For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL30447 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Order Code RL30447 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Defense Budget for FY2001: Data Summary February 23, 2000 Mary T. Tyszkiewicz Analyst in National Defense Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Stephen Daggett Specialist in National Defense Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional Research Service ~ The Library of Congress ABSTRACT This report presents basic information on the U.S. defense budget. It provides figures on the Clinton Administration's FY2001 national defense budget request, including data on budget authority and outlays for the Department of Defense and for the national defense budget function. It also provides figures on historical trends in overall defense spending, including data on the growth and decline of defense spending, on defense outlays as a share of federal expenditures, and on defense outlays as a share of gross domestic product. It also defines key defense budget terms. This report will be updated with the next President's budget request in February 2001. Defense Budget for FY2001: Data Summary Summary This report presents defense budget data in a manner designed to provide various perspectives on U.S. military spending. Part I presents basic data on the Clinton Administration's FY2001 national defense budget request, including data on budget authority and outlays for the Department of Defense and for the national defense budget function. Part II shows trends in overall defense spending, including figures on the growth and decline of defense spending, on defense outlays as a share of federal expenditures, and on defense outlays as a share of gross domestic product. Part III defines key defense budget terms. Among the trends reflected in these data, several stand out. ! The Clinton Administration is requesting $305.4 billion in new budget authority for national defense in FY2001 (see Table 1), which represents an increase of 1.3 percent in real, inflation-adjusted dollars from the FY2000 level. ! Budget authority for national defense (including DOD military functions and defense-related activities of other federal agencies) declined by 33 percent, adjusted for inflation, between FY1985, the peak of the 1980s buildup, and FY2000. (See Table 6.) Under Administration projections, funding for national defense will stay flat, adjusted for inflation, through FY2005. ! Funding for weapons procurement has been in decline since FY1985, bottoming out in FY1997 at $45.2 billion in constant FY2001 dollars. Between FY1985 and FY2000, procurement funding declined much more rapidly than the defense budget as a whole, falling by 60%. Under Administration plans, it will increase over the next few years. (See Figure 2.) ! Under Administration projections for FY2001, outlays for national defense will constitute 2.9 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) (see Table 11 and Figure 8) and 15.6 percent of total federal outlays (see Table 13 and Figure 9). National defense spending will represent a smaller share of the economy than at any time since before World War II. In comparison, during the defense buildup of the 1980s, national defense spending reached a peak of 6.2 percent of GDP in FY1986 and 27.1 percent of total federal outlays in FY1987. While defense outlays are at historically low levels as a percentage of total federal outlays, this trend depends as much on increases in other areas of the federal budget ­ especially in Social Security, Medicare, and other entitlements ­ as on decreases in defense spending. To illustrate trends in the regular defense program, most of the data included in this report exclude costs of Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm, which was largely financed by allied contributions. Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Part I: The FY2001 Defense Budget Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Part II: Trends in Defense Spending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Part III: Definitions of Budget Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 List of Figures Figure 1. DOD Budget Authority by Component, FY2001 request . . . . . . . . . . 7 Figure 2: DOD Budget Authority Trends by Title, FY1985-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Figure 3. DOD Active Duty End-Strength Levels, FY1987-2005, Selected Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Figure 4: Department of Defense Active Duty Personnel Levels, FY1950-2005 14 Figure 5: National Defense Outlays, FY1910-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Figure 6: National Defense Budget Authority and Outlays, FY1947-2005 . . . . 20 Figure 7: National Defense Outlays, Percentage of GNP/GDP, FY1910-2005 . 21 Figure 8: National Defense Outlays, Percentage of GDP, FY1947-2005 . . . . . 21 Figure 9: National Defense Outlays, Percentage of Total Federal Outlays, FY1940-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Figure 10: Federal Outlays by Budget Enforcement Act Category, FY1962-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 List of Tables Table 1. National Defense Budget Function and Department of Defense Budget, FY1992-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Table 2. National Defense Budget Function by Appropriations Title, Budget Authority, FY1992-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Table 3. National Defense Budget Function by Appropriations Title, Outlays, FY1992-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Table 4. Department of Defense Budget Authority by Component, FY1993-2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Table 5. Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm Budget Authority and Outlays . 8 Table 6. National Defense Budget Authority Trends by Appropriations Title, FY1985-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Table 7. Department of Defense Personnel Levels, Selected Years . . . . . . . . . 13 Table 8. Department of Defense Active Duty Personnel Levels, FY1950-2005 14 Table 9. U.S. Military Force Structure, FY1980-2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Table 10. Real Growth/Decline in National Defense Funding, FY1940-2005 . . 