from Vermont, New York New Jersey, New Hampshire, Maine, Maryland, and other states. In addition, Ontario, Canada reports sending 190,000 tons of MSW to New York. CRS-21 Amount of Destination of Amount of Sources of State MSW Exported Exported Waste MSW Imported Imported Waste State Contact 900,743 tons in FY2001 Virginia, South Carolina, 21,614 tons in FY2001 Virginia Paul Chrisman, (July 2000 to June 2001), incidental amounts to NC Dept. of Environment a decline of 206,000 tons Georgia and Tennessee and Natural Resources North Carolina from the previous year, (919) 733-0692 x254 but still an 8-fold increase since FY 1996. The state does not track Montana (3,735 tons) 103,382 tons MSW in Mainly from Minnesota; Steve Tillotson, MSW exports. Two states Pennsylvania (11,683 2000. small amounts from South ND Dept. of Health North Dakota report receiving a total of tons). Dakota and Montana. (701) 328-5166 15,418 tons of MSW from North Dakota. 986,693 tons in 2001. Mostly to Kentucky (46%) Ohio reports importing New York (33%), Michelle Kenton, and Michigan (31%). 1,988,753 tons of MSW in Pennsylvania (19%), New OH Environmental Lesser amounts to West 2001, a 200,000 ton Jersey (13%), Indiana Protection Agency Virginia (12%), increase from 2000. (9%), Connecticut (6%), (614) 728-5368 Ohio Pennsylvania (9%), and and West Virginia (6%) Indiana (3%). accounted for the bulk of imports. The other 14% came from 20 states, DC, and the Virgin Islands. The state does not track Kansas CRS estimates 125,000 Mostly from Kansas. John Roberts, waste exports but does not tons in 2001. Oklahoma Arkansas and Texas also OK Dept. of believe much waste is does not track waste report sending MSW to Environmental Quality exported. Kansas reports imports, but the state is Oklahoma. (405) 702-5100 receiving 19,990 tons of aware that in September MSW from Oklahoma in 2001, the City of Wichita, Oklahoma 2001. Kansas began exporting about 1,500 tons per day of MSW to Oklahoma for disposal. In addition, small amounts come from Arkansas and Texas. CRS-22 Amount of Destination of Amount of Sources of State MSW Exported Exported Waste MSW Imported Imported Waste State Contact Michigan reports Michigan, New York None. N.A. Bruce Pope, receiving 1,786,284 tons Ontario Ministry of of waste from Ontario, Environment and Energy Ontario, Canada 10/1/2000 - 9/30/2001. (416) 325-4420 Ontario estimates that another 190,000 tons is disposed in New York. 19,384 tons of MSW in Some to Idaho, most to 1,301,882 tons of MSW in Most from Seattle-area in Judy Henderson, 2000. Washington. 2000. Washington; small amount OR Dept. of Oregon from California and Idaho. Environmental Quality (503) 229-5521 The state does not track 64% to Ohio, 10,666,090 tons of MSW New York and New Jersey Sally Lohman, exports. According to 35% to New York, in 2001, 30% of the nat'l accounted for nearly 90% PA Dept. of neighboring states, 1% to Virginia. total, an increase of about of MSW imports, at about Environmental Protection Pennsylvania exported 900,000 tons from 2000. 45% each. 482,049 tons, (717) 787-7382 Pennsylvania 576,525 tons of MSW in The state also imported or 5%, came from 2001. 1,938,857 tons of sludge, Connecticut; 361,410 tons industrial, residual, C&D, (4%) from Maryland. The ash, and asbestos waste, a rest came from 8 other decrease from 2000. states and DC. 121,631 tons in 2000, all Connecticut about 36,000 121,930 tons in 2000, N.A. Robert Schmidt, of which was waste tons, Massachusetts about nearly all of this waste RI Dept. of Environmental Rhode Island imported to a transfer 41,000. Georgia reports was imported to transfer Management station and then exported receiving 56,883 tons. stations and then exported (401) 222-2797 x7260 elsewhere for disposal. for disposal. CRS-23 Amount of Destination of Amount of Sources of State MSW Exported Exported Waste MSW Imported Imported Waste State Contact 101,603 tons in FY2001 Georgia The state reports that it 345,570 tons (60%) from Celeste Duckett, (7/1/2000 - 6/30/2001). imported 579,298 tons of Massachusetts; 133,986 SC Dept. of Health and "defined" MSW in tons (23%) from Texas; Environmental Control FY2001 (7/1/2000 - The remainder from (803) 896-4226 6/30/2001), which Florida, New Jersey, South Carolina includes residential, Georgia, and North commercial, institutional Carolina. and industrial packaging/administrative wastes. The state does not track Iowa The state does not track Minnesota Jim Wente, exports. A small amount imports. A small amount SD Dept. of Environment of exporting may occur, of importing may occur, and Natural Resources South Dakota but it is not significant. but it is not significant. (605) 773-3153 Iowa reports 2,400 tons of Minnesota reports sending waste from South Dakota 1,400 tons to South in FY 2001. Dakota. The state does not track Mississippi (76%) 329,036 tons in 2001. 