For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-R40056 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ¢ Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress ¢ This report provides data and analysis concerning legislative branch staffing levels since 1954. Legislative branch staff include congressional staff, who work in the House or Senate, and legislative agency staff, who work in a legislative branch agency. Legislative branch staff are counted by full-time equivalent (FTE) positions or payroll positions. FTE positions are based on an estimate of time needed to carry out the work of an agency, which is used to compute an estimated level of staffing. The second method considers staff on the payroll, a head count A @ method that counts the number of people actually carrying out the work of an agency. Because of their consistency and availability, payroll data are used for this report. FTE data are used in a few cases when payroll data are unavailable. At present, there is no legislation pending before Congress to change existing staff arrangements in Congress or legislative branch agencies. As policies and issues before Congress continue to proliferate in volume and complexity, new proposals for change in staffing levels or changes in the balance between congressional staff and legislative agency staff may emerge. This report, which will be updated annually, is one of several CRS products focusing on various aspects of congressional operations and administration. Others include CRS Report RL34619, Use of the Capitol Rotunda and Capitol Grounds: Concurrent Resolutions, 101st to 110th Congress, by Matthew Eric Glassman and Jacob R. Straus; CRS Report RL33220, Support Offices in the House of Representatives: Roles and Authorities, by Ida A. Brudnick; and CRS Report RL34545, Congressional Staff: Duties and Functions of Selected Positions, by R. Eric Petersen. Counting Positions: Full Time Equivalent and Payroll Positions.................................................... 2 FTE Positions ............................................................................................................................ 2 Payroll Positions........................................................................................................................ 3 Legislative Branch Staffing Trends, 1954-2007.............................................................................. 3 Potential Staffing Issues for Congress............................................................................................. 6 Figure 1. Legislative Branch Staffing, 1954-2007 .......................................................................... 1 Figure 2. Distribution of Legislative Branch Staff, 1955-2005....................................................... 2 Figure 3. House and Senate Staffing, 1975-2007 ........................................................................... 4 Figure 4. Distribution of Legislative Branch Staff, 1975-2005....................................................... 5 Figure 5. Selected Legislative Agency Staffing, 1954-2007 ........................................................... 6 Table 1. Change in Legislative Branch Staffing, 1955-2005........................................................... 3 Table 2. Legislative Branch Employment, 2001-2007 .................................................................... 7 Table 3. Legislative Branch Employment, 1991-2000 .................................................................... 8 Table 4. Legislative Branch Employment, 1981-1990 .................................................................... 9 Table 5. Legislative Branch Employment, 1971-1980 .................................................................. 10 Table 6. Legislative Branch Employment, 1961-1970 ...................................................................11 Table 7. Legislative Branch Employment, 1954-1960 .................................................................. 12 Author Contact Information .......................................................................................................... 13 Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................... 