16 Table 11. National Defense Outlays as a Percentage of GNP/GDP, FY1910-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Table 12. Allocation of Federal Outlays by Budget Enforcement Act Category, FY1962-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Table 13. Allocation of Federal Outlays by Budget Enforcement Act Category, FY1962-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Table 14. Trends in Department of Defense Future-Years Defense Plans . . . . . 25 Defense Budget for FY2001: Data Summary Introduction This report is designed to be a readily accessible source of facts and figures on the FY2001 national defense budget. Part I provides basic data on the Clinton Administration's FY2001 national defense budget request, including data on budget authority and outlays for the Department of Defense (DOD) and for the national defense budget function (Function 050). Part II shows trends in overall defense spending, including figures on the growth and decline of defense spending, defense outlays as a share of total federal expenditures, and defense outlays as a share of gross domestic product. Part III defines key defense budget terms. The significance of long-term defense spending trends depends to a large extent on how budgetary data are interpreted. For example, while defense outlays are at historically low levels as a percentage of total federal outlays, this trend depends as much on increases in other areas of the federal budget as on decreases in defense spending. Also, while defense outlays as a percentage of GDP are at their lowest levels since before World War II, in real dollar terms they remain almost equal to average peacetime defense outlays during the Cold War. To reflect trends in the regular defense program, most of the data included in this report exclude costs of Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm, which were largely financed by allied contributions. CRS annually prepares a number of issue briefs and reports on specific weapon programs and other defense issues, including: Appropriations for FY2001: Defense, CRS Report RL30205 Appropriations for FY2001: Military Construction, CRS Report RL30210 C-17 Cargo Plane, CRS Issue Brief IB93041 Defense Acquisition Reform: Status and Current Issues, CRS Issue Brief IB96022 Defense Outsourcing: The OMB Circular A-76 Policy, CRS Report RL30392 F-22 Aircraft, CRS Issue Brief IB87111 F/A-18 E/F Aircraft, CRS Issue Brief IB92035 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) Program: Background, Status, and Issues, CRS Report 98-198F Military Base Closures: Where Do We Stand?, CRS Report RL30440 Military Medical Care Services: Questions and Answers, CRS Issue Brief IB93103 Military Retirement: Major Legislative Issues, CRS Issue Brief IB85159 CRS-2 National Guard & Reserve Funding, FY1990-00, CRS Report 98-955 F National Missile Defense: Issues for Congress, CRS Issue Brief IB10034 Navy Attack Submarine Programs: Background and Issues for Congress, CRS Report RL30045 Navy CVN-77 and CVX Aircraft Carrier Programs: Background and Issues for Congress, CRS Report 98-359 F Navy Network-Centric Warfare Concept: Key Programs and Issues for Congress, CRS Report 98-621 F Peacekeeping: Issues of US Military Involvement, CRS Issue Brief IB94040 Tactical Aircraft Modernization, CRS Issue Brief IB92115 Theater Air and Missile Defense, CRS Issue Brief IB98028 V-22 Osprey Tilt-Rotor Aircraft, CRS Issue Brief IB86103 Also, for a detailed discussion of the defense budget process, see CRS Report RL30002, A Defense Budget Primer, by Mary T. Tyszkiewicz and Stephen Daggett. CRS-3 Part I: The FY2001 Defense Budget Request The following section displays basic data on the FY2001 national defense budget request. Table 1 provides figures for the national defense budget function and the Department of Defense budget, including figures for budget authority and outlays in both current and constant dollars. For a definition of terms, see the glossary at the end of this report. Tables 2 and 3 show, respectively, budget authority and outlay figures for the national defense budget function broken down by appropriations title. Table 4 shows DOD budget authority broken down by military component -- i.e., the military services. Figure 1 graphically displays service shares of DOD budget authority for FY2001. Table 5 shows budget authority and outlays associated with Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm. In order to reflect accurately trends in defense funding, most of the data in this report have been adjusted to exclude costs associated with the Persian Gulf War, since that conflict was largely financed by U.S. allies. Table 5 allows the reader to compare the adjusted data published in this report with unadjusted data published elsewhere. CRS-4 Table 1. National Defense Budget Function and Department of Defense Budget, FY1992-2005 (current and constant FY2001 dollars in billions) Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Est. Proj. Proj. Proj. Proj. Proj. Fiscal Year: 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 National Defense Budget Function Budget Authority Current year dollars 287.7 281.1 263.3 266.3 266.0 270.3 271.3 292.1 293.3 305.4 309.2 315.6 323.4 331.7 Constant FY2001 dollars 352.5 334.7 306.7 304.1 297.5 295.9 290.8 307.0 301.6 305.4 302.7 302.3 302.4 302.8 Real growth/decline -5.0% -8.4% -0.8% -2.2% -0.5% -1.7% +5.6% -1.8% +1.3% -0.9% -0.1% +0.0% +0.1% Outlays Current year dollars 286.1 283.9 278.9 271.0 265.2 270.4 268.4 274.9 290.6 291.2 298.4 307.4 316.5 330.7 Constant FY2001 dollars 351.3 337.8 324.0 309.3 296.4 294.9 286.9 288.7 298.8 291.2 292.2 295.0 296.6 302.7 Real growth/decline -3.8% -4.1% -4.5% -4.2% -0.5% -2.7% +0.6% +3.5% -2.6% +0.4% +0.9% +0.5% +2.0% Department of Defense Budget Authority Current year dollars 274.8 267.2 251.4 255.7 254.4 258.0 258.5 278.4 279.9 291.1 294.8 300.9 308.3 316.4 Constant FY2001 dollars 336.6 318.2 292.8 291.9 284.5 282.4 277.2 292.6 287.9 291.1 288.6 288.2 288.3 288.9 Real growth/decline -5.5% -8.0% -0.3% -2.6% -0.7% -1.8% +5.5% -1.6% +1.1% -0.9% -0.1% +0.0% +0.2% Outlays Current year dollars 274.7 271.4 265.8 258.4 252.7 258.2 256.1 261.4 277.5 277.5 284.3 293.0 301.9 315.8 Constant FY2001 dollars 337.2 322.9 308.9 294.9 282.3 281.6 273.8 274.5 285.3 277.5 278.4 281.2 282.8 289.0 Real growth/decline -4.2% -4.3% -4.5% -4.3% -0.3% -2.8% +0.3% +3.9% -2.7% +0.3% +1.0% +0.6% +2.2% Sources: U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Historical Tables: Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2001 , Feb. 2000. Deflators and data on Desert Shield/Desert Storm budget authority and outlays from DOD Comptroller. Notes: Figures for the year preceding