For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL31596 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Order Code RL31596 Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Iraq: Authorization of Use of U.S. Armed Forces ­ Side-By-Side Comparison of Public Law 107-243 and Selected Legislative Proposals Updated October 16, 2002 Dianne E. Rennack Specialist in Foreign Policy Legislation Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional Research Service ~ The Library of Congress Iraq: Authorization of Use of U.S. Armed Forces ­ Side-By-Side Comparison of Public Law 107-243 and Selected Legislative Proposals Summary On October 16, 2002, the President signed H.J. Res. 114 into law as Public Law 107-243 (116 Stat. 1498), wherein Congress authorized the President to use United States Armed Forces against Iraq. This report presents a side-by-side comparison of Public Law 107-243 and selected alternative legislative proposals considered in 107th Congress. Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114, Hastert-Gephardt], the Spratt amendment, S.J.Res. 45 [Daschle-Lott], a draft proposal by Senators Biden and Lugar [Biden-Lugar], and a draft proposal by Senator Levin were central to the debates waged in the House and Senate in early October 2002. S.J.Res. 46 [Lieberman] is not explicitly included here because of its substantial similarity to H.J.Res. 114. Each would have authorized the President to use U.S. Armed Forces against Iraq. Each, however, presented different reasons for the authorization, conditions and thresholds to be met, congressional consultation requirements, and reporting requirements. Contents Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Side-by-Side Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Iraq: Authorization of Use of U.S. Armed Forces ­ Side-by-Side Comparison of Public Law 107-243 and Selected Legislative Proposals Overview On October 10, 2002, the House of Representatives passed H.J.Res. 114 to authorize the President to use United States Armed Forces against Iraq. The Senate, having debated its own resolution throughout the week, adopted the House language without amendment in the early hours of October 11, 2002. President Bush signed H.J.Res. 114 into law on October 16, 2002 (P.L. 107-243; 116 Stat. 1498). In the course of the debate, both chambers considered a range of options, to either authorize a preemptive and unilateral strike or to support deployment as part of a larger multinational effort to implement and enforce United Nations Security Council resolutions. The White House had prepared draft language in September to provide the broadest authority to the President; this emerged as S.J.Res. 45, introduced by Senators Daschle and Lott on September 26, 2002. A clause in S.J.Res. 45 that would have authorized the President to use force not just against Iraq but also to "restore international peace and security in the region" raised concern on Capitol Hill, and led to the drafting of a "compromise House/White House plan," H.J.Res. 114, introduced on October 2 by Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert and Minority Leader Richard Gephardt. H.J.Res. 114 was marked up by the Committee on International Relations on October 3, and reported to the House on October 7. House rules provided for 20 hours of debate on H.J.Res. 114. Debate began on October 8. Two amendments, in the nature of a substitute, were considered and rejected: ! Representative Lee proposed language to resolve the conflict with Iraq through the United Nations "through mechanisms such as the resumption of weapons inspections, negotiation, enquiry, mediation, regional arrangements, and other peaceful means." Failed by a vote of 72 - 355 (October 10). ! Representative Spratt proposed language to authorize the President to use U.S. Armed Forces against Iraq pursuant to a new United Nations Security Council resolution requiring the elimination of Iraq's weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missiles. Failed by a vote of 155 - 270 (October 10). CRS-2 Representative Kucinich moved to recommit H.J.Res. 114 to the Committee on International Relations, with instructions to report back a committee amendment to the measure that would require the President to report to Congress on the impact the use of armed force would have on U.S. national security interests prior to deployment. The Kucinich motion failed, by a vote of 101 - 325. H.J.Res. 114 was cleared for a final vote, and passed the House by a vote of 296 - 133. In the Senate the debate began with S.J.Res. 45, introduced by Senators Daschle and Lott on September 26, 2002, and placed on the Senate General Calendar September 30. Daschle-Lott was derived from an earlier White House proposal. A motion to begin the debate was made on October 1; cloture on that motion was invoked on October 3, by a vote of 95 - 1. The motion to proceed was then agreed to by unanimous consent. Debate began in earnest on October 4, and continued through the early morning hours of October 11. Though S.J.Res. 45 was ostensibly the proposal under consideration, the language introduced earlier as S.J.Res. 46 by Senator Lieberman and others on October 2, 2002, which was nearly identical to H.J.Res. 114, was put forward as an amendment to S.J.Res. 45. S.J.Res. 46 became the target of five secondary amendments, all of which failed to pass: ! Senator Graham proposed language, in the nature of a substitute, to authorize the President to use the Armed Forces against Iraq, but further to "defend the national security of the United States against the threat posed by..." Abu Nidal, HAMAS, Hizballah, the Palestine Islamic Jihad, and the Palestine Liberation Front. Tabled, by a vote of 88 - 10 (October 9). ! Senator Byrd proposed language, to be added to the end of S.J.Res. 46, to state that passage of the resolution was not "intended to alter the constitutional authorities of the Congress to declare war...", nor was it intended to grant "...any authority to the President...for any purpose not directly related to a clear threat of imminent, sudden, and direct attack upon the United States, its possessions or territories, or the Armed Forces of the United States...." Failed, by a vote of 14 - 86 (October 10). ! Senator Levin proposed language, in the nature of a substitute, to authorize the President to use the Armed Forces against Iraq, but pursuant to adoption of a new U.N. Security Council resolution. Failed, by a vote of 24 - 75 (October 10). ! Senator Byrd proposed language, to be added to the end of S.J.Res. 46, to terminate the authorization of use of the Armed Forces 12 months after enactment, but also to allow a continuation of the authorization of certain conditions were met. Failed, by a vote of 31 - 66 (October 10). ! Senator Durbin proposed language to change the rationalization for authorization, so that instead of being in order to defend the national CRS-3 security of the United States "against the continuing threat posed by Iraq," it would be in order to defend "against an imminent threat posed by Iraq's weapons of mass destruction." Failed, by a vote of 30 - 70 (October 10). At one point in the debate on the text of S.J.Res. 46 as an amendment to S.J.Res. 45, cloture was invoked by a vote of 75 - 25, thus limiting remaining debate to 30 hours. The entire time was not expended, however, and the amendment was agreed to by voice vote. Amid debate, the Senate received H.J.Res. 114 from the House. That measure was passed by the Senate just after midnight on October 11, 2002, by a vote of 77 - 23. Cloture on S.J.Res. 45 was subsequently rescinded, and the matter was indefinitely postponed, both by unanimous consent. H.J.Res. 114 was cleared for the President on October 11, 2002, presented to the President on October 15, who signed it on October 16. In a speech given on the occasion of signing, the President stated, in part:1 The resolution I'm about to sign symbolizes the united purpose of our nation, expresses the considered judgment of the Congress, and marks an important event in the life of America. The 107th Congress is one of the few called by history to authorize military action to defend our country and the cause of peace. This is among the most serious and difficult decisions a legislator can face. Members of both Houses, both political parties, have deliberated with care, and they have spoken with clarity on behalf