159,772 tons (49%) from A. Wayne Brashear, waste exports, but Kentucky (12%) Kentucky; 74,515 tons TN Dept. of Environment neighboring states report Virginia (9%) (23%) from Mississippi; and Conservation 303,882 tons of Tennessee Georgia (3%). 41,725 tons (13%) from (615) 532-8010 waste exports. North Carolina; 21,324 Tennessee tons (6%) from Virginia; 19,547 tons (6%) from Georgia; the rest from Arkansas, Missouri, and Alabama. CRS-24 Amount of Destination of Amount of Sources of State MSW Exported Exported Waste MSW Imported Imported Waste State Contact No reporting requirement New Mexico is probably In FY2001 (9/1/2000 - Louisiana, New Mexico, Lynne Haase, for exported waste. the major destination. 8/31/2001), 34,173 tons of Oklahoma, and Mexico. TX Commission on Estimates based on Texas says waste most MSW were imported. Some smaller amounts Environmental Quality regional plans show likely goes to New may come from other (512) 239-6613 Texas 518,698 tons of residential Mexico, Louisiana, and states. and commercial MSW Oklahoma. South Carolina were exported to other also reports receiving states from Sept. 1,1999 to significant quantities of Aug. 31, 2000. Texas waste. As in 2000, about 1,000 Nevada 5,967 tons in 2001, a large Massachusetts Jeff Emmons, tons of 2001 MSW went decrease from 2000 UT Dept. of from Wendover, Utah to (66,000 tons). Environmental Quality Utah Wendover, Nevada. There (801)538-6748 might be some small amount of exports from Indian reservations. 121,546 tons in 2000, an 74,982 tons to New York; No reported imports. N.A. Julie Hackbarth, increase from 88,350 in 44,988 tons to New VT Dept. of Vermont 1999. Hampshire; 1,576 tons to Environmental Massachusetts. Conservation (802) 241-3446 The state does not track North Carolina (46%) 4,098,684 tons of MSW in 97% from 3 states and Kathy Frahm, MSW exports. Three Tennessee (45%) 2001, plus 720,782 tons of DC: 1,443,724 tons from VA Dept. of states report 47,419 tons Pennsylvania (9%). other waste (mostly Maryland; 1,120,111 tons Environmental Quality Virginia of exports from Virginia. sludge, incinerator ash, from New York; 936,387 (804) 698-4376 and C&D waste). tons from DC; 486,942 tons from NC; less than 3% from 13 other states. CRS-25 Amount of Destination of Amount of Sources of State MSW Exported Exported Waste MSW Imported Imported Waste State Contact 949,685 tons in 2000. Oregon 116,365 tons in 2000, a 41,808 tons from Canada Ellen Caywood, decrease from 243,292 (mainly British WA Dept. of Ecology tons in 1999, mainly due Columbia); California, (360) 407-6132 Washington to a landfill losing a 30,139 tons; Idaho, 24,035 California contract. tons; Alaska, 20,129 tons; Oregon 198 tons; Antarctica, 56 tons. No tracking system. Ohio, Ohio and Kentucky (36% The state has no tracking Ohio reports shipping Anne Howell, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, each), Pennsylvania system, but estimates that 119,077 tons to West WV Division of West Virginia and Virginia reported (16%), Virginia (12%). it imports about 200,000 Virginia in 2001. Other Environmental Protection 331,635 tons from West tons of MSW per year. sources, N.A. (304) 558-4253 Virginia. The state does not collect Michigan (146,442 tons) 1,106,928 tons in 2001. 865,404 tons (78%) from Wayne Ringquist, export data, but three Illinois (57,049 tons) Illinois; 238,836 tons WI Dept. of Natural receiving states report Indiana (1,340 tons). (22%) from Minnesota. Resources Wisconsin 204,831 tons of Wisconsin Small amounts from Iowa (608)267-7557 exports in 2001, about and Michigan. 18% less than in 1999. The state does not collect N.A. The state does not collect N.A. Bob Doctor, export data. A few tons a import data. A few tons a WY Dept. of Wyoming day may leave the state. day may enter the state. Environmental Quality (307) 473-3468 N.A. = not available Source: CRS, based on telephone interviews with and data provided by state program officials. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL31651