the request (FY2000) represent an estimate and include Administration-proposed supplemental appropriations and rescissions. Figures exclude Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm costs and receipts. Explanation: The National Defense Budget Function (050) is one of the categories of the federal budget. It consists of (1) the Department of Defense (DOD) budget, which funds all direct DOD military programs, and (2) a number of defense-related programs administered by other agencies, including atomic energy defense activities of the Department of Energy and civil defense. CRS-5 Table 2. National Defense Budget Function by Appropriations Title, Budget Authority, FY1992-2005 (current year dollars in billions) Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Proj. Proj. Proj. Proj. Proj. Fiscal Year: 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Department of Defense (military activities only) Military Personnel 78.8 76.0 71.4 71.6 69.8 70.3 69.8 70.6 73.7 75.8 78.4 80.4 83.1 85.6 Operation & Maintenance 85.6 89.2 88.6 93.8 93.7 92.4 97.2 105.0 104.9 109.3 107.5 109.1 112.2 114.8 Procurement 61.0 52.8 44.1 43.6 42.4 42.9 44.8 50.9 54.2 60.3 63.0 66.7 67.7 70.9 RDT&E 36.5 37.8 34.6 34.5 35.0 36.4 37.1 38.3 38.4 37.9 38.4 37.6 37.5 36.4 Military Construction 5.3 4.6 6.0 5.4 6.9 5.7 5.5 5.4 4.8 4.5 4.3 3.8 4.6 5.4 Family Housing 3.7 3.9 3.5 3.4 4.3 4.1 3.8 3.6 3.6 3.5 3.7 3.9 4.0 4.1 Other 3.9 3.0 3.1 3.4 2.4 6.1 0.3 4.6 0.4 -0.2 -0.5 -0.5 -0.7 -0.7 Subtotal, Department of Defense 274.8 267.2 251.4 255.7 254.4 258.0 258.5 278.4 279.9 291.1 294.8 300.9 308.3 316.4 Department of Energy Atomic Energy Defense Activities 12.0 12.1 10.9 10.1 10.7 11.4 11.7 12.6 12.2 13.1 13.2 13.4 13.8 13.9 Other Agencies Defense-Related Activities 1.0 1.8 1.1 0.6 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.4 Total, National Defense 287.7 281.1 263.3 266.3 266.0 270.3 271.3 292.1 293.3 305.4 309.2 315.6 323.4 331.7 Sources: U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Historical Tables: Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2001, Feb. 2000. Data on Desert Shield/Desert Storm costs and receipts from DOD Comptroller. Notes: Figures for the year preceding the request (FY2000) represent an estimate and include Administration-proposed supplemental appropriations and rescissions. Excludes Desert Shield/Desert Storm costs and receipts. Totals may not add due to rounding. "Other" includes revolving and management funds, interfund transactions, proprietary receipts from the public, allowances for proposed legislation, and adjustments in contract authority for Working Capital Funds. CRS-6 Table 3. National Defense Budget Function by Appropriations Title, Outlays, FY1992-2005 (current year dollars in billions) Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Est. Proj. Proj. Proj. Proj. Proj. Fiscal Year: 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Department of Defense (military activities only) Military Personnel 78.4 75.8 73.1 70.8 66.7 69.7 69.0 69.5 73.5 75.1 77.8 79.9 82.6 88.6 Operation & Maintenance 80.8 90.1 86.8 90.9 88.7 92.4 93.5 96.4 103.8 109.3 106.7 108.3 111.2 113.7 Procurement 72.7 67.3 60.4 54.3 48.5 47.6 48.2 48.8 48.0 51.0 54.1 60.0 63.5 66.1 RDT&E 34.6 36.9 34.8 34.6 36.5 37.0 37.4 37.4 37.4 37.7 37.5 37.3 37.1 36.5 Military Construction 4.2 4.8 5.0 6.8 6.7 6.2 6.0 5.5 4.8 5.0 4.6 4.1 4.0 4.4 Family Housing 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.6 3.8 4.0 3.9 3.7 3.8 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 Other 0.6 -6.9 2.5 -2.6 1.8 1.2 -1.9 0.1 6.3 -4.1 -0.1 -0.4 -0.4 2.5 Subtotal, DOD 274.7 271.4 265.8 258.4 252.7 258.2 256.1 261.4 277.5 277.5 284.3 293.0 301.9 315.8 Department of Energy Atomic Energy Defense Activities 10.6 11.0 11.9 11.8 11.6 11.3 11.3 12.4 11.9 12.5 12.9 13.1 13.4 13.6 Other Agencies Defense-Related Activities 0.8 1.5 1.1 0.8 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 Total, National Defense 286.1 283.9 278.9 271.0 265.2 270.4 268.4 274.9 290.6 291.2 298.4 307.4 316.5 330.7 Sources: U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Historical Tables: Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2001, Feb. 2000. Data on Desert Shield/Desert Storm costs and receipts from DOD Comptroller. Notes: Figures for the year preceding the request (FY2000) represent an estimate and include Administration-proposed supplemental appropriations and rescissions. Excludes Desert Shield/Desert Storm costs and receipts. Totals may not add due to rounding. "Other" includes revolving and management funds, interfund transactions, proprietary receipts from the public, allowances for proposed legislation, and contract authority for Working Capital Funds. CRS-7 Table 4. Department of Defense Budget Authority by Component, FY1993-2002 (current year dollars in billions) Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Est. Req. Proj. Fiscal Year: 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Army 64.8 62.5 63.3 64.5 64.4 64.0 68.4 69.5 70.6 74.4 % of DOD Total 24.2% 24.9% 24.8% 25.4% 25.0% 24.8% 24.6% 24.8% 24.3% 25.2% Navy/Marine Corps 83.2 78.1 76.9 80.0 79.5 80.7 83.8 87.2 91.7 90.8 % of DOD Total 31.1% 31.1% 30.1% 31.4% 30.8% 31.2% 30.1% 31.2% 31.5% 30.8% Air Force 79.1 74.6 73.9 73.0 73.2 76.3 81.9 81.2 85.3 88.3 % of DOD Total 29.6% 29.7% 28.9% 28.7% 28.4% 30.0% 29.4% 29.0% 29.3% 30.0% Defense Wide/Agencies 40.3 36.3 41.6 37.0 40.8 37.6 44.3 41.9 43.5 41.4 % of DOD Total 15.1% 14.4% 16.3% 14.5% 15.8% 14.5% 15.9% 15.0% 14.9% 14.0% DOD Total 267.4 251.4 255.7 254.4 258.0 258.5 278.4 279.9 291.1 294.8 Source: Figures FY1993-FY1998 from Department of Defense Comptroller, National Defense Budget Estimates for FY2000, March, 1999. Figures for FY1999-2002 from the Department of Defense press release, Feb. 7, 2000. Notes: Totals may not add due to rounding. Figures for the year preceding the request (FY2000) represent an estimate and include Administration-proposed supplemental appropriations and rescissions. Figure 1. DOD Budget Authority by Component, FY2001 request CRS-8 Table 5. Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm Budget Authority and Outlays (current year dollars in millions) FY1990 FY1991 FY1992 FY1993 FY1994 FY1995 FY1996 FY1997 FY1998 Total Budget Authority Military Personnel 281 5,824 2,409 8,514 Operations & Maintenance 1,328 24,366 8,132 33,826 Procurement 10 5,278 1,950 7,238 Research, Development, 9 69 106 184 Test, & Evaluation Military Construction 0 35 0 35 Family Housing 0 0 0 0 Stock Funds 400 271 0 671 Allied Cash Contributions 0 -43,154 -5,240 -48,394 Total Budget Authority 2,028 -7,311 7,357 2,074 Outlays Military Personnel 267 5,382 2,734 114 0 0 0 0 0 8,497 Operations & Maintenance 1,033 16,212 11,152 3,974 1,142 147 51 21 4 33,736 Procurement 1 -152 2,154 2,619 1,369 729 378 44 17 7,159 Research, Development, 5 40 76 45 11 4 1 0 0 182 Test, & Evaluation Military Construction 0 10 13 7 2 2 1 0 0 35 Family Housing 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Stock Funds 156 -1,778 1,348 429 259 166 79 11 0 670 Allied Cash Contributions 0 -43,154 -5,240 0 0 0 0 0 0 -48,394 Total Outlays 1,462 -23,440 12,237 7,188 2,783 1,048 510 76 21 1,885 Source: Department of Defense Comptroller. Notes: Totals may not add due to rounding. Totals in this chart represent only cash outlays and receipts. DOD estimates that the total cost of Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm was $61.1 billion, including activities supported through allied in-kind assistance and material losses not replaced. CRS-9 Part II: Trends in Defense Spending Part II provides data on trends in the defense budget that may be of particular interest as Congress considers aspects of U.S. defense policy. In assessing trends, current levels of spending are often compared to the peak levels reached during the defense buildup of the 1980s. FY1985 was the peak year in budget authority for national defense, FY1987 was the peak in the number of military personnel, and FY1989 was the peak in outlays. Table 6 shows budget authority by appropriations title for the period FY1985 through FY2005 in inflation-adjusted dollars and calculates real growth or decline over that period. Figure 2 graphically shows trends in budget authority by title from FY1985 to FY2005. Table 7 shows the trend in personnel levels for active duty forces, reserve forces, and DOD civilians for FY1981 and selected years thereafter. Figure 3 illustrates the trend in active duty military personnel levels. Table 8 and Figure 4 show the trend in total active duty end-strength for FY1950-2005. Table 9 shows the trend in major elements of force structure (Army and Marine Corps divisions, Air Force tactical air wings, and Navy ships) for FY1980-2001. Table 10 shows the trend in total national defense budget authority and outlays in current and constant FY2001 dollars from FY1940 to FY2005. Table 11 tracks national defense outlays as a share of gross national product (GNP) and gross domestic product (GDP) from FY1910 to FY2005. Figure 5 illustrates the trend in national defense outlays in constant FY2001 dollars from FY1910 to FY2005. Figure 6 illustrates trends in national defense budget authority and outlays in constant FY2001 dollars from FY1947 to FY2005. Figures 7 and 8 illustrate trends in national defense outlays as a percentage of GNP/GDP from FY1910 to FY2005 and as a percentage of GDP from FY1947 to FY2005. Table 12 shows the allocation of outlays by budget enforcement act category in the federal budget in current year dollars, and Table 13 and Figure 9 show the same data as percentages of total federal outlays. Figure 10 shows the allocation of federal outlays in constant FY2001 dollars. Finally, Table 14 follows the trend in DOD five- and six-year defense plans since 1987. CRS-10 Table 6. National Defense Budget Authority Trends by Appropriations Title, FY1985-2005 (constant FY2001 dollars in billions) Fiscal Year 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 Military Personnel 111.5 108.3 114.5 113.9 113.0 111.5 106.7 103.9 95.8 87.8 85.9 81.9 Operation and Maintenance 121.9 116.5 119.5 118.7 119.5 116.7 115.2 105.8 107.4 103.9 107.8 105.3 Procurement 138.2 128.1 107.5 103.1 98.7 97.7 78.1 69.7 59.0 48.5 47.1 45.2 RDT&E 45.9 48.0 49.4 48.7 48.0 44.9 43.2 42.3 42.9 38.5 37.7 37.5 Military Construction 8.1 7.5 7.0 7.0 7.2 6.2 6.1 6.1 5.2 6.7 5.9 7.4 Family Housing 4.2 3.9 4.2 4.2 4.2 3.9 3.9 4.3 4.4 3.9 3.7 4.5 Other 6.8 6.4 2.5 0.6 0.3 -1.0 1.5 4.5 3.4 3.6 3.8 2.7 Subtotal, Department of Defense 436.4 418.7 404.6 396.2 390.9 379.9 354.7 336.6 318.2 292.8 291.9 284.5 Dept. of Energy Defense-Related 11.1 10.8 10.8 10.8 10.9 12.6 14.5 14.7 14.4 12.7 11.5 12.0 Other Defense-Related 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.4 1.2 2.2 1.2 0.6 1.0 Total, National Defense 448.4 430.2 416.1 407.7 402.6 393.3 370.5 352.5 334.7 306.7 304.1 297.5 CRS-11 Table 6. National Defense Budget Authority Trends by Appropriations Title, FY1985-2005 (constant FY2001 dollars in billions ­ continued) Real Real Growth/ Growth/ Decline Decline Fiscal Year 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 FY85-00 FY85-05 Military Personnel 80.3 77.2 75.8 76.1 75.8 76.0 75.7 76.0 76.0 -32% -32% Operation and Maintenance 101.7 104.4 110.7 108.7 109.3 105.5 105.0 105.4 105.3 -11% -14% Procurement 45.2 46.7 52.5 55.1 60.3 62.0 64.4 64.0 65.8 -60% -52% RDT&E 38.4 38.7 39.6 39.0 37.9 37.7 36.3 35.4 33.7 -15% -27% Military Construction 6.1 5.7 5.6 4.9 4.5 4.2 3.7 4.3 4.9 -40% -39% Family Housing 4.3 4.0 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.7 3.7 3.8 3.8 -12% -9% Other 6.4 0.4 4.7 0.4 -0.2 -0.5 -0.5 -0.7 -0.6 NA NA Subtotal, Department of Defense 282.4 277.2 292.6 287.9 291.1 288.6 288.2 288.3 288.9 -34% -34% Dept. of Energy Defense-Related 12.4 12.5 13.2 12.5 13.1 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.7 +12% +14% Other Defense-Related 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 +62% +62% Total, National Defense 295.9 290.8 307.0 301.6 305.4 302.7 302.3 302.4 302.8 -33% -32% Sources: Office of Management and Budget, Historical Tables: Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2001, Feb. 2000; deflators from Department of Defense, Under Secretary of Defense Comptroller; and CRS calculations. Notes: Data for FY1990-92 exclude Desert Shield/Desert Storm costs and receipts (see Table 5, above). Totals may not add due to rounding. CRS-12 Figure 2: DOD Budget Authority Trends by Title, FY1985-2005 140 Constant FY2001 $ in Billions 120 Operation & Maintenance 100 Military Personnel 80 60 RDT&E Procurement 40 20 Other 0 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Fiscal Year *FY2000-2005, Administration projection. Excludes Desert Storm. Figure 3. DOD Active Duty End-Strength Levels, FY1987-2005, Selected Years End-Strength in Thousands 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2000 2001 2005 Fiscal Year Army Navy Marine Corps Air Force CRS-13 Table 7. Department of Defense