of the American people. We will face our dangers squarely, and we will face them unafraid. With this resolution, Congress has now authorized the use of force. I have not ordered the use of force. I hope the use of force will not become necessary. Yet, confronting the threat posed by Iraq is necessary, by whatever means that requires. Either the Iraqi regime will give up its weapons of mass destruction, or, for the sake of peace, the United States will lead a global coalition to disarm that regime. If any doubt our nation's resolve, our determination, they would be unwise to test it. Since the President declared Iraq part of an "axis of evil" in his State of the Union Address on January 29, 2002, tensions increased between the legislative and executive branches over just what that meant and what was to be done about it. Resolutions circulated on Capitol Hill since mid-summer beginning with a call on Congress to "consider and vote on a resolution authorizing the use of force by the United States Armed Forces against Iraq before such force is deployed against Iraq." (H.J.Res. 109, introduced July 26, 2002, by Representative DeFazio and others). Subsequent proposals became increasingly focused on only Iraq and its weapons of mass destruction. Throughout the debate, differences of view were pinned on regime change, Iraq's links to terrorism, the viability or seriousness of Iraq's threat of weapons of mass destruction, and choosing a strategy of unilateral action or coalition building. 1 For full text, see [http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/] CRS-4 This paper presents a side-by-side consideration of key legislative proposals in the debate to authorize the President to use Untied States Armed Forces against Iraq: Public Law 107-243 (H.J.Res. 114), the Spratt amendment, S.J.Res. 45, Biden-Lugar, and Levin. The paper is organized on the construction of Public Law 107-243. CRS-5 Side-by-Side Comparison Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] To authorize the use of Not applicable. To authorize the use of Authorizing the use of the Authorizing the use of the United States Armed United States Armed United States Armed United States Armed Forces against Iraq. Forces against Iraq. Forces pursuant to a new Forces, pursuant to a new resolution of the United resolution of the United Nations Security Council Nations Security Council, seeking to enforce the to destroy, remove, or destruction and render harmless Iraq's dismantlement of Iraq's weapons of mass weapons of mass destruction, nuclear destruction program and weapons-usable material, prohibited ballistic long-range ballistic missiles program or missiles, and related pursuant to the United facilities, and for other States right of individual or purposes. collective self-defense if the Security Council fails to act. Whereas in 1990 in Whereas the Government No equivalent language. No equivalent language. No equivalent language. response to Iraq's war of of Iraq, without cause or aggression against and provocation, invaded and illegal occupation of occupied the country of CRS-6 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] Kuwait, the United States Kuwait on August 2, 1990; forged a coalition of nations to liberate Kuwait [and] and its people in order to defend the national Whereas in reaction to security of the United Iraq's aggression against States and enforce United Kuwait, President George Nations Security Council H. W. Bush assembled a resolutions relating to Iraq; coalition of nations to liberate Kuwait and to enforce a series of United Nations Security Council resolutions adopted in opposition to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait; Whereas after the Whereas, after the No equivalent language. Whereas under United Whereas, in accordance liberation of Kuwait in liberation of Kuwait in Nations Security Council with United Nations 1991, Iraq entered into a 1991, Iraq entered into a Resolution 687 (1991), Security Council United Nations sponsored cease-fire agreement which effected a formal Resolution 687 (1991), cease-fire agreement sponsored by the United cease-fire following the Iraq made a commitment ­ pursuant to which Iraq Nations, pursuant to which Persian Gulf War, Iraq (1) to destroy, remove, unequivocally agreed, Iraq agreed ­ agreed to destroy or or render harmless all among other things, to (1) to destroy, remove, dismantle, under chemical and biological eliminate its nuclear, or render harmless all international supervision, weapons and stocks of CRS-7 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] biological, and chemical chemical and biological its nuclear, chemical, and agents and all related weapons programs and the weapons and stocks of biological weapons subsystems and means to deliver and agents and all related programs (hereafter in this components and all develop them, and to end subsystems and joint resolution referred to research, development, its support for international components and all as Iraq's "weapons of mass support, and terrorism; research, development, destruction program"), as manufacturing facilities support, and well as its program to related thereto; manufacturing facilities develop or acquire ballistic (2) to destroy, remove, related thereto; missiles with a range or render harmless all (2) to destroy, remove, greater than 150 kilometers ballistic missiles with a or render harmless all (hereafter in this joint range greater than 150 ballistic missiles with a resolution referred to as kilometers, and related range greater than 150 Iraq's "prohibited ballistic major parts and production kilometers, and related missile program"), and facilities; major parts and production undertook unconditionally (3) not to acquire or facilities; not to develop any such develop any nuclear (3) not to acquire or weapons thereafter. weapons, nuclear- develop any nuclear weapons-usable material, weapons, nuclear- nuclear-related subsystems weapons-usable material, or components, or nuclear- nuclear-related subsystems related research, or components, or nuclear- development, support, or related research, manufacturing facilities; development, support, or and manufacturing facilities; (4) to permit immediate CRS-8 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] and on-site inspection of Iraq's (4) to permit immediate biological, chemical, and on-site inspection of Iraq's missile capabilities, and biological, chemical, and assist the International missile capabilities, and Atomic Energy Agency in assist the International carrying out the Atomic Energy Agency in destruction, removal, or carrying out the rendering harmless of all destruction, removal, or nuclear-related items and rendering harmless of all in developing a plan for nuclear-related items and ongoing monitoring and in developing a plan for verification of Iraq's ongoing monitoring and compliance; verification of Iraq's compliance; Whereas the efforts of No equivalent language. No equivalent language. No equivalent language. No equivalent language. international weapons inspectors, United States intelligence agencies, and Iraqi defectors led to the discovery that Iraq had large stockpiles of chemical weapons and a large scale biological CRS-9 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] weapons program, and that Iraq had an advanced nuclear weapons development program that was much closer to producing a nuclear weapon than intelligence reporting had previously indicated; Whereas Iraq, in direct and Whereas, in flagrant No equivalent language. No equivalent language. Whereas the regime of flagrant violation of the violation of the cease-fire Saddam Hussein cease-fire, attempted to agreement, Iraq sought to consistently refused to thwart the efforts of thwart the efforts of arms cooperate with United weapons inspectors to inspectors to uncover and Nations Special identify and destroy Iraq's destroy Iraq's stockpiles of Commission weapons weapons of mass weapons of mass inspectors in Iraq between destruction stockpiles and destruction and long-range 1991 and 1998 by denying development capabilities, ballistic missiles, and the them access to crucial which finally resulted in means of producing such people, sites, and the withdrawal of weapons and missiles; documents; inspectors from Iraq on October 31, 1998; Whereas, because of Iraq's [and] demonstrated will to attack neighboring countries and Whereas on October 31, CRS-10 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] arm itself with weapons of 1998, Iraq banned the mass destruction, the United Nations weapons United Nations Security inspectors despite its Council passed agreement and obligation Resolutions 687, 707, ,715, to comply with United 1051, 1060, 1115, 1134, Nations Security Council 1137, 1154, 1194, and Resolution 687 (1991); 1205, demanding that Iraq destroy all weapons of mass destruction, cease further development of chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons, stop the acquisition of ballistic missiles with a range exceeding 150 kilometers, and end its support of terrorism; Whereas Iraq has continued to defy resolutions of the United Nations Security Council and to develop weapons of mass destruction, has not CRS-11 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] stopped its support of terrorism, has refused to cooperate with arms inspectors of the United Nations, and since December 1998 has barred and denied all such inspectors any access to Iraq; Whereas in Public Law No equivalent language. Whereas Congress in 1998 No equivalent language. No equivalent language. 