13 T his report provides data and analysis of legislative branch staffing levels since 1954. Legislative branch staff include congressional staff, who work in the House or Senate, and legislative agency staff, who work in a legislative branch agency.1 All staff positions discussed in this report are funded in the annual legislative branch appropriations act. Legislative branch staffing levels since 1954 reflect a number of trends and characteristics. From the mid-1950s, and through the 1960s, staffing levels were characterized by modest, steady growth. This pattern gave way to a sharper increase in congressional staff throughout the 1970s, primarily due to the implementation of the Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970 (LRA) and the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 (CBA). The LRA mandated enhanced congressional oversight, including additional congressional staff for House and Senate committees and increased staff in some legislative agencies. The CBA established the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) and the Senate and House Committees on the Budget. Agency staff levels were essentially flat from the mid-1970s until the mid-1980s, when they began to decline. In the 1980s, congressional staff levels were also flat, resulting in a small overall decrease in legislative staff employment. Congressional staff levels began to decrease in the early 1990s, and the rate of legislative agency decline accelerated. The decreases were due in part to reductions in House committee staff, the General Accounting Office (GAO), and other legislative branch entities, and the abolition of the Office of Technology Assessment (OTA). Decreases continued in the early 2000s, but appear to show slight increases in the past few years. Figure 1 provides an overview of legislative branch staffing trends. 7002-4591 ,gniffatS hcnarB evitalsigeL .1 erugiF 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 54 59 64 69 74 79 84 89 94 99 04 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 Year Congress Legislative Branch Agencies Total, Legislative Branch liviC ecivreS liviC .S.U ,ycnega rossecederp sti ro ,)MPO( tnemeganaM lennosreP fo eciffO :ecruoS -4591 morF .3002 ecnis atad eht ni dedulcni si hcihw ,)PCSU( eciloP lotipaC .S.U eht rof tpecxe ,noissimmoC doirep eht roF .tnemyolpmE laredeF fo tropeR ylhtnoM eht ni dehsilbup erew scitsitats tnemyolpme laredef ,8691 MPO ,6891 ecniS .esaeleR ylhtnoM ­ scitsitatS rewopnaM nailiviC laredeF ni dehsilbup erew scitsitats ,5891-9691 1 In 2008, legislative branch agencies include the Office of the Architect of the Capitol (AOC); U.S. Botanic Garden (USBG); U.S. Capitol Police (USCP); Congressional Budget Office (CBO); Government Accountability Office (GAO); Government Printing Office; (GPO); Library of Congress (LOC); Congressional Research Service (CRS); and Office of Compliance (OOC). ataD .sdnerT dna tnemyolpmE ,scitsitatS ecrofkroW nailiviC laredeF ni ylhtnomib dehsilbup neeb evah scitsitats ees ,atad PCSU roF .psa.tpme/lmth/ataddef/vog.mpo.www//:ptth ta elbaliava era 7991 ecnis MPO yb detcelloc :notgnihsaW( 1 .tp ,4002 rof snoitairporppA hcnarB evitalsigeL ,evitalsigeL no eettimmocbuS ,esuoH ,ssergnoC .S.U 9002 rof snoitairporppA hcnarB evitalsigeL ,dibI dna ;0411 .p ,)3002 ,OPG .632 .p ,)8002 ,OPG :notgnihsaW( 1 .tp , tpecxe ,raey hcae ni rebmeceD fo sa noitamrofni lloryap no desab era PCSU tpecxe seititne lla rof ataD :setoN )ETF( tnelaviuqe emit-lluf era atad PCSU .MPO morf elbaliava atad tsetal eht ,rebmetpeS fo sa era hcihw ,7002 seititne hcnarb evitalsigel edulcni atad ,7002 erofeB .stseuqer snoitairporppa ni ycnega taht yb detroper snoitisop .emit taht ta ecnetsixe ni During the same period, the distribution of evitalsigeL fo noitubirtsiD .2 erugiF legislative branch employees shifted between 5002-5591 ,ffatS hcnarB legislative agencies and Congress. In 1954, approximately three-fourths of legislative ffatS y cnegA evita lsi geL dna lanoissergnoC branch staff worked in agencies. The 100% percentage of staff working for Congress 90% grew slowly and steadily and by the mid- 80% 1980s accounted for approximately half of 70% legislative branch employment. In 2007, 60% approximately 56% of legislative branch 50% 40% employees worked in the House or Senate, 30% with the remainder distributed throughout the 20% legislative agencies. The data show that 10% Senate and House staffs have grown from 0% 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 