Personnel Levels, Selected Years (end strength/full time equivalents in thousands) Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Actual Proj. Proj. Proj. Fiscal Year: 1981 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1998 2000 2001 2005 Army 781 781 781 770 725 572 509 492 484 480 480 480 Navy 540 571 587 593 571 510 435 396 382 372 372 369 Marine Corps 191 198 200 197 195 178 174 174 173 173 173 173 Air Force 570 602 607 571 511 444 400 378 367 358 357 352 Total Active 2,082 2,151 2,174 2,130 2,002 1,705 1,519 1,440 1,407 1,382 1,382 1373 Selected Reserves 851 1,188 1,151 1,171 1,138 1,058 946 902 881 864 866 836 Total Civilians (FTEs) 947 1,029 1,032 1,023 969 932 822 746 707 661 645 NA Sources: Active and reserve data for FY2000-2001 from Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the United States Government, FY2001: Appendix, Feb. 2000. Active duty force levels,FY1981-98 from Department of Defense Comptroller, National Defense Budget Estimates for FY2000, March, 1999. All data for FY2005 from U.S. Department of Defense, briefing materials accompanying the FY2001 budget (mimeo), Feb. 2000. Reserve personnel levels through FY1997 from: U.S. Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, Defense Budget ­ FY84: Military Manpower and Compensation Issues, Archived CRS Issue Brief 83052, by Robert L. Goldich, 1984; U.S. Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, Military Manpower and Compensation: FY1992 Budget Issues, Archived CRS Issue Brief 91026, by Robert L. Goldich, 1992; U.S. Department of Defense, Manpower Requirements Report, FY1998, July 1998. Civilian personnel levels from Office of Management and Budget, Historical Tables: Budget of the United States Government for Fiscal Year 2001, Feb. 2000. Notes: Figures reflect end strength for active and reserve forces and full time equivalent (FTE) employment levels for civilians. End strength represents force levels at the end of each fiscal year. FTEs represent total non-overtime hours worked divided by annual compensable hours. Selected reserves do not include Individual Ready Reserve and Inactive National Guard. Totals may not add due to rounding. CRS-14 Table 8. Department of Defense Active Duty Personnel Levels, FY1950-2005 (end-strength in thousands) 1950 1,459 1964 2,687 1978 2,062 1992 1,808 1951 3,249 1965 2,655 1979 2,024 1993 1,705 1952 3,636 1966 3,094 1980 2,050 1994 1,610 1953 3,555 1967 3,377 1981 2,082 1995 1,519 1954 3,302 1968 3,548 1982 2,108 1996 1,471 1955 2,935 1969 3,459 1983 2,124 1997 1,440 1956 2,806 1970 3,065 1984 2,138 1998 1,407 1957 2,796 1971 2,713 1985 2,151 1999 1,386 1958 2,601 1972 2,322 1986 2,169 2000 1,382 1959 2,504 1973 2,252 1987 2,174 2001 1,382 1960 2,476 1974 2,161 1988 2,138 2005 1,373 1961 2,484 1975 2,127 1989 2,130 1962 2,808 1976 2,081 1990 2,069 1963 2,700 1977 2,073 1991 2,002 Sources: FY2000-FY2005 data from Department of Defense, Briefing material accompanying the FY2001 budget (mimeo), Feb. 2000; FY1950-1998 data from Under Secretary of Defense Comptroller, National Defense Budget Estimates for FY2000, Mar. 1999; FY1999 data from Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the United States Government for FY2001: Appendix, Feb. 2000. Figure 4: Department of Defense Active Duty Personnel Levels, FY1950-2005 4,000 1952: 3,636 1968: 3,548 3,500 End-Strength in Thousands 3,000 2,500 1960: 2,476 1987: 2,174 2,000 1975: 2,127 1,500 2005: 1,373 1,000 500 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Fiscal Year CRS-15 Table 9. U.S. Military Force Structure, FY1980-2001 Air Force Fiscal Army Divisions Marine Divisions Naval Forces Tactical Wingsa Year Active Reserve Active Reserve Carriersb Total Ships Active Reserve 1980 16 8 3 1 13 477 26 11 1981 16 8 3 1 13 491 26 11 1982 16 8 3 1 14 513 26 12 1983 16 8 3 1 14 514 25 12 1984 16 9 3 1 14 524 25 12 1985 17 10 3 1 14 542 25 12 1986 18 10 3 1 14 556 25 12 1987 18 10 3 1 15 569 25 12 1988 18 10 3 1 15 566 25 12 1989 18 10 3 1 15 567 25 12 1990 18 10 3 1 15 546 24 12 1991 16 10 3 1 15 526 22 13 1992 14 10 3 1 14 466 16 13 1993 14 10 3 1 13 434 16 11 1994 12 8 3 1 12 387 13 9 1995 12 8 3 1 11+1 373 13 8 1996 10 8 3 1 11+1 365 13 7 1997 10 8 3 1 11+1 357 13 7 1998 10 8 3 1 11+1 333 13 7 1999 10 8 3 1 11+1 317 13 7.2 2000 10 8 3 1 11+1 316 13 7.6 2001 10 8 3 1 11+1 316 12.6 7.6 Sources: U.S. Department of Defense, briefing materials accompanying the FY2001 budget request (mimeo), Feb. 2000. U.S. Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, U.S./Soviet Military Balance: Statistical Trends, 1980-1989, CRS Report 90-401 RCO, by John M. Collins and Dianne E. Rennack, Aug. 6, 1990. U.S. Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, U.S. Armed Forces: Statistical Trends, 1985-1990, CRS Report 91-672 RCO, by John M. Collins and Dianne E. Rennack, Sep. 6. 1991. U.S. Department of the Navy (Program Information Center), Listing of U.S. Naval Ship Battle Forces as of 30 September 1993, Washington 1993 and previous editions. Total ships FY2001 estimate from Highlights of the Dept. of Navy FY2001 budget, Feb. 2000, p 2-3. Notes: Figures for FY2000 and FY2001 are Administration projections. a. Air Force figures do not include a wing of F-117 aircraft until FY1990. b. Carrier figures exclude one auxiliary training carrier for FY1980-92 but include one operational reserve training carrier since FY1995. CRS-16 Table 10. Real Growth/Decline in National Defense Funding, FY1940-2005 (current and constant FY2001 dollars in billions) Budget Authority Outlays Constant Real Constant Real Fiscal Current FY2001 Growth/ Current FY2001 Growth/ Year Dollars Dollars Decline Dollars Dollars Decline 1940 1.7 24.9 1941 6.4 92.1 +269.8% 1942 25.7 334.9 +263.6% 1943 66.7 801.5 +139.3% 1944 79.1 979.5 +22.2% 1945 39.2 574.8 83.0 1061.6 +8.4% 1946 44.0 523.5 -8.9% 42.7 545.1 -48.7% 1947 9.0 108.4 -79.3% 12.8 149.3 -72.6% 1948 9.5 102.0 -5.8% 9.1 102.3 -31.5% 1949 10.9 119.9 +17.5% 13.2 141.6 +38.4% 1950 16.5 164.9 +37.5% 13.7 146.8 +3.7% 1951 57.8 455.6 +176.4% 23.6 225.6 +53.7% 1952 67.5 550.5 +20.8% 46.1 402.2 +78.3% 1953 56.9 474.3 -13.8% 52.8 446.1 +10.9% 1954 38.7 340.5 -28.2% 49.3 424.3 -4.9% 1955 32.9 287.6 -15.5% 42.7 362.4 -14.6% 1956 35.0 287.7 +0.0% 42.5 342.4 -5.5% 1957 39.4 309.4 +7.5% 45.4 347.3 +1.4% 1958 40.1 299.0 -3.3% 46.8 339.5 -2.3% 1959 45.1 315.7 +5.6% 49.0 339.4 -0.0% 1960 44.3 304.7 -3.5% 48.1 331.7 -2.3% 1961 45.1 308.1 +1.1% 49.6 331.3 -0.1% 1962 50.2 337.3 +9.5% 52.3 350.4 +5.7% 1963 52.1 342.6 +1.6% 53.4 