105-335 (August 14, concluded that Iraq was 1998), Congress concluded then in material and that Iraq's continuing unacceptable breach of its weapons of mass international obligations destruction programs and thereby threatened the threatened vital United vital interests of the United States interests and States and international international peace and peace and security, stated security, declared Iraq to the reasons for that be in "material and conclusion, and urged the unacceptable breach of its President to take international obligations" appropriate action to bring and urged the President "to Iraq into compliance with take appropriate action, in its international obligations CRS-12 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] accordance with the (Public Law 105-235); Constitution and relevant laws of the United States, to bring Iraq into compliance with its international obligations"; Whereas Iraq both poses a Whereas Iraq has Whereas Iraq remains in No equivalent language. Whereas Iraq continues to continuing threat to the materially breached its material and unacceptable develop weapons of mass national security of the international obligations by breach of its international destruction, in violation of United States and retaining and continuing to obligations by, among its commitments under international peace and develop chemical and other things, continuing to United Nations Security security in the Persian Gulf biological weapons, by possess and develop a Council Resolution 687 region and remains in actively seeking a nuclear significant chemical and (1991) and subsequent material and unacceptable weapons capability and biological weapons resolutions, and the regime breach of its international ballistic missiles with capability, actively seeking of Saddam Hussein has obligations by, among ranges exceeding 150 a nuclear weapons used weapons of mass other things, continuing to kilometers, and by capability, and supporting destruction against its own possess and develop a supporting international and harboring terrorist people and other nations; significant chemical and terrorism; organizations, thereby and biological weapons continuing to threaten the capability, actively seeking national security interests Whereas the development a nuclear weapons of the United States and of weapons of mass capability, and supporting international peace and destruction by Iraq is a and harboring terrorist security; threat to the United States, CRS-13 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] organizations; to the friends and allies of the United States in the Middle East, and to international peace and security: Whereas Iraq persists in Whereas Iraq persists in No equivalent language. No equivalent language. violating resolution [sic] violating resolutions of the of the United Nations United Nations Security Security Council by Council by continuing to continuing to engage in engage in brutal repression brutal repression of its of its civilian population, civilian population thereby including the Kurdish threatening international peoples, thereby peace and security in the threatening international region, by refusing to peace and security in the release, repatriate, or region, by refusing to account for non-Iraqi release, repatriate, or citizens wrongfully account for non-Iraqi detained by Iraq, including citizens wrongfully an American serviceman, detained by Iraq, and by and by failing to return failing to return property property wrongfully seized wrongfully seized by Iraq by Iraq from Kuwait; from Kuwait; CRS-14 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] Whereas the current Iraqi No equivalent language. Language identical to that No equivalent language. No equivalent language. regime has demonstrated in H.J.Res. 114. its capability and willingness to use weapons of mass destruction against other nations and its own people; Whereas the current Iraqi No equivalent language. Language identical to that No equivalent language. No equivalent language. regime has demonstrated in H.J.Res. 114. its continuing hostility toward, and willingness to attack, the United States, including by attempting in 1993 to assassinate former President Bush and by firing on many thousands of occasions on United States and Coalition Armed Forces engaged in enforcing the resolutions of the United Nations Security Council; CRS-15 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] Whereas members of al No equivalent language. Language identical to that No equivalent language. No equivalent language. Qaida, an organization in H.J.Res. 114. bearing responsibility for attacks on the United States, its citizens, and interests, including the attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, are known to be in Iraq; Whereas Iraq continues to No equivalent language. Language identical to that Whereas since 1990, the No equivalent language. aid and harbor other in H.J.Res. 114. United States has international terrorist considered Iraq to be a organizations, including state sponsor of terrorism; organizations that threaten the lives and safety of American citizens; Whereas the attacks on the Whereas the attacks of Whereas the attacks on the No equivalent language. No equivalent language. United States of September September 11, 2001, United States of September 11, 2001, underscored the underscores [sic] the 11, 2001, underscored the gravity of the threat posed extent of the threat posed gravity of the threat that by the acquisition of by international terrorist Iraq will transfer weapons weapons of mass organizations, and makes of mass destruction to destruction by international clear the gravity of the international terrorist CRS-16 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] terrorist organizations; threat if they obtain access organizations; to weapons of mass destruction; Whereas Iraq's No equivalent language. Whereas Iraq's No equivalent language. No equivalent language. demonstrated capability demonstrated capability and willingness to use and willingness to use weapons of mass weapons of mass destruction, the risk that destruction, the high risk the current Iraqi regime that the current Iraqi will either employ those regime will either employ weapons to launch a those weapons to launch a surprise attack against the surprise attack against the United States or its Armed United States or its Armed Forces or provide them to Forces or provide them to international terrorists who international terrorists who would do so, and the would do so, and the extreme magnitude of extreme magnitude of harm that would result to harm that would result to the United States and its the United States and its citizens from such an citizens from such an attack, combine to justify attack, combine to justify action by the United States the use of force by the to defend itself; United States in order to defend itself; CRS-17 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] Whereas United Nations Whereas the United Whereas Iraq is in material No equivalent language. No equivalent language. Security Council Nations Security Council breach of its disarmament Resolution 678 (1990) passed Resolution 660, and other obligations under