approximately 17% and 29%, respectively, in 1975, to approximately 21% and 34%, Congress Legislative Agencies respectively, of legislative branch staff in 2007. Figure 2 displays changes in the SRC ,tnemeganaM lennosreP fo eciffO :ecruoS distribution of legislative branch staff .snoitaluclac between 1955 and 2005. Table 2 through Table 7 provide legislative branch staffing data between 1954 and 2007. ¢ Legislative branch staff are counted by full-time equivalent (FTE) positions or payroll positions. FTE positions are based on an estimate of time needed to carry out the work of an agency, which is used to compute an estimated level of staffing. The second method considers staff on the payroll, a head count method that counts the number of people actually carrying out the work of A @ an agency. FTEs capture the long-term staffing expectations of an agency, while head counts represent on-board personnel at a specific moment in time. According to the Office of Personnel Management (OPM), FTEs are determined by a formula that adds the total number of hours worked by all employees of agencies during a year and then divides that total by 2,080, which is the number of scheduled work hours in a work year. The 2,080 hours can be worked by one employee who works a full time schedule of 40 hours each week for 52 weeks, or two or more part-time employees who work a total of 2,080 hours between or among them. This method provides the means for an agency to determine its long term staffing expectations and the impact of those expectations on the agency s future budgets. FTE estimates = do not reflect the actual number of people needed to carry out the work of the agency.2 While OPM requires federal executive branch agencies to estimate their staffing needs in FTEs, no standard has been explicitly mandated by Congress for legislative entities to use for staff planning. Nevertheless, FTE estimates appear to be widely employed. Regular references to legislative branch staff in terms of FTEs were made by the House Committee on Appropriations beginning in the early 1990s, according to a survey of its hearings and reports. ¢ A second method of calculating employment levels considers staff on payroll. While the FTE method provides an estimate of the long-term staff needs of an agency, the payroll method captures the actual number of employees working at any one time. Payroll data are supplied by the legislative branch entities to OPM on a monthly basis and made available as a public document.3 Because of their consistency and availability, payroll data are used for this report. FTE data are used in a few cases when payroll data are unavailable. Between 1954 and 2007, total legislative branch staff increased by 44.50%. Most of this growth occurred among congressional staff, which more than tripled over the five-decade period, while legislative agency staff decreased by 13.28%. Table 1 summarizes changes in legislative branch staffing between 1955 and 2005. 5002-5591 ,gniffatS hcnarB evitalsigeL ni egnahC .1 elbaT ,latoT evitalsigeL evitalsigeL raeY ssergnoC % seicnegA % hcnarB % 5591 607,5 - 167,51 - 764,12 - 0691 668,6 %33.02 156,51 %07.0- 715,22 %98.4 5691 457,8 %05.72 872,61 %10.4 230,52 %71.11 0791 721,11 %11.72 325,81 %97.31 118,92 %90.91 5791 930,71 %31.35 462,02 %04.9 303,73 %31.52 0891 838,81 %65.01 268,91 %89.1- 007,83 %57.3 5891 884,91 %54.3 095,81 %04.6- 870,83 %16.1- 2 Office of Personnel Management, Employment and Trends of Federal Civilian Workforce Statistics, September 2007, available at http://www.opm.gov/feddata/html/2007/september/intro.asp. According to the Government Accountability Office (GAO), annual leave, sick leave, compensatory time off, and other approved leave categories are considered to be "hours worked" for purposes of defining FTE employment. See Government Accountability Office, A Glossary of Terms Used in the Federal Budget Process (Washington: GPO, 2005), p. 57. 