354.6 +1.2% 1964 51.6 326.8 -4.6% 54.8 351.0 -1.0% 1965 50.6 312.5 -4.4% 50.6 320.6 -8.7% 1966 64.4 364.9 +16.8% 58.1 343.4 +7.1% 1967 73.1 398.2 +9.1% 71.4 397.4 +15.7% 1968 77.2 405.1 +1.8% 81.9 433.7 +9.1% 1969 78.5 395.5 -2.4% 82.5 422.6 -2.6% 1970 75.3 357.3 -9.7% 81.7 391.6 -7.3% 1971 72.7 325.3 -8.9% 78.9 356.9 -8.9% 1972 76.4 313.1 -3.7% 79.2 331.3 -7.2% 1973 79.1 299.2 -4.5% 76.7 301.9 -8.9% 1974 81.5 283.6 -5.2% 79.3 289.1 -4.3% 1975 86.2 274.5 -3.2% 86.5 282.9 -2.1% 1976 97.3 287.7 +4.8% 89.6 273.7 -3.2% 1977 110.2 299.3 +4.0% 97.2 276.3 +0.9% 1978 117.2 295.1 -1.4% 104.5 276.5 +0.1% 1979 126.5 294.0 -0.4% 116.3 285.5 +3.3% CRS-17 Budget Authority Outlays Constant Real Constant Real Fiscal Current FY2001 Growth/ Current FY2001 Growth/ Year Dollars Dollars Decline Dollars Dollars Decline 1980 143.9 299.1 +1.7% 134.0 293.0 +2.6% 1981 180.0 334.8 +11.9% 157.5 306.7 +4.7% 1982 216.5 371.9 +11.1% 185.3 328.8 +7.2% 1983 245.0 402.8 +8.3% 209.9 354.7 +7.9% 1984 265.2 421.6 +4.7% 227.4 369.3 +4.1% 1985 294.7 448.4 +6.3% 252.7 391.6 +6.0% 1986 289.1 430.2 -4.0% 273.4 412.1 +5.3% 1987 287.4 416.1 -3.3% 282.0 413.4 +0.3% 1988 292.0 407.7 -2.0% 290.4 412.0 -0.3% 1989 299.6 402.6 -1.3% 303.6 413.3 +0.3% 1990 301.2 393.3 -2.3% 297.9 393.9 -4.7% 1991 296.2 370.5 -5.8% 296.7 374.9 -4.8% 1992 287.7 352.5 -4.9% 286.1 351.3 -6.3% 1993 281.1 334.7 -5.0% 283.9 337.8 -3.8% 1994 263.3 306.7 -8.4% 278.9 324.0 -4.1% 1995 266.3 304.1 -0.8% 271.0 309.3 -4.5% 1996 266.0 297.5 -2.2% 265.2 296.4 -4.2% 1997 270.3 295.9 -0.5% 270.4 294.9 -0.5% 1998 271.3 290.8 -1.7% 268.4 286.9 -2.7% 1999 292.1 307.0 +5.6% 274.9 288.7 +0.6% 2000 293.3 301.6 -1.8% 290.6 298.8 +3.5% 2001 305.4 305.4 +1.3% 291.2 291.2 -2.6% 2002 309.2 302.7 -0.9% 298.4 292.2 +0.4% 2003 315.6 302.3 -0.1% 307.4 295.0 +0.9% 2004 323.4 302.4 +0.0% 316.5 296.6 +0.5% 2005 331.7 302.8 +0.1% 330.7 302.7 +2.0% Sources: U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Historical Tables: Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2001, Feb. 2000; deflators and figures on Desert Shield/Desert Storm costs and receipts from Under Secretary of Defense Comptroller; CRS calculations. Notes: Figures for FY1990 and beyond exclude costs and receipts of Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm. Figures for FY1999-2004 reflect Administration projections. No data are available for budget authority prior to FY1945. The figures for budget authority reflect one unavoidable statistical discontinuity. Figures prior to FY1976 are from DOD data that have not been revised to reflect accrual accounting for military retirement in years prior to its adoption in FY1985. Figures from FY1976 on have been revised by the Office of Management and Budget to reflect accrual accounting. The difference, however, is relatively small and does not significantly affect the figures as an indication of trends in national defense funding. CRS-18 Table 11. National Defense Outlays as a Percentage of GNP/GDP, FY1910-2005 (current year dollars in billions) National Outlays National Outlays Fiscal Defense GNP/ as % of Fiscal Defense GNP/ as % of Year Outlays GDP GNP/GDP Year Outlays GDP GNP/GDP 1910 0.3 35.3 0.8% 1945 83.0 221.4 37.5% 1911 0.3 35.8 0.8% 1946 42.7 222.9 19.1% 1912 0.3 39.4 0.7% 1947 12.8 234.9 5.5% 1913 0.3 39.6 0.7% 1948 9.1 256.6 3.5% 1914 0.3 38.6 0.8% 1949 13.2 271.7 4.8% 1915 0.3 40.0 0.7% 1950 13.7 273.6 5.0% 1916 0.3 48.3 0.6% 1951 23.6 321.3 7.3% 1917 0.6 60.4 1.0% 1952 46.1 348.9 13.2% 1918 7.1 76.4 9.3% 1953 52.8 373.1 14.2% 1919 13.5 84.0 16.1% 1954 49.3 378.0 13.0% 1920 4.0 91.5 4.4% 1955 42.7 395.3 10.8% 1921 2.6 69.6 3.7% 1956 42.5 427.6 9.9% 1922 0.9 74.1 1.3% 1957 45.4 450.5 10.1% 1923 0.7 85.1 0.8% 1958 46.8 460.6 10.2% 1924 0.6 84.7 0.8% 1959 49.0 491.8 10.0% 1925 0.6 93.1 0.6% 1960 48.1 519.8 9.3% 1926 0.6 97.0 0.6% 1961 49.6 530.9 9.3% 1927 0.6 94.9 0.6% 1962 52.3 568.6 9.2% 1928 0.7 97.0 0.7% 1963 53.4 600.2 8.9% 1929 0.7 103.1 0.7% 1964 54.8 642.3 8.5% 1930 0.7 90.4 0.8% 1965 50.6 688.2 7.4% 1931 0.7 75.8 1.0% 1966 58.1 757.2 7.7% 1932 0.7 58.0 1.2% 1967 71.4 811.7 8.8% 1933 0.6 55.6 1.2% 1968 81.9 870.0 9.4% 1934 0.5 60.5 0.9% 1969 82.5 949.4 8.7% 1935 0.7 68.9 1.0% 1970 81.7 1,013.7 8.1% 1936 0.9 77.6 1.2% 1971 78.9 1,081.7 7.3% 1937 0.9 86.8 1.1% 1972 79.2 1,178.5 6.7% 1938 1.0 87.9 1.2% 1973 76.7 1,313.6 5.8% 1939 1.1 87.9 1.2% 1974 79.3 1,441.7 5.5% 1940 1.7 96.5 1.7% 1975 86.5 1,559.2 5.5% 1941 6.4 113.9 5.6% 1976 89.6 1,735.9 5.2% 1942 25.7 144.2 17.8% 1977 97.2 1,974.6 4.9% 1943 66.7 180.0 37.1% 1978 104.5 2,219.5 4.7% 1944 79.1 209.0 37.9% 1979 116.3 2,504.9 4.6% CRS-19 National Outlays National Outlays Fiscal Defense GNP/ as % of Fiscal Defense GNP/ as % of Year Outlays GDP GNP/GDP Year Outlays GDP GNP/GDP 1980 134.0 2,731.8 4.9% 1995 272.1 7,322.6 3.7% 1981 157.5 3,060.3 5.1% 1996 265.8 7,700.1 3.5% 1982 185.3 3,231.1 5.7% 1997 270.5 8,182.8 3.3% 1983 209.9 3,441.7 6.1% 1998 268.5 8,636.3 3.1% 1984 227.4 3,846.5 5.9% 1999 274.9 9,115.4 3.0% 1985 252.7 4,141.6 6.1% 2000 290.6 9,571.9 3.0% 1986 273.4 4,398.3 6.2% 2001 291.2 10,041.3 2.9% 1987 282.0 4,653.9 6.1% 2002 298.4 10,502.4 2.8% 1988 290.4 5,016.6 5.8% 2003 307.4 10,982.8 2.8% 1989 303.6 5,406.6 5.6% 2004 316.5 11,502.0 2.8% 1990 299.3 5,738.4 5.2% 2005 330.7 12,084.5 2.7% 1991 273.3 5,927.9 4.6% 1992 298.4 6,221.7 4.8% 1993 291.1 6,560.9 4.4% 1994 281.6 6,948.8 4.1% Source: CRS calculations based on data from U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Historical Tables: Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2001, Feb. 2000. Notes: For this and following tables, national defense outlay figures for FY1990 and beyond do not exclude Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm costs and receipts, since such the amounts involved cannot be separated from national economic activity or from total federal outlays. GNP before 1940, GDP thereafter. CRS-20 Figure 5: National Defense Outlays, FY1910-2005 1,200 Constant FY2001 $ in Billions 1,000 800 600 400 200 0 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Fiscal Year *FY2000-2005: Administration projections. Figure 6: National Defense Budget Authority and Outlays, FY1947-2005 500 Constant FY2001 $ in Billions 400 300 200 100 Budget Authority Outlays 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Fiscal Year *FY2000-2005: Administration projections. Excludes Desert Shield/Desert Storm. CRS-21 Figure 7: National Defense Outlays, Percentage of GNP/GDP, FY1910-2005 40% Percentage of GNP/GDP 30% 20% 10% 