authorizes the use of all condemning the invasion United Nations Security necessary means to enforce of Kuwait and demanding Council Resolution 687, to United Nations Security Iraq's immediate cease repression of its Council Resolution 660 withdrawal, and thereafter civilian population that (1990) and subsequent passed Resolutions 661, threatens international relevant resolutions and to 662, 664, 665, 666, 667, peace and security under compel Iraq to cease 670, 674, and 677, further United Nations Security certain activities that demanding the Iraq Council Resolution 688, threaten international withdraw from Kuwait; and to cease threatening its peace and security, neighbors or United including the development Whereas the Government Nations operations in Iraq of weapons of mass of Iraq defied the United under United Nations destruction and refusal or Nations, flouting and Security Council obstruction of United violating each of these Resolution 949, and United Nations weapons resolutions; Nations Security Council inspections in violation of Resolution 678 authorizes United Nations Security [and] use of all necessary means Council Resolution 687 to compel Iraq to comply (1991), repression of its Whereas Iraq's defiance with these "subsequent civilian population in resulted in the adoption of relevant resolutions"; violation of United Nations United Nations Security Security Council Council Resolution 678 CRS-18 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] Resolution 688 (1991), and which authorized the use threatening its neighbors or of all means necessary to United Nations operations repel Iraq from Kuwait and in Iraq in violation of to compel its compliance United Nations Security with the above-referenced Council Resolution 949 resolutions; (1994); Whereas in the No equivalent language. Whereas Congress in the No equivalent language. No equivalent language. Authorization for Use of Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Military Force Against Iraq Resolution (Public Iraq Resolution (Public Law 102-1), Congress has Law 102-1) has authorized authorized the President the President to use the "to use United States Armed Forces of the Armed Forces pursuant to United States to achieve United Nations Security full implementation of Council Resolution 678 Security Council (1990) in order to achieve Resolutions 660, 661, 662, implementation of Security 664, 665, 666, 667, 669, Council Resolutions 660, 670, 674, and 677, 661, 662, 664, 665, 666, pursuant to Security 667, 669, 670, 674, and Council Resolution 678; 677"; CRS-19 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] Whereas in December Whereas allied forces, led No equivalent language. No equivalent language. No equivalent language. 1991, Congress expressed by the United States, its sense that it "supports attacked Iraqi forces on the use of all necessary January 16, 1991, and means to achieve the goals drove them out of Kuwait; of United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 as being consistent with the Authorization of Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution (Public Law 102-1)," that Iraq's repression of its civilian population violates United Nations Security Council Resolution 688 and "constitutes a continuing threat to the peace, security, and stability of the Persian Gulf region," and that Congress, "supports the use of all necessary means to achieve the goals of United Nations Security Council CRS-20 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] Resolution 688"; Whereas the Iraq No equivalent language. Whereas Congress in the No equivalent language. No equivalent language. Liberation Act (Public Iraq Liberation Act (Public Law 105-338) expressed Law 105-338) has the sense of Congress that expressed its sense that it it should be the policy of should be the policy of the the United States to United States to support support efforts to remove efforts to remove from from power the current power the current Iraqi Iraqi regime and promote regime and promote the the emergence of a emergence of a democratic democratic government to government to replace that replace that regime; regime; Whereas on September 12, Whereas on September 12, No equivalent language. No equivalent language. No equivalent language. 2002, President Bush 2002, President Bush committed the United committed the United States to "work with the States to "work with the United Nations Security United Nations Security Council to meet our Council to meet our common challenge" posed common challenge" posed by Iraq and to "work for by Iraq and to "work for the necessary resolutions," the necessary resolutions", while also making clear while making clear that CRS-21 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] that "the Security Council "the Security Council resolutions will be resolutions will be enforced, and the just enforced, and the just demands of peace and demands of peace and security will be met, or security will be met, or action will be action will be unavoidable"; unavoidable"; and Whereas the United States No equivalent language. No equivalent language. No equivalent language. No equivalent language. is determined to prosecute the war on terrorism and Iraq's ongoing support for international terrorist groups combined with its development of weapons of mass destruction in direct violation of its obligations under the 1991 cease-fire and other United Nations Security Council resolutions make clear that it is in the national security interests of the United States and in furtherance of the war on terrorism that CRS-22 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] all relevant United Nations Security Council resolutions be enforced, including through the use of force if necessary; Whereas Congress has No equivalent language. No equivalent language. No equivalent language. No equivalent language. taken steps to pursue vigorously the war on terrorism through the provision of authorities and funding requested by the President to take the necessary actions against international terrorists and terrorist organizations, including those nations, organizations or persons who planned, authorized, committed or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such persons or organizations; CRS-23 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] Whereas the President and No equivalent language. No equivalent language. No equivalent language. No equivalent language. Congress are determined to continue to take all appropriate actions against international terrorists and terrorist organizations, including those nations, organizations or persons who planned, authorized, committed or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such persons or organizations; Whereas the President has No equivalent language. Whereas the President has No equivalent language. No equivalent language. authority under the authority under the Constitution to take action Constitution to take action in order to deter and in order to deter and prevent acts of prevent acts of international terrorism international terrorism against the United States, against the United States, as Congress recognized in as Congress recognized in the joint resolution on the joint resolution on Authorization for Use of Authorization for Use of CRS-24 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] Military Force (Public Law Military Force (Public Law 107-40); and 107-40); and Whereas it is in the No equivalent language. No equivalent language. No equivalent language. No equivalent language. national security of the United States to restore international peace and security to the Persian Gulf region: No equivalent language. Whereas the House of No equivalent language. No equivalent language. No equivalent language. Representatives (in H.J.Res. 658 of the 101st Congress and H. Res. 322 in the 105th Congress) and the Senate (in S. Con. Res. 147 of the 101st Congress and S.J.Res. 54 in the 105th Congress) have declared support for international action to halt Iraq's defiance of the United Nations; CRS-25 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] No equivalent language. Whereas in H. Res. 322 of No equivalent language. No equivalent language. No equivalent language. the 105th Congress, the House of Representatives affirmed that the "current crisis regarding Iraq should be resolved peacefully through diplomatic means, but in a