3 Office of Personnel Management, Employment and Trends of Federal Civilian Workforce Statistics, available at http://www.opm.gov/feddata/html/empt.asp. ,latoT evitalsigeL evitalsigeL raeY ssergnoC % seicnegA % hcnarB % 0991 181,91 %85.1- 155,71 %95.5- 237,63 %35.3- 5991 354,71 %10.9- 106,41 %18.61- 450,23 %47.21- 0002 405,61 %44.5- 523,41 %98.1- 928,03 %28.3- 5002 673,71 %82.5 842,41 %45.0- 026,13 %75.2 .snoitaluclac SRC ,tnemeganaM lennosreP fo eciffO :ecruoS Since 1954, there have been changes not only in the size but also in the deployment of legislative branch staff. From the mid-1950s through the 1970s, there were considerably more legislative agency employees than congressional staff. In 1954, 16,051 employees served in legislative agencies, compared to 5,621 congressional staff. By 1970, the gap decreased with legislative agencies comprising 18,523 employees and Congress having 11,127 staff members. During the 1980s, legislative branch employees were effectively evenly divided between Congress and legislative branch agencies, with 1985 staffing levels of 18,590 in legislative agency offices and 19,488 in congressional offices. In the 1990s, both congressional staff and agency staff numbers declined significantly, but the decline was higher for agency staff. In 2000, legislative branch agencies accounted for 14,325 employees; congressional staff was 16,504. In the past several years, legislative agency staff numbers have continued to decrease, but at a slower pace than during the 1990s, while congressional staff levels have grown slightly. In 2007, the latest available data from OPM show 13,390 employees working in legislative agencies, and 17, 396 staff members in congressional offices. The growth of congressional staff was likely ,gniffatS etaneS dna esuoH .3 erugiF due to a number of factors. These include a 7002-5791 steady increase in the volume and complexity of issues addressed by Congress,4 which 14,000 required the acquisition of specialized 12,000 congressional staff, and legislative changes, 10,000 8,000 including the implementation of the LRA and 6,000 CBA. It appears from available data that 4,000 between 1954 and the mid-1980s, staff levels 2,000 in the House increased at a slightly higher 0 rate than the Senate. During the 1990s, staff 75 77 79 81 83 85 87 89 91 93 95 97 99 01 03 05 07 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 levels in both chambers decreased, with larger Senate House decreases occurring in the House. Since then, staff changes have been proportional in both SRC ,tnemeganaM lennosreP fo eciffO :ecruoS chambers. Figure 3 provides an overview of .snoitaluclac House and Senate staffing trends between 1975 and 2007. Figure 4 provides the distribution of legislative branch staff in the House, Senate, and legislative agencies between 1975 and 2005. 4 See, for example, Nelson W. Polsby, "The Institutionalization of the U.S. House of Representatives," The American Political Science Review, vol. 62, no. 1 (March 1968), pp. 144-168. 5002-5791 ,ffatS hcnarB evitalsigeL fo noitubirtsiD .4 erugiF ffa tS y cnegA evita lsi geL dna ,etaneS ,esuoH 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 House Senate Congress .snoitaluclac SRC ,tnemeganaM lennosreP fo eciffO :ecruoS The overall downward trend in legislative agency staffing, displayed in Figure 2, has not affected every agency. Figure 5 provides staffing levels for four legislative agencies that have operated continuously between 1954 and 2007: the Architect of the Capitol (AOC), GAO, the Government Printing Office (GPO), and the Library of Congress (LOC). Staffing levels in two of the agencies, AOC and LOC, appear to reflect trends similar to that of the legislative branch as a whole. By contrast, both GAO and GPO had fewer staff in 2007 than in 1954. GAO staff levels appear to have fallen until the 1970s before growing in the years after passage of the LRA and the General Accounting Office Act of 1974. Relatively small growth continued at GAO until the mid-1990s, when the agency's staff levels were reduced by Congress. Since the mid-1990s, GAO staff levels have remained flat. GPO staff levels grew continuously between 1954 and 1975, but have declined steadily since. This is due in part to the adoption by the agency of less labor intensive printing technologies, increased utilization of contracted printing services, and reduced demands from government clients who have opted to provide their documents through electronic means. 