0% 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Fiscal Year FY2000-2005: Administration projections Figure 8: National Defense Outlays, Percentage of GDP, FY1947-2005 FY1953: 14.2% 14% 12% FY1968: 9.4% Percentage of GDP 10% 8% FY1986: 6.2% 6% 4% FY1979: 4.6% FY1948: 3.5% 2% FY2001: 2.9% 0% 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Fiscal Year *FY2000-2005: Administration projections. CRS-22 Table 12. Allocation of Federal Outlays by Budget Enforcement Act Category, FY1962-2005 (current year dollars in billions) Defense Non-Defense Total Fiscal Discretionary Discretionary Mandatory Net Federal Year Outlays Outlays Outlays Interest Outlays 1962 52.6 19.5 27.9 6.9 106.8 1963 53.7 21.6 28.3 7.7 111.3 1964 55.0 24.1 31.2 8.2 118.5 1965 51.0 26.8 31.8 8.6 118.2 1966 59.0 31.1 35.0 9.4 134.5 1967 72.0 34.5 40.7 10.3 157.5 1968 82.2 35.8 49.1 11.1 178.1 1969 82.7 34.6 53.6 12.7 183.6 1970 81.9 38.4 61.0 14.4 195.6 1971 79.0 43.5 72.8 14.8 210.2 1972 79.3 49.2 86.7 15.5 230.7 1973 77.1 53.3 98.0 17.3 245.7 1974 80.7 57.5 109.7 21.4 269.4 1975 87.6 70.3 151.2 23.2 332.3 1976 89.9 85.6 169.6 26.7 371.8 1977 97.5 99.5 182.3 29.9 409.2 1978 104.6 114.0 204.7 35.5 458.7 1979 116.8 123.1 221.5 42.6 504.0 1980 134.6 141.6 262.2 52.5 590.9 1981 158.0 149.9 301.6 68.8 678.2 1982 185.9 140.0 334.8 85.0 745.8 1983 209.9 143.4 365.3 89.8 808.4 1984 228.0 151.4 361.4 111.1 851.9 1985 253.1 162.6 401.2 129.5 946.4 1986 273.8 164.7 415.9 136.0 990.5 1987 282.5 161.7 421.3 138.7 1,004.1 1988 290.9 173.5 448.3 151.8 1,064.5 1989 304.0 184.8 485.9 169.0 1,143.7 1990 300.1 200.4 568.3 184.4 1,253.2 1991 319.7 213.6 596.6 194.5 1,324.4 1992 302.6 232.0 647.7 199.4 1,381.7 1993 292.4 248.6 669.8 198.7 1,409.5 1994 282.3 261.6 715.0 203.0 1,461.9 1995 273.6 272.1 738.0 232.2 1,515.8 1996 266.0 268.5 785.0 241.1 1,560.6 1997 271.7 277.2 808.3 244.0 1,601.3 1998 270.2 284.5 856.7 241.2 1,652.6 1999 275.5 299.5 898.3 229.7 1,703.0 2000 291.2 326.3 951.7 220.3 1,789.6 2001 292.1 341.8 992.8 208.3 1,835.0 2002 299.2 351.9 1,045.6 198.6 1,895.3 2003 308.2 357.1 1,108.3 189.3 1,962.9 2004 317.2 363.5 1,182.9 177.5 2,041.1 2005 331.4 369.8 1,260.5 163.8 2,125.5 Source: U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Historical Tables: Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2001, Feb. 2000. Note: National defense outlay figures do not exclude Desert Shield/Desert Storm costs and receipts. CRS-23 Table 13. Allocation of Federal Outlays by Budget Enforcement Act Category, FY1962-2005 (percentage of total outlays) Defense Non-Defense Defense Fiscal Discretionary Discretionary Mandatory Net Share Year Outlays Outlays Outlays Interest Discretionary 1962 49.3% 18.3% 26.1% 6.5% 73.0% 1963 48.2% 19.4% 25.4% 6.9% 71.3% 1964 46.4% 20.3% 26.3% 6.9% 69.5% 1965 43.1% 22.7% 26.9% 7.3% 65.6% 1966 43.9% 23.1% 26.0% 7.0% 65.5% 1967 45.7% 21.9% 25.8% 6.5% 67.6% 1968 46.2% 20.1% 27.6% 6.2% 69.7% 1969 45.0% 18.8% 29.2% 6.9% 70.5% 1970 41.9% 19.6% 31.2% 7.4% 68.1% 1971 37.6% 20.7% 34.6% 7.0% 64.5% 1972 34.4% 21.3% 37.6% 6.7% 61.7% 1973 31.4% 21.7% 39.9% 7.0% 59.1% 1974 30.0% 21.3% 40.7% 7.9% 58.4% 1975 26.4% 21.2% 45.5% 7.0% 55.5% 1976 24.2% 23.0% 45.6% 7.2% 51.2% 1977 23.8% 24.3% 44.6% 7.3% 49.5% 1978 22.8% 24.9% 44.6% 7.7% 47.8% 1979 23.2% 24.4% 43.9% 8.5% 48.7% 1980 22.8% 24.0% 44.4% 8.9% 48.7% 1981 23.3% 22.1% 44.5% 10.1% 51.3% 1982 24.9% 18.8% 44.9% 11.4% 57.0% 1983 26.0% 17.7% 45.2% 11.1% 59.4% 1984 26.8% 17.8% 42.4% 13.0% 60.1% 1985 26.7% 17.2% 42.4% 13.7% 60.9% 1986 27.6% 16.6% 42.0% 13.7% 62.4% 1987 28.1% 16.1% 42.0% 13.8% 63.6% 1988 27.3% 16.3% 42.1% 14.3% 62.6% 1989 26.6% 16.2% 42.5% 14.8% 62.2% 1990 23.9% 16.0% 45.3% 14.7% 60.0% 1991 24.1% 16.1% 45.0% 14.7% 59.9% 1992 21.9% 16.8% 46.9% 14.4% 56.6% 1993 20.7% 17.6% 47.5% 14.1% 54.0% 1994 19.3% 17.9% 48.9% 13.9% 51.9% 1995 18.0% 18.0% 48.7% 15.3% 50.1% 1996 17.0% 17.2% 50.3% 15.4% 49.8% 1997 17.0% 17.3% 50.5% 15.2% 49.5% 1998 16.3% 17.2% 51.8% 14.6% 48.7% 1999 16.2% 17.6% 52.7% 13.5% 47.9% 2000 16.3% 18.2% 53.2% 12.3% 47.2% 2001 15.9% 18.6% 54.1% 11.4% 46.1% 2002 15.8% 18.6% 55.2% 10.5% 46.0% 2003 15.7% 18.2% 56.5% 9.6% 46.3% 2004 15.5% 17.8% 58.0% 8.7% 46.6% 2005 15.6% 17.4% 59.3% 7.7% 47.3% Source: CRS calculations based on U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Historical Tables: Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2001, Feb. 2000. Note: National defense outlay figures do not exclude Desert Shield/Desert Storm costs and receipts. CRS-24 Figure 9: National Defense Outlays, Percentage of Total Federal Outlays, FY1940-2005 100% 80% Percentage of Federal Outlays 60% 40% 20% 0% 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Fiscal Year *FY2000-2005: Administration projections. Figure 10: Federal Outlays by Budget Enforcement Act Category, FY1962-2005 Constant FY2001 Dollars in Billions Net Interest 1,500 Mandatory 1,000 500 Non-Defense Discretionary Defense Discretionary 0 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 Fiscal Year *FY2000-2005, Administration projection. CRS-25 Table 14. Trends in Department of Defense Future-Years Defense Plans (budget authority, current year dollars in billions) FY Admin. Request 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 FY1987, 2/86 312 332 354 375 396 FY1988, 1/87 282 303 323 344 365 387 FY1989, 2/88 279 283 291 307 324 342 360 Reagan FY1990 279 284 290 306 321 336 351 366 Bush FY1990 279 284 290 296 311 322 336 350 FY1991, 1/90 279 284 290 289 295 300 304 308 312 FY1992, 2/91 279 284 291 291 280 278 278 278 281 283 287 FY1993, 1/92 279 284 291 291 298 269 268 268 270 270 275 FY1994, 3/93 279 284 291 291 284 275 259 251 248 240 233 241 FY1995, 2/94 279 284 291 291 284 275 267 249 252 243 240 247 253 FY1996, 2/95 279 284 291 291 284 275 267 251 253 246 243 248 256 266 277 FY1997, 3/96 279 284 291 291 284 275 267 251 256 252 243 248 254 262 270 277 FY1998, 2/97 279 284 291 291 284 275 267 251 256 252 250 251 256 263 270 277 FY1999, 2/98 279 284 291 293 276 282 267 251 256 254 258 255 257 263 271 274 284 FY2000, 2/99 279 284 291 293 276 282 267 251 256 254 258 259 263 267 286 288 299 308 319 FY2001, 2/00 279 284 291 293 276 282 267 251 256 254 258 259 278 280 291 295 301 308 316 Sources: U.S. Department of Defense, Briefing materials accompanying the FY2001 budget (mimeo), Feb. 2001, and prior years' briefing materials. U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Historical Tables: Budget of the United States Government, FY2001, Feb. 2000 and prior years. U.S. Office of