manner which assures full compliance by Iraq with United Nations Security Council resolutions regarding the destruction of Iraq's capability to produce and deliver weapons of mass destruction"; No equivalent language. Whereas Congress No equivalent language. No equivalent language. No equivalent language. supports the efforts by the President to enforce through the Security Council the United Nations Security Council resolutions referenced above: CRS-26 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] No equivalent language. No equivalent language. Whereas the United States No equivalent language. No equivalent language. has the inherent right, as acknowledged un the United Nations Charter, to use force in order to defend itself; No equivalent language. Whereas in the National Whereas Congress in No equivalent language. No equivalent language. Defense Act for Fiscal section 1095 of Public Law Years 1992 and 1993 102-190 has stated that it (Public Law 102-190), "supports the use of all Congress called upon "the necessary means to achieve President [to] consult the goals of Security closely with the partners of Council Resolution 687 as the United States in the being consistent with the Desert Storm coalition and Authorization for Use of with members of the Military Force Against United Nations Security Iraq (Public Law 102-1)," Council in order to present that Iraq's repression of its a united front of opposition civilian population violates to Iraq's continuing United Nations Security noncompliance with Council Resolution 688 Security Council and "constitutes a Resolution 687"; continuing threat to the peace, security, and CRS-27 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] stability of the Persian Gulf region," and that Congress "supports the use of all necessary means to achieve the goals of Resolution 688"; No equivalent language. No equivalent language. Whereas the President has No equivalent language. No equivalent language. authority under the Constitution to use force in order to defend the national security interests of the United States: CRS-28 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] No equivalent language. No equivalent language. No equivalent language. Whereas on numerous No equivalent language. occasions since 1991, the United Nations Security Council has reaffirmed Resolution 687, most recently in Resolution 1284, which established a new weapons inspection regime to ensure Iraqi compliance with its obligations under Resolution 687; No equivalent language. No equivalent language. No equivalent language. Whereas on numerous No equivalent language. occasions since 1991, the United States and the United Nations Security Council have condemned Iraq's failure to fulfill its obligations under Resolution 687 to destroy or dismantle its weapons of mass destruction program and its prohibited ballistic missile program; CRS-29 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] No equivalent language. No equivalent language. No equivalent language. Whereas Iraq under No equivalent language. Saddam Hussein used chemical weapons in its war with Iran in the 1980s and against the Kurdish population in northern Iraq in 1988; No equivalent language. No equivalent language. No equivalent language. Whereas Iraq's failure to No equivalent language. comply with its international obligations to destroy or dismantle its weapons of mass destruction program and its prohibited ballistic missile program, its record of using force against neighboring states, and its support for international terrorism require a strong diplomatic, and if necessary, military response by the international community, led by the United States CRS-30 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] Now, therefore, be it Now, therefore, be it Now, therefore, be it Now, therefore, be it Now, therefore, be it Resolved by the Senate and Resolved by the Senate and Resolved by the Senate and Resolved by the Senate and Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Representatives House of Representatives of the United States of of the United States of of the United States of of the United States of of the United States of America in Congress America in Congress America in Congress America in Congress America in Congress assembled, assembled, assembled, assembled, assembled, Section 1. Short Title. Section 1. Short Title. Section 1. Short Title. Section 1. Short Title. Section 1. Short Title. This joint resolution This joint resolution This joint resolution This Act may be cited This joint resolution may be cited as the may be cited as the may be cited as the as the "Authorization for may be cited as the "Authorization for Use of "Elimination of Weapons "Further Resolution on the Use of Force Against "Multilateral Use of Force Military Force Against of Mass Destruction from Iraq". Iraq Resolution of 2002." Authorization Act of Iraq Resolution of 2002". Iraq Resolution". 2002". Sec. 2. Support for Sec. 2. Sense of the No equivalent language. No equivalent language. Sec. 2. Congressional United States Diplomatic Congress. Policy For United Efforts. It is the sense of Nations Security Council The Congress of the Congress that ­ Action on Iraq. United States supports the (1) the President should Congress­ efforts by the President to­ be commended for calling (1) supports the (1) strictly enforce upon the United Nations to President's call for the through the United Nations address the threat to United Nations to address Security Council all international peace and the threat to international relevant Security Council security posed by Iraq's peace and security posed resolutions regarding Iraq refusal to meets its by Saddam Hussein's CRS-31 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] and encourages him in disarmament obligations continued refusal to meet those efforts; and under United Nations Iraq's obligations under (2) obtain prompt and Security council resolutions of the United decisive action by the resolutions; Nations Security Council Security Council to ensure (2) The President to accept the destruction, that Iraq abandons its should persist in his efforts removal, or rendering strategy of delay, evasion to obtain approval of the harmless of its weapons of and noncompliance and Security Council for any mass destruction, nuclear promptly and strictly actions taken against Iraq; weapons-usable material, complies with all relevant and ballistic missiles with a Security Council (3) the President should range in excess of 150 resolutions regarding Iraq. continue to seek, and the kilometers, and related Security Council should facilities, and to cease the approve, a resolution that ­ development, production, (A) demands full and or acquisition of such unconditional compliance weapons, materials, and by the Government of Iraq missiles; with all disarmament (2) urges the United requirements imposed by Nations Security Council United Nations Security to adopt promptly a Council Resolutions 687, resolution that­ 707, 715, 1051, 1060, (A) demands that Iraq 1115, 1134, 1154, 1194, provide immediate, and 1205; unconditional, and (B) mandates the unrestricted access of the CRS-32 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] immediate return to Iraq of United Nations weapons United Nations arms inspectors so that Iraq's inspection teams, weapons of mass empowered with increased destruction, nuclear staff and resources and weapons-usable material, unconditional access to all ballistic missiles with a sites they deem necessary range in excess of 150 to uncover and destroy kilometers, and related weapons of mass facilities are destroyed, destruction and ballistic removed, or rendered missiles with ranges harmless; and exceeding 150 kilometers, (B) authorizes the use and the means of of necessary and producing such weapons appropriate military force and missiles, without by member states of the regard to any objections or United Nations to enforce conditions that Iraq may such resolution in the event seek to impose; and that the Government of (C) authorizes, if the Iraq refuses to comply; President deems advisable, (3) affirms that, under a military force, formed international law and the under the auspices of the United Nations Charter, United Nations Security the United States has at all Council but commanded times the inherent right to by the United States, to use military force in self- CRS-33 