5 erugiF 7002-4591 ,gniffatS ycnegA evitalsigeL detceleS . ,ec iffO ytilibatnuoccA tnemnre v oG ,lotipaC eht fo tcetihcrA sserg noC fo yrarbiL dn a , eciffO gnitnirP tnemnrevoG 9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 AOC GAO GPO LOC .snoitaluclac SRC ,tnemeganaM lennosreP fo eciffO :ecruoS .ffats SRC edulcni atad COL :setoN At present, there is no legislation pending before Congress to change existing staff arrangements in Congress or legislative branch agencies. As policies and issues before Congress continue to proliferate in volume and complexity, new proposals for change in staffing levels or changes in the balance between congressional staff and legislative agency staff may emerge. Those proposals may also be incorporated into broader issues, including how to fund additional staff resources,5 and how to accommodate more staff in congressional facilities. Periodically, concerns have been raised that congressional buildings and facilities on Capitol Hill are overcrowded, or inadequate to support the work of Congress,6 despite the recent addition of congressional facilities in the Capitol Visitors' Center expansion. Any discussion of adding congressional staff would likely raise questions related to the adequacy of current congressional facilities. 5 See CRS Report RL34490, Legislative Branch: FY2009 Appropriations, by Ida A. Brudnick. 6 U.S. Congress, House Committee on House Administration, Committee Funding, 109th Cong., 1st sess., March 10, 2005 (Washington: GPO, 2005), p. 4; Jennifer Yanchin, "House Panels Request More Funding, Space," Roll Call, March 14, 2005, retrieved through nexis.com; Richard Sammon, "A Walk Through the Capitol Illustrates Safety Concerns," CQ Weekly, August 6, 1994, p. retrieved from cq.com.; and Sarah Booth Conroy, "Plan for Capitol Hill Ready: Capital Master Plan Would Limit Staffs, Buildings," The Washington Post, September 25, 1981, p. A1, retrieved through nexis.com. .srebmun etaneS ro esuoH ni dedulcni era yeht esuaceb slatot hcnarb evitalsigel ro ycnega eht ni detnuoc ton era 4002 ot roirp sraey rof atad PCSU .rebmahc evitcepser eht fo sllor ffats eht ni detnuoc erew etaneS ro esuoH eht ni seitud ot dengissa lennosrep PCSU ,3002YF litnU .atad tnelaviuqe emit lluF .a .elbat siht ni dedulcni ton era seititne eseht fo seeyolpmE .truoC xaT .S.U dna ;slaeppA snareteV fo truoC .S.U ;noissimmoC weiveR ytiruceS dna cimonocE anihC-setatS detinU ;noissimmoC yrosivdA tnemyaP eracideM ;tnempoleveD cilbuP rof retneC sinnetS .C nhoJ ;modeerF suoigileR lanoitanretnI no noissimmoC .S.U eht dedulcni seititne eseht ,7002 rebmetpeS nI .tca snoitairporppa hcnarb evitalsigel launna eht ni dednuf ron hcnarb evitalsigel eht fo trap rehtien era taht seititne srebmun tnemyolpme hcnarb evitalsigel sti ni sedulcni MPO ,emit ot emit morF .stseuqer snoitairporppa ni ycnega taht yb detroper snoitisop )ETF( tnelaviuqe emit lluf era atad PCSU .MPO morf elbaliava atad tsetal eht ,rebmetpeS fo sa era hcihw ,7002 tpecxe ,raey hcae ni rebmeceD fo sa noitamrofni lloryap no desab era PCSU tpecxe seititne lla rof ataD .tca snoitairporppa hcnarb evitalsigel launna eht ni dednuf era detsil seititne llA :setoN .632 .p ,)8002 ,OPG :notgnihsaW( 1 .tp ,9002 rof snoitairporppA hcnarB evitalsigeL ,dibI dna ;0411 .p ,)3002 ,OPG :notgnihsaW( 1 .tp ,4002 rof snoitairporppA hcnarB evitalsigeL ,evitalsigeL no eettimmocbuS ,esuoH ,ssergnoC .S.U ees ,atad PCSU roF .psa.tpme/lmth/ataddef/vog.mpo.www//:ptth ta elbaliava era 7991 ecnis MPO yb detcelloc ataD .sdnerT dna tnemyolpmE ,scitsitatS ecrofkroW nailiviC laredeF ni ylhtnomib dehsilbup neeb evah 6891 ecnis scitsitats MPO .stseuqer snoitairporppa ycnega morf nekat erew hcihw ,)PCSU( eciloP lotipaC .S.U eht dna ,ycnega taht yb dedivorp erew hcihw ,atad )SRC( ecivreS hcraeseR lanoissergnoC rof tpecxe ,)MPO( tnemeganaM lennosreP fo eciffO :ecruoS 613,13 250,13 026,13 386,13 436,13 771,23 673,13 hcnarB evitalsigeL ,latoT 029,31 842,41 442,41 505,41 617,41 378,41 722,41 seicnegA hcnarB evitalsigeL 52 32 22 91 81 41 81 ecnailpmoC fo eciffO 856 966 186 296 396 266 066 decivreS hcraeseR lanoissergnoC 252,3 333,3 915,3 346,3 947,3 617,3 195,3 cssergnoC fo yrarbiL 252,2 953,2 263,2 404,2 366,2 810,3 900,3 eciffO gnitnirP tnemnrevoG 271,3 362,3 402,3 852,3 062,3 753,3 912,3 beciffO ytilibatnuoccA tnemnrevoG 232 432 332 632 922 522 132 eciffO tegduB lanoissergnoC 380,2 570,2 400,2 399,1 598,1 057,1 184,1 aeciloP lotipaC .S.U 75 75 75 95 35 05 44 nedraG cinatoB .S.U 981,2 532,2 261,2 102,2 651,2 180,2 479,1 lotipaC eht fo tcetihcrA seititnE hcnarB evitalsigeL 693,71 408,61 673,71 871,71 819,61 403,71 941,71 ssergnoC .S.U 017,01 680,01 375,01 984,01 033,01 098,01 608,01 sevitatneserpeR fo esuoH .S.U 686,6 817,6 308,6 986,6 885,6 414,6 343,6 etaneS .S.U 7002 6002 5002 4002 3002 2002 1002 7002-1002 ,tnemyolpmE hcnarB evitalsigeL . 