Management and Budget, Budget Baselines, Historical Data, and Alternatives for the Future, Jan. 1993. Notes: Boldface denotes the future-year defense plan projected at the time of the budget submission. Figures for the year immediately preceding the year for which funding is requested (e.g., FY1987 in the FY1988 request) represent an estimate and may include proposed supplemental appropriations or rescissions. Actual figures reported in following years may differ because of congressional action on supplemental appropriation requests, transfers of budget authority from one year to another, and/or adjustments in contract authority for Working Capital Funds. The large discrepancies in year-to-year estimates for FY1991 are due to substantial changes in accounting methods for Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm. Though the figures for FY1990-92 presented here have been adjusted to exclude funding for Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm, these adjustments do not eliminate all of the discrepancies for FY1991. CRS-26 Part III: Definitions of Budget Terms The definitions that follow are taken from Office of Management and Budget and Department of Defense publications. Accrual Accounting ­ as applied to military retired pay, a method of recording costs designed to reflect the liability of the federal government for the future retirement costs of military personnel currently on active or reserve duty. First used in FY1985 in DOD, this method of accounting represents a change from the earlier practice in which the cost of military retirement was measured in terms of actual payments to current retirees. Appropriation ­ one form of budget authority provided by Congress for the funding of an agency, department, or program for a given amount of time. An appropriation provides funds for purposes specifically designated by Congress. Funds will not necessarily all be spent in the year in which they are initially provided. Authorization ­ establishes or maintains a government program or agency by defining its scope. Authorizing legislation is normally a prerequisite for appropriations and may set specific limits on the amount that may be appropriated for the specified program or agency. An authorization, however, does not make money available, and sometimes appropriations are made without having been authorized. Budget Authority ­ legal authority for an agency to enter into obligations for the provision of goods or services. It may be available for one or more years. An appropriation is one form of budget authority. Budgetary Resources ­ used in the context of the Budget Enforcement Act of 1997 deficit reduction process, it refers to funds subject to automatic spending reductions. For defense programs only, these funds are made up of the sum of new budget authority and unobligated balances of budget authority provided in prior years. Current/Constant Dollars ­ the cost of goods or services in current dollars is the value in terms of prices current at the time of purchase ­ current dollars are also referred to simply as "dollars" or as "then-year dollars." The cost of goods or services in constant dollars is the value adjusted to eliminate the effects of changes in prices (usually due to inflation). Constant dollars, expressed in terms of an arbitrary reference year (e.g., Fiscal Year 2001 dollars), are determined by dividing current dollars by a "deflator" based on the prices in the reference year. Constant dollars are used to assess growth rates of programs independently of the effects of inflation. Growth rates in constant, inflation- adjusted dollars are referred to as "real growth" rates. Deficit ­ in the federal budget, the amount by which total federal budget outlays for a given fiscal year exceed total federal revenues for that year. CRS-27 Fiscal Year ­ a fiscal year in the federal government begins on October 1 and ends on September 30 and is designated by the calendar year in which it ends. Thus, FY2000 began on October 1, 1999 and will end on September 30, 2000. (Note that the federal fiscal year ran from July 1 to June 30 until FY1977.) National Defense Budget Function ­ one of the categories of the federal budget. It consists of the Department of Defense (DOD) budget, which funds all direct DOD military programs, and of a number of defense-related activities administered by other agencies. These activities include atomic energy defense activities funded through the Department of Energy, civil defense programs administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and the Selective Service System. The DOD budget constitutes more than 95% of the National Defense Budget Function. Obligation ­ an order placed, contract awarded, service agreement undertaken, or other commitments made by federal agencies during a given period which will require outlays during the same or some future period. Outlays ­ money spent by a federal agency from funds provided by Congress. Outlays in a given fiscal year are a result of obligations that in turn follow the provision of budget authority. Sequester or Sequestration ­ a term used in the Budget Enforcement Act of 1997, it refers to the withholding of funds from obligation or expenditure and the eventual cancellation of new budget authority, new loan guarantee commitments, new direct loan obligations, and other spending authority as defined in the Budget Act of 1974. It also results in the reduction of obligation limitations. Total Obligational Authority ­ a financial measure unique to DOD, it refers to the total value of direct defense programs for a fiscal year. Prior to FY1979 it differed from Budget Authority in significant ways, the largest of which was that TOA in a given year increased if congressional action led to a transfer of BA balances from prior years, while BA would not change. Beginning in FY1979, however, transfers which extend the availability of funds began to be treated as BA and not only TOA. The current difference between BA and TOA is usually small and technical. Unexpended Funds ­ budget authority that has been appropriated by Congress, but remains unspent, representing future outlays. Unexpended funds, whether obligated or as yet unobligated, are formally appropriated by Congress for specific programs. Unobligated Funds ­ budget authority that has been appropriated by Congress for specific programs but that has not yet been pledged or obligated by contract ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-RL30447