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] protect and support arms defense; and inspectors and make force (4) will not adjourn sine available in the event that die this year and will Iraq impedes, resists, or in return to session at any any way interferes with time before the next such inspection teams; Congress convenes to (4) if the United consider promptly Nations Security Council proposals relative to Iraq if fails to pass a resolution in the judgment of the that satisfies the conditions President the United of paragraph (3), and if the Nations Security Council President determines that fails to adopt the resolution use of the United States described in paragraph (2). Armed Forces is necessary to compel Iraq to comply with all such disarmament requirements, the President should seek authorization from Congress to use military force to compel such compliance by invoking the expedited procedures set forth in section 5; (5) if the United States CRS-34 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] must resort to force, the President should endeavor to form a coalition of allies as broadly based as practicable to support and participate with United States Armed Forces, and should also seek multilateral cooperation and assistance, specifically including Arab and Islamic countries, in the post- conflict reconstruction of Iraq; and (6) if the United States resorts to force, Congress will provide all possible support to the members of the United States Armed Forces and their families. CRS-35 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] Sec. 3. Authorization for No equivalent language. Sec. 2. Authorization for Section 2. Authorization No equivalent language. Use of United States (See, however, sec. 3, Use of United States for the Use of United (See, however, sec. 3, Armed Forces. below.) Armed Forces. States Armed Forces. below.) (a) Authorization.­ The President is (a) Authorization for The President is authorized authorized to use all means the Use of Force.­ The to use the Armed Forces of that he determines to be President, subject to the United States as he appropriate, including subsection (b), is determines to be necessary force, in order to enforce authorized to use United and appropriate in order the United Nations States Armed Forces as he to­ Security Council determines to be necessary (1) defend the Resolutions referenced and appropriate­ national security of the above, defend the national (1) to enforce United United States against the security interests of the Nations Security Council continuing threat posed by United States against the Resolution 687, and other Iraq; and threat posed by Iraq, and resolutions approved by (2) enforce all restore international peace the Council which govern relevant United Nations and security in the region. Iraqi compliance with Security Council Resolution 687, in order to resolutions regarding Iraq. secure the dismantlement (b) Presidential or destruction of Iraq's Determination.­ In weapons of mass connection with the destruction program and its exercise of the authority prohibited ballistic missile granted in subsection (a) to program; or use force the President (2) in the exercise of CRS-36 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] shall, prior to such exercise individual or collective or as soon thereafter as self-defense, to defend the may be feasible, but no United States or allied later than 48 hours after nations against a grave exercising such authority, threat posed by Iraq's make available to the weapons of mass Speaker of the House of destruction program and its Representatives and the prohibited ballistic missile President pro tempore of program. the Senate his (b) Requirement for determination that­ determination that use of (1) reliance by the force is necessary.­Before United States on further exercising the authority diplomatic or other granted by subsection (a), peaceful means alone the President shall make either (A) will not available to the Speaker of adequately protect the the House of national security of the Representatives and the United States against the President pro tempore of continuing threat posed by the Senate his Iraq or (B) is not likely to determination that­ lead to enforcement (1) the United States regarding Iraq; and has attempted to seek, (2) acting pursuant to through the United Nations this resolution is consistent Security Council, adoption CRS-37 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] with the United States and of a resolution after other countries continuing September 12, 2002 under to take the necessary Chapter VII of the United actions against Nations Charter international terrorists and authorizing the action terrorist organizations, described in subsection including those nations, (a)(1), and such resolution organizations, or persons has been adopted; or who planned, authorized, (2) that the threat to the committed or aided the United States or allied terrorist attacks that nations posed by Iraq's occurred on September 11, weapons of mass 2001. destruction program and prohibited ballistic missile program is so grave that the use of force is necessary pursuant to subsection (a)(2), notwithstanding the failure of the Security Council to approve a resolution described in paragraph (1). CRS-38 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] (c) War Powers Sec. 6 War Powers No equivalent language. Section 4. War Powers Sec. 3 (pertaining to use of Resolution Resolution Resolution Armed Forces to enforce Requirements.­ Requirements. Requirements. United Nations Security (1) Specific Statutory (a) Specific Statutory (a) Specific Statutory Council Resolution; see Authorization.­Consistent Authorization.­ Consistent Authorization.­Consistent full text below) with section 8(a)(1) of the with section8(a)(1) of the with section 8(a)(1) of the (c) War Powers War Powers Resolution, War Powers Resolution, War Powers Resolution, Resolution the Congress declares that the Congress declares that the Congress declares that Requirements.­ this section is intended to ­ section 2 is intended to (1) Specific Statutory constitute specific statutory (1) section 3 of this constitute specific statutory Authorization.­Consistent authorization within the joint resolution is intended authorization within the with section 8(a)(1) of the meaning of section 5(b) of to constitute specific meaning of section 5(b) of War Powers Resolution, the War Powers authorization within the the War Powers Congress declares that this Resolution. meaning of section 5(b) of Resolution. section is intended to (2) Applicability of the War Powers (b) Applicability of constitute specific statutory Other Resolution; and Other Requirements.­ authorization within the Requirements.­Nothing in (2) if a joint resolution Nothing in this resolution meaning of section 5(b) of this resolution supersedes described in section 5(a)(2) supersedes any the War Powers Resolution any requirement of the is enacted into law, such requirement of the War (22 U.S.C. 1544(b)). War Powers Resolution. resolution is intended to Powers Resolution. (2) Applicability of constitute specific Other authorization within the Requirements.­Nothing in meaning of section 5(b) of this joint resolution the War Powers supersedes any Resolution. requirement of the War CRS-39 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] (B) Applicability of Powers Resolution. Other Requirements. Nothing in this resolution supersedes any requirement of the War Powers Resolution. No equivalent language. Sec. 3. Authorization To No equivalent language. No equivalent language. Sec. 3. Authorization for Use Force in Accordance Use of United States With New United Nations Armed Forces Pursuant Security Council to a New United Nations Resolutions. Security Council The President is Resolution. authorized to use United (a) Authorization.