2 elbaT .632 .p ,)8002 ,OPG :notgnihsaW( 1 .tp , 9002 rof snoitairporppA hcnarB evitalsigeL ,dibI dna ;0411 .p ,)3002 ,OPG :notgnihsaW( 1 .tp ,4002 rof snoitairporppA hcnarB evitalsigeL ,evitalsigeL no eettimmocbuS ,esuoH ,ssergnoC .S.U ees ,atad PCSU roF .psa.tpme/lmth/ataddef/vog.mpo.www//:ptth ta elbaliava era 7991 ecnis MPO yb detcelloc ataD .sdnerT dna tnemyolpmE ,scitsitatS ecrofkroW nailiviC laredeF ni ylhtnomib dehsilbup neeb evah scitsitats MPO ,6891 ecniS .esaeleR ylhtnoM ­ scitsitatS rewopnaM nailiviC laredeF ni dehsilbup erew scitsitats tnemyolpme laredef ,5891-9691 morF .stseuqer snoitairporppa ycnega morf nekat erew hcihw ,)PCSU( eciloP lotipaC .S.U eht dna ,ycnega taht yb dedivorp erew hcihw ,atad )SRC( ecivreS hcraeseR lanoissergnoC rof tpecxe ,)MPO( tnemeganaM lennosreP fo eciffO :ecruoS 928,03 940,13 189,03 525,03 738,03 450,23 887,43 279,63 101,83 152,83 hcnarB evitalsigeL ,latoT 523,41 353,41 044,41 082,31 419,31 106,41 560,61 278,61 469,71 240,81 seicnegA hcnarB evitalsigeL -- -- -- -- -- -- 891 602 902 791 tnemssessA ygolonhceT fo eciffO 71 91 02 22 81 -- -- -- -- -- ecnailpmoC fo eciffO 466 217 817 127 247 557 367 418 838 138 decivreS hcraeseR lanoissergnoC 366,3 836,3 236,3 766,3 527,3 608,3 868,3 038,3 111,4 981,4 cssergnoC fo yrarbiL 031,3 922,3 363,3 735,3 727,3 249,3 342,4 065,4 498,4 388,4 eciffO gnitnirP tnemnrevoG 511,3 542,3 553,3 072,3 864,3 018,3 164,4 888,4 981,5 873,5 beciffO ytilibatnuoccA tnemnrevoG -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 9 01 lanubirT ytlayoR thgirypoC 922 222 612 132 822 632 412 122 132 032 eciffO tegduB lanoissergnoC 115,1 923,1 042,1 AN AN AN AN AN AN AN aeciloP lotipaC .S .U 33 03 14 64 05 15 35 35 35 45 nedraG cinatoB .S.U 369,1 929,1 558,1 687,1 659,1 100,2 562,2 003,2 034,2 072,2 lotipaC eht fo tcetihcrA seititnE hcnarB evitalsigeL 405,61 696,61 145,61 542,71 329,61 354,71 327,81 001,02 731,02 902,02 ssergnoC .S.U 914,01 235,01 534,01 774,01 153,01 326,01 615,11 386,21 676,21 417,21 sevitatneserpeR fo esuoH .S.U 580,6 461,6 601,6 867,6 275,6 038,6 702,7 714,7 164,7 594,7 etaneS .S.U 0002 9991 8991 7991 6991 5991 4991 3991 2991 1991 0002-1991 ,tnemyolpmE hcnarB evitalsigeL . 3 elbaT .serugif COL ni MPO yb dedulcni era yeht ;MPO yb yletarapes detroper ton era srebmun SRC .SRC yb dedivorp ataD .d .seeyolpme sti rof SRC yb dedivorp rebmun eht ssel MPO yb detroper seeyolpme )COL( ssergnoC fo yrarbiL latot tcelfer raey hcae rof ataD .c .sraey lla rof selbat eht ni dedulcni era ffats OAG dna ",eciffO ytilibatnuoccA tnemnrevoG" sa detsil si ycnega eht ,ycnetsisnoc roF .eciffO gnitnuoccA lareneG eht dellac saw )OAG( eciffO ytilibatnuoccA tnemnrevoG eht ,4002 ot roirP .b .sdnerT dna tnemyolpmE ,scitsitatS ecrofkroW nailiviC laredeF ni ylhtnomib dehsilbup neeb evah scitsitats MPO ,6891 ecniS .esaeleR ylhtnoM ­ scitsitatS rewopnaM nailiviC laredeF ni dehsilbup erew scitsitats tnemyolpme laredef ,5891-9691 morF .ycnega taht yb dedivorp erew hcihw ,atad )SRC( ecivreS hcraeseR lanoissergnoC rof tpecxe ,)MPO( tnemeganaM lennosreP fo eciffO :ecruoS 237,63 389,63 639,63 634,73 721,63 870,83 073,83 307,83 899,73 482,83 hcnarB evitalsigeL ,latoT 155,71 217,71 369,71 071,81 267,71 095,81 099,81 830,91 539,81 181,91 seicnegA hcnarB evitalsigeL 091 691 102 202 891 491 702 681 271 051 tnemssessA ygolonhceT fo eciffO 797 928 858 918 867 258 398 378 528 958 cecivreS hcraeseR lanoissergnoC 228,3 519,3 299,3 271,4 630,4 363,4 444,4 204,4 514,4 303,4 bssergnoC fo yrarbiL 439,4 799,4 621,5 202,5 322,5 193,5 855,5 247,5 639,5 013,6 eciffO gnitnirP tnemnrevoG 382,5 482,5 913,5 283,5 461,5 473,5 933,5 113,5 681,5 962,5 aeciffO ytilibatnuoccA tnemnrevoG 01 8 7 7 7 8 7 6 8 8 lanubirT ytlayoR thgirypoC 432 912 612 212 022 312 022 602 802 702 eciffO tegduB lanoissergnoC 75 35 45 45 15 45 65 65 75 75 nedraG cinatoB .S.U 422,2 112,2 091,2 021,2 590,2 141,2 662,2 652,2 821,2 810,2 lotipaC eht fo tcetihcrA seititnE hcnarB evitalsigeL 181,91 172,91 379,81 662,91 563,81 884,91 083,91 566,91 360,91 301,91 ssergnoC .S.U 469,11 930,21 929,11 740,21 455,11 023,21 813,21 415,21 300,21 361,21 sevitatneserpeR fo esuoH .S.U 712,7 232,7 440,7 912,7 118,6 861,7 260,7 151,7 060,7 