­ States Armed Forces Pursuant to a resolution of pursuant to any resolution the United Nations of the United Nations Security Council described Security Council adopted in section 2(2) that is after September 12, 2002, adopted after the that provides for the enactment of this joint elimination of Iraq's resolution, and subject to weapons of mass subsection (b), the destruction and ballistic President is authorized to missiles with ranges use the Armed Forces of exceeding 150 kilometers, the United States to CRS-40 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] and the means of destroy, remove, or render producing such weapons harmless Iraq's weapons of and missiles. Nothing in mass destruction, nuclear the preceding sentence weapons-usable material, shall be construed to ballistic missiles with a prevent or otherwise limit range greater than 150 the authority of the Armed kilometers, and related Forces to use all facilities, if Iraq fails to appropriate force for self comply with the terms of defense and enforcement the Security Council purposes. resolution. (b) Requirements.­ [and] Before the authority granted in subsection (a) is exercised, the President Sec. 4. Presidential shall make available to the Certifications. Speaker of the House of In the event that the Representatives and the United Nations Security President pro tempore of Council does not adopt a the Senate his resolution as described in determination that the section 3, or in the event United States has used that such a resolution is appropriate diplomatic and adopted but does not other peaceful means to sanction the use of force obtain compliance by Iraq CRS-41 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] sufficient to compel Iraq's with a resolution of the compliance, and if the United Nations Security President determines that Council described in use of the United States section 2(2) and that those Armed Forces is necessary efforts have not been and for such compliance, the are not likely to be President should seek successful in obtaining authorization from such compliance. Congress to use military (c) War Powers force to compel such Resolution Requirements.­ compliance by invoking (1) Specific Statutory the expedited procedures Authorization.­Consistent set forth in section 5 after with section 8(a)(1) of the the President submits to War Powers Resolution, the Speaker of the House Congress declares that this of Representatives and the section is intended to President pro tempore of constitute specific statutory the Senate a certification authorization within the that ­ meaning of section 5(b) of (1)(A) the United States the War Powers Resolution has sought passage by the (22 U.S.C. 1544(b)). United Nations Security (2) Applicability of Council of a resolution Other Requirements.­ described in section 3, and Nothing in this joint the Security Council has resolution supersedes any CRS-42 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] failed to pass such a requirement of the War resolution, and no other Powers Resolution. action taken by the United Nations Security Council has been sufficient to compel Iraq to comply with the Security Council resolutions referred to in section 2; or (B) the United Nations Security Council has passed a resolution that does not sanction the use of force sufficient to compel compliance, and­ (i) the United Nations Security Council is unlikely to take further action that will result in Iraq's compliance with such resolution; and (ii) the use of military force against Iraq is necessary to compel compliance; CRS-43 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] (2) the use of military force against Iraq will not impair international cooperation in the fight against terrorism or participation in United States military actions undertaken pursuant to Public Law 107-40; and (3) the United States is in the process of establishing, or has established, a coalition of other countries as broadly based as practicable to support and participate with the United States in whatever action is taken against Iraq. Sec. 4. Reports to Sec. 7. Reports To No equivalent language. Section 3. Consultation Sec. 4. Reports to Congress. Congress. and Reports. Congress. (a) Reports. ­ The At least once every 60 (a) Consultation.­The Not later than 60 days President shall, at least days, the President shall President shall keep after the date of enactment once every 60 days, submit transmit to Congress a Congress fully and of this joint resolution, and CRS-44 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] to the Congress a report on report on matters relevant currently informed on at least once during every matters relevant to this to this joint resolution. matters relevant to this 60-day period thereafter, joint resolution, including The President shall include joint resolution. the President shall submit actions taken pursuant to in such report an estimate (b) Initial Report.­(1) to Congress a report the exercise of authority of expenditures by the As soon as practicable, but containing a summary of granted in section 3 and United States and allied not later than 30 days after the status of efforts­ the status of planning for nations to compel Iraq's exercising the authority (1) to have the Untied efforts that are expected to compliance with the above under subsection 2(a), the Nations Security Council be required after such referenced United Nations President shall submit to adopt the resolution actions are completed, Security Council Congress a report setting described in section 2(2); including those actions resolutions and any forth information­ or described in section 7 of reconstruction efforts in (A) about the degree to (2) in the case of the Public Law 105-338 (the Iraq, including those which other nations will adoption of such Iraq Liberation Act of actions described in assist the United States in resolution, to obtain 1998). section 7 of the Iraq the use of force in Iraq; compliance by Iraq with (b) Single Liberation Act of 1998 (B) regarding measures the resolution. Consolidated Report. ­ To (Public Law 105-338; 22 the United States is taking, the extent that the U.S.C. 2151 note). or preparing to take, to submission of any report protect key allies in the described in subsection (a) region from armed attack coincides with the by Iraq; and submission of any other (C) on planning to report on matters relevant establish a secure to this joint resolution environment in the otherwise required to be immediate aftermath of the CRS-45 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] submitted to Congress use of force (including pursuant to the reporting estimated expenditures by requirements of the War the United States and allied Powers Resolution (Public nations), and, if necessary, Law 93-148), all such prepare for the political reports may be submitted and economic as a single consolidated reconstruction of Iraq report to the Congress. following the use of force. (2) Classification of (c) Rule of report.­The report required Construction. ­ To the by paragraph (1) may be extent that the information submitted in classified required by section 3 of the form. Authorization for Use of (c) Subsequent Military Force Against Reports.­ Following Iraq Resolution (Public transmittal of the report Law 102-1) is included in required by subsection (b), the report required by this the President shall submit a section, such report shall report to Congress every be considered as meeting 60 days thereafter on the the requirements of section status of United States 3 of such resolution. diplomatic, military and reconstruction operations with respect to Iraq. CRS-46 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] No equivalent language. Sec. 5. Expedited No equivalent language. No equivalent language. No equivalent language. Congressional Consideration of Joint Resolution Authorizing Use of Force. (a) Qualifying Resolution. ­ (1) this section applies with respect to a joint resolution of the Senate or house of Representatives ­ (A) that is a qualifying resolution as described in paragraph (2); and (B) that it introduced (by request) by a qualifying Member not later than the next legislative day after the date of receipt by the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President pro tempore of the Senate of a certification by the President under CRS-47 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] section 4. (2) For purposes of this section, a qualifying resolution is a joint resolution ­ (A) that does not have a preamble; (B) the title of which is the following: "Joint resolution authorizing the President to use all necessary means, including the Armed Forces of the United States, to compel the Government of Iraq to comply with certain United Nations Security Council resolutions." and (C) the test of which is as follows: "The President is authorized to use all necessary and appropriate means, including the Armed Forces of the United States, to compel CRS-48 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] the Government of Iraq to comply with the disarmament provisions in the United Nations Security Council Resolutions 687, 707, 715, 1051, 1060, 1115, 1134, 1154, 1194, and 1205 and with any other resolution of the United Nations Security Council adopted after September 12, 2002, that requires the elimination of Iraq's weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missiles with ranges exceeding 150 kilometers, and the means of producing such weapons and missiles." (3) For purposes of this subsection, a qualifying Member is ­ (A) in the case of the CRS-49 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] House of Representatives, the majority leader or minority leader of the House of Representatives; and (B) in the case of the Senate, the majority leader or minority leader of the Senate. (b) Placement on Calendar. ­ Upon introduction in either House of a resolution described in subsection (a), the resolution shall be placed on the appropriate calendar of the House involved. (c) Consideration in the House of Representatives. ­ (1) A resolution described in subsection (a) shall be considered in the House of Representatives in accordance with the CRS-50 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] provisions of this subsection. (2) On or after the first legislative day after the day on which such a resolution is introduced, it is in order (even through a previous motion to the same effect has been disagreed to) for any Member of the House of representatives to move to proceed to the consideration of the resolution. All points of order against the resolution (and against consideration of the resolution) are waived. Such a motion is privileged and is not debatable. An amendment to the motion is not in order. It shall not be in order to move to postpone the motion or to proceed to CRS-51 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] the consideration of other business. A motion to reconsider the vote by which the motion is agreed to or disagreed to shall not be in order. If a motion to proceed to the consideration of the resolution is agreed to, the House of Representatives shall immediately proceed to consideration of the resolution without intervening motion, and the resolution shall remain the unfinished business of the House of Representatives until disposed of. (3) Debate on the resolution shall be limited to not more than a total of 20 hours, which shall be divided equally between the majority leader and the CRS-52 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] minority leader or their designees. A motion to further limit debate is not debatable. An amendment to, or motion to recommit, the resolution is not in order. (6) [sic] Immediately following the conclusion of the debate on the resolution, the vote on final passage of the resolution shall occur. (7) [sic] A motion to reconsider the vote by which the resolution is agreed to or disagreed to is not in order. (d) Consideration in Senate. ­ (1) A resolution described in subsection (a) shall be considered in the Senate in accordance with the provisions of this subsection. CRS-53 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] (2) On or after the first legislative day after the day on which such a resolution is introduced, such a resolution, it is in order (even though a previous motion to the same effect has been disagreed to) for any Member of the Senate to move to proceed to the consideration of the resolution. All points of order against the resolution (and against consideration of the resolution) are waived. The motion is privileged and is not debatable. The motion is not subject to amendment, or to a motion to postpone, or to a motion to proceed to the consideration of other business. A motion to reconsider the vote by CRS-54 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] which the motion is agreed to or disagreed to shall not be in order. If a motion to proceed to the consideration of the resolution is agreed to, the Senate shall immediately proceed to consideration of the resolution without intervening motion, order, or other business, and the resolution shall remain the unfinished business of the Senate until disposed of. (3) Debate on the resolution, and on all debatable motions and appeals in connection therewith, shall be limited to not more than a total of 20 hours, which shall be divided equally between the majority leader and the minority leader or their designees. A motion to CRS-55 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] further limit debate is not debatable. An amendment to, or motion to recommit, the resolution is not in order. (6) [sic] Immediately following the conclusion of the debate on a resolution and a single quorum call at the conclusion of the debate if requested in accordance with the rules of the Senate, the vote on final passage of the resolution shall occur. (7) [sic] A motion to reconsider the vote by which the resolution is agreed to or disagreed to is not in order. (8) [sic] Appeals from the decisions of the Chair relating to the application of the rules of the Senate to CRS-56 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] the procedure relating to a resolution described in subsection (a) shall be decided without debate. (e) Action on Measure from Other House. ­ (1) If, before the passage by one House of a resolution of that House described in subsection (a), that House receives from the other House a resolution described in subsection (a), then the following procedures shall apply: (A) The resolution of the other House shall not be referred to a committee and may not be considered in the House receiving it except as provided in subparagraph (B)(ii). (B) With respect to a resolution described in subsection (a) of the House CRS-57 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] receiving the resolution ­ (i) the procedure in that House shall be the same as if no resolution had been received from the other House; but (ii) the vote on final passage shall be on the resolution of the other House. (2) Upon disposition pursuant to paragraph (1)(B)(ii) of a resolution described in subsection (a) that is received by one House from the other House, it shall no longer be in order to consider such a resolution that was introduced in the receiving House. (f) Legislative Day Defined. ­ For the purposes of this section, with respect to either CRS-58 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] House of Congress, a legislative day is a calendar day on which that House is in session. (g) Section Enacted as Exercise of Rule-Making Power of the Two Houses. ­ The provisions of this section (other than subsection (h) are enacted by the Congress ­ (1) as an exercise of the rulemaking power of the House of Representatives and the Senate, respectively, and, as such, shall be considered as part of the rules of either House and shall supersede other rules only to the extent they are inconsistent therewith; and (2) with full recognition of the constitutional right of either House to change CRS-59 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] the rules (so far as they relate to the procedures of that House) at any time, in the same manner, and to the same extent as in the case of any other rule of that House. (h) Presidential Recall of Congress. - In the event that Congress is not in session upon submission of a Presidential certification under section 4, the President is authorized to convene a special session of the Congress to allow consideration of a joint resolution under this section. No equivalent language. Sec. 8. Inherent Right to No equivalent language. No equivalent language. No equivalent language. Self-Defense. Nothing in this joint resolution is intended to derogate or otherwise limit CRS-60 Public Law 107-243 [H.J.Res. 114] S.J.Res. 45 S.J.Res. ­­ S.J.Res. ­­ [Hastert-Gephardt] Spratt amendment [Daschle-Lott] [Biden-Lugar] [Levin] as signed into law 10/16/02 in draft form, 10/7/02 as placed on Senate in draft form, 9/30/02 in draft form, 10/4/02 [S.J.Res. 46 nearly Calendar 9/30/02 identical] the authority of the President to use military force in self-defense pursuant to the Constitution of the United States and the War Powers Resolution. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL31596