049,6 etaneS .S.U 0991 9891 8891 7891 6891 5891 4891 3891 2891 1891 0991-1891 ,tnemyolpmE hcnarB evitalsigeL .4 elbaT .serugif COL ni MPO yb dedulcni era yeht ;MPO yb yletarapes detroper ton era srebmun SRC .SRC yb dedivorp ataD .d .seeyolpme sti rof SRC yb dedivorp rebmun eht ssel MPO yb detroper seeyolpme )COL( ssergnoC fo yrarbiL latot tcelfer raey hcae rof ataD .c .sraey lla rof selbat eht ni dedulcni era ffats OAG dna ",eciffO ytilibatnuoccA tnemnrevoG" sa detsil si ycnega eht ,ycnetsisnoc roF .eciffO gnitnuoccA lareneG eht dellac saw )OAG( eciffO ytilibatnuoccA tnemnrevoG eht ,4002 ot roirP .b .sraey etairporppa eht rof AN dekram dna ,elbaliavanu era 8991 ot roirp atad PCSU cificepS .srebmun etaneS ro esuoH ni dedulcni era yeht esuaceb slatot hcnarb evitalsigel ro ycnega eht ni detnuoc ton era 4002 ot roirp sraey rof atad PCSU .rebmahc evitcepser eht fo sllor ffats eht ni detnuoc erew etaneS ro esuoH eht ni seitud ot dengissa lennosrep PCSU ,3002YF litnU .atad tnelaviuqe emit lluF .a .ecnetsixe ni ton saw ytitne hcnarb evitalsigel a nehw setacidni hsad A .stseuqer snoitairporppa ni ycnega taht yb detroper snoitisop )ETF( tnelaviuqe emit lluf era atad PCSU .MPO morf elbaliava atad tsetal eht ,rebmetpeS fo sa era hcihw ,7002 tpecxe ,raey hcae ni rebmeceD fo sa noitamrofni lloryap no desab era PCSU tpecxe seititne lla rof ataD :setoN .AN dekram dna ,elbaliavanu era sraey esoht rof srebmun etaneS dna esuoH .ssergnoC gnidaeh eht rednu detroper saw tnuoc eeyolpme etaneS dna esuoH denibmoc a ,4791-4591 morF .a .ecnetsixe ni ton saw ytitne hcnarb evitalsigel a nehw setacidni hsad A .raey hcae rof rebmeceD fo sa noitamrofni lloryap no desab era seititne lla rof ataD :setoN .esaeleR ylhtnoM ­ scitsitatS rewopnaM nailiviC laredeF ni dehsilbup erew scitsitats tnemyolpme laredef ,5891-9691 morF .ycnega taht yb dedivorp erew hcihw ,atad )SRC( ecivreS hcraeseR lanoissergnoC rof tpecxe ,noissimmoC ecivreS liviC .S.U ,ycnega rossecederp sti dna ,)MPO( tnemeganaM lennosreP fo eciffO :ecruoS 007,83 990,93 255,83 807,83 521,83 303,73 380,53 341,43 843,23 412,13 hcnarB evitalsigeL ,latoT 268,91 264,02 826,02 239,02 808,02 462,02 121,02 642,91 402,91 774,81 seicnegA hcnarB evitalsigeL 831 041 051 831 -- -- -- -- -- -- tnemssessA ygolonhceT fo eciffO 888 758 508 018 608 647 576 485 564 383 decivreS hcraeseR lanoissergnoC 634,4 635,4 573,4 233,4 131,4 930,4 408,3 667,3 257,3 905,3 cssergnoC fo yrarbiL 016,6 960,7 573,7 896,7 770,8 444,8 553,8 961,8 924,8 381,8 eciffO gnitnirP tnemnrevoG 434,5 923,5 283,5 824,5 273,5 798,4 782,5 498,4 877,4 186,4 beciffO ytilibatnuoccA tnemnrevoG -- 72 23 63 04 04 04 -- -- -- draoB sdradnatS gnitnuoccA tsoC 01 01 01 9 -- -- -- -- -- lanubirT ytlayoR thgirypoC 012 702 302 502 791 -- -- -- -- -- eciffO tegduB lanoissergnoC 55 65 75 75 65 26 75 55 75 55 nedraG cinatoB .S.U 180,2 132,2 932,2 912,2 921,2 630,2 309,1 877,1 327,1 666,1 lotipaC eht fo tcetihcrA seititnE hcnarB evitalsigeL 838,81 736,81 429,71 677,71 713,71 930,71 496,41 576,41 179,21 175,21 assergnoC .S.U 348,11 086,11 483,11 253,11 447,01 886,01 AN AN AN AN sevitatneserpeR fo esuoH .S.U 599,6 759,6 045,6 424,6 375,6 153,6 AN AN AN AN etaneS .S.U 0891 9791 8791 7791 6791 5791 4791 3791 2791 1791 0891-1791 ,tnemyolpmE hcnarB evitalsigeL .5 elbaT .serugif COL ni MPO yb dedulcni era yeht ;MPO yb yletarapes detroper ton era srebmun SRC .SRC yb dedivorp ataD .c .seeyolpme sti rof SRC yb dedivorp rebmun eht ssel MPO yb detroper seeyolpme )COL( ssergnoC fo yrarbiL latot tcelfer raey hcae rof ataD .b .sraey lla rof selbat eht ni dedulcni era ffats OAG dna ",eciffO ytilibatnuoccA tnemnrevoG" sa detsil si ycnega eht ,ycnetsisnoc roF .hcnarb evitalsigel eht rof snoitairporppa launna ni dednuf neeb ecnis sah dna ,seciffo tnednepedni rof snoitairporppa ni dednuf saw ycnega eht ,8691YF erofeB .eciffO gnitnuoccA lareneG eht dellac saw )OAG( eciffO ytilibatnuoccA tnemnrevoG eht ,4002 ot roirP .a .ecnetsixe ni ton saw ytitne hcnarb evitalsigel a nehw setacidni hsad A .raey hcae rof rebmeceD fo sa noitamrofni lloryap no desab era seititne lla rof ataD :setoN .serugif COL ni MPO yb dedulcni era yeht ;MPO yb yletarapes detroper ton era srebmun SRC .SRC yb dedivorp ataD .d .seeyolpme sti rof SRC yb dedivorp rebmun eht ssel MPO yb detroper seeyolpme )COL( ssergnoC fo yrarbiL latot tcelfer raey hcae rof ataD .c .sraey lla rof selbat eht ni dedulcni era ffats OAG dna ",eciffO ytilibatnuoccA tnemnrevoG" sa detsil si ycnega eht ,ycnetsisnoc roF .hcnarb evitalsigel eht rof snoitairporppa launna ni dednuf neeb ecnis sah dna ,seciffo tnednepedni rof snoitairporppa ni dednuf saw ycnega eht ,8691YF erofeB .eciffO gnitnuoccA lareneG eht dellac saw )OAG( eciffO ytilibatnuoccA tnemnrevoG eht ,4002 ot roirP .b .elbaliavanu era sraey esoht rof srebmun etaneS dna esuoH .ssergnoC gnidaeh eht rednu detroper saw tnuoc eeyolpme etaneS dna esuoH denibmoc a ,4791-4591 morF .a .raey hcae rof rebmeceD fo sa noitamrofni lloryap no desab era seititne lla rof ataD :setoN .esaeleR ylhtnoM ­ scitsitatS rewopnaM nailiviC laredeF ni dehsilbup erew scitsitats tnemyolpme laredef ,5891-9691 doirep eht roF .tnemyolpmE laredeF fo tropeR ylhtnoM eht ni dehsilbup erew scitsitats tnemyolpme laredef ,8691-4591 morF .ycnega taht yb dedivorp erew hcihw ,atad )SRC( ecivreS hcraeseR lanoissergnoC rof tpecxe )MPO( tnemeganaM lennosreP fo eciffO eht fo ycnega rossecederp ,noissimmoC ecivreS liviC .S.U :ecruoS 118,92 338,82 111,82 078,72 580,62 230,52 845,42 652,42 147,32 464,32 hcnarB evitalsigeL ,latoT 325,81 211,81 491,81 166,71 477,61 872,61 364,61 712,61 481,61 239,51 seicnegA hcnarB evitalsigeL 433 613 992 003 342 132 422 222 322 422 decivreS hcraeseR lanoissergnoC 035,3 196,3 621,4 667,3 263,3 741,3 370,3 088,2 677,2 116,2 cssergnoC fo yrarbiL 803,8 930,8 409,7 587,7 294,7 491,7 804,7 292,7 531,7 988,6 eciffO gnitnirP tnemnrevoG 137,4 664,4 562,4 612,4 410,4 440,4 112,4 783,4 585,4 827,4 beciffO ytilibatnuoccA tnemnrevoG 75 55 75 45 65 35 25 05 84 05 nedraG cinatoB .S.U 365,1 545,1 345,1 045,1 706,1 906,1 594,1 683,1 714,1 034,1 lotipaC eht fo tcetihcrA seititnE hcnarB evitalsigeL 721,11 127,01 719,9 902,01 113,9 457,8 580,8 930,8 755,7 235,7 a ssergnoC .S.U 0791 9691 8691 7691 6691 5691 4691 3691 2691 1691 0791-1691 ,tnemyolpmE hcnarB evitalsigeL . 6 elbaT .serugif COL ni MPO yb dedulcni era yeht ;MPO yb yletarapes detroper ton era srebmun SRC .SRC yb dedivorp ataD .d .seeyolpme sti rof SRC yb dedivorp rebmun eht ssel MPO yb detroper seeyolpme )COL( ssergnoC fo yrarbiL latot tcelfer raey hcae rof ataD .c .sraey lla rof selbat eht ni dedulcni era ffats OAG dna ",eciffO ytilibatnuoccA tnemnrevoG" sa detsil si ycnega eht ,ycnetsisnoc roF .hcnarb evitalsigel eht rof snoitairporppa launna ni dednuf neeb ecnis sah dna ,seciffo tnednepedni rof snoitairporppa ni dednuf saw ycnega eht ,8691YF erofeB .eciffO gnitnuoccA lareneG eht dellac saw )OAG( eciffO ytilibatnuoccA tnemnrevoG eht ,4002 ot roirP .b .sraey lla rof selbat eht ni dedulcni era ffats OAG dna ",eciffO ytilibatnuoccA tnemnrevoG" sa detsil si ycnega eht ,ycnetsisnoc roF .hcnarb evitalsigel eht rof snoitairporppa launna ni dednuf neeb ecnis sah dna ,seciffo tnednepedni rof snoitairporppa ni dednuf saw ycnega eht ,8691YF erofeB .eciffO gnitnuoccA lareneG eht dellac saw )OAG( eciffO ytilibatnuoccA tnemnrevoG eht ,4002 ot roirP .b .AN dekram dna ,elbaliavanu era sraey esoht rof srebmun etaneS dna esuoH .ssergnoC gnidaeh eht rednu detroper saw tnuoc eeyolpme etaneS dna esuoH denibmoc a ,4791-4591 morF .a .raey hcae rof rebmeceD fo sa noitamrofni lloryap no desab era seititne lla rof ataD :setoN .tnemyolpmE laredeF fo tropeR ylhtnoM eht ni dehsilbup erew scitsitats tnemyolpme laredef ,8691-4591 morF .)MPO( tnemeganaM lennosreP fo eciffO eht fo ycnega rossecederp ,noissimmoC ecivreS liviC .S.U :ecruoS 715,22 065,22 611,22 621,22 499,12 764,12 276,12 hcnarB evitalsigeL ,latoT 156,51 456,51 555,51 596,51 567,51 167,51 150,61 seicnegA hcnarB evitalsigeL 447,2 307,2 175,2 936,2 374,2 404,2 983,2 ssergnoC fo yrarbiL 375,6 994,6 064,6 924,6 186,6 856,6 187,6 eciffO gnitnirP tnemnrevoG 588,4 920,5 352,5 934,5 334,5 616,5 197,5 beciffO ytilibatnuoccA tnemnrevoG 84 74 64 74 84 74 74 nedraG cinatoB .S.U 104,1 673,1 522,1 141,1 031,1 630,1 340,1 lotipaC eht fo tcetihcrA seititnE hcnarB evitalsigeL 668,6 609,6 165,6 134,6 922,6 607,5 126,5 a ssergnoC .S.U 0691 9591 8591 7591 6591 5591 4591 0691-4591 ,tnemyolpmE hcnarB evitalsigeL . 7 elbaT R. Eric Petersen Analyst in American National Government epetersen@crs.loc.gov, 7-0643 Jennifer Manning and Maureen Bearden, Information Research Specialists in the Knowledge Services Group, provided research support for this report. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-R40056