For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-98-253 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress ¢ ¢ U.S. agricultural exports for FY2008 are forecast by the U.S. Department of Agriculture to reach a record $91 billion, while agricultural imports are expected to reach $75.5 billion, also a record level. The agricultural trade surplus is projected to be $15.5 billion. Exports of high-value products (e.g., fruits, vegetables, meats, wine and beer) have increased since the early 1990s and now account for 60% of total U.S. agricultural exports. Exports of bulk commodities (e.g., soybeans, wheat, and feed grains) remain significant. Much of the growth in U.S. export value in 2007 is due to increased bulk exports. Leading markets for U.S. agricultural exports are Canada, Mexico, Japan, the European Union, China, South Korea, and Taiwan. The United States dominates world markets for corn, wheat, and cotton. Brazil has overtaken the United States as the world's leading supplier of soybeans and is the world's leading supplier of beef and poultry to world markets. The U.S. share of world beef exports, which declined after the 2003 discovery of a case of "mad cow disease" in the United States, are recovering as more countries re-open markets to U.S. product. The United States, European Union, Australia, and New Zealand are dominant suppliers of dairy products in global agricultural trade. Most U.S. agricultural imports are high-value products. The biggest import suppliers are the European Union and NAFTA partners Canada and Mexico, which together provide 55% of total U.S. agricultural imports. Australia, Brazil, New Zealand, Indonesia, and Colombia are also major suppliers of agricultural imports to the United States. Among the fastest-growing markets for U.S. agricultural exports are Canada and Mexico, both partners with the United States in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). U.S. agricultural exports to China, a member of the World Trade Organization since 2001, have grown at an annual rate of 15% since 1992. Both the EU and the United States subsidize their agricultural sectors, but overall the EU outspends the United States five to one. Recent reforms of the EU's Common Agricultural Policy shift substantial spending into direct income support decoupled from production and into rural development. Canada supports some sectors (e.g., dairy and poultry) more than others. Australia provides less support to its agriculture. EU and U.S. export subsidies are declining largely in response to policy changes and market forces. Border measures (tariffs) are more important in Canada than in either the United States or the EU. Australia operates a mix of trade measures. The United States is the dominant supplier of foreign food aid, followed by the EU, Canada, and Australia. U.S. food aid is almost exclusively in the form of commodities, while other donors provide a mix of cash and commodities. ¢ U.S. Agricultural Exports, Imports, and Trade Balance............................................................ 1 Shares of U.S. Crop Production Exported: Selected Commodities .......................................... 2 Shares of U.S. Livestock Production Exported: Selected Commodities................................... 4 Composition of U.S. Agricultural Exports: Major Commodity Components ........................... 5 Composition of U.S. Agricultural Exports: Bulk, Consumer-Ready, and Intermediate Product Exports...................................................................................................................... 6 Major Country Markets for U.S. Agricultural Exports ............................................................. 8 World Export Market Shares: Crops ....................................................................................... 10 World Market Shares: Livestock and Dairy ............................................................................ 16 World Market Shares: Sugar ................................................................................................... 24 Major U.S. Agricultural Imports ............................................................................................. 26 U.S. Agricultural Imports by Country of Origin ..................................................................... 27 Regional Market Growth in U.S. Agricultural Exports........................................................... 28 Growth in U.S. Agricultural Exports to Asian Markets .......................................................... 30 Growth in Agricultural Exports to North and South America................................................. 32 Producer Support Estimates (PSEs) in Selected OECD Countries ......................................... 33 Producer Support Estimates (PSEs) in the United States and the European Union: Selected Commodities.......................................................................................................... 35 Domestic Support and Export Subsidies in the United States and the European Union: Budgetary Outlays................................................................................................................ 37 Figure 1. U.S. Agricultural Exports, Imports, and the Trade Balance, FY1998-FY2008F ............. 1 Figure 2. U.S. Agricultural Exports: Share of U.S. Production Exported, 1990/91- 2007/08F....................................................................................................................................... 3 Figure 3. U.S. Agricultural Exports: Shares of U.S. Production of Livestock Exported, 1990-2008F .................................................................................................................................. 4 Figure 4. U.S. Agricultural Exports of Major Commodities, FY2007 ............................................ 6 Figure 5. U.S. Agricultural Exports, FY1990-FY2007: Bulk, Consumer-Oriented, and Intermediate Product Exports....................................................................................................... 7 Figure 6. Major Country Markets for U.S. Exports, FY2006-FY2008F......................................... 9 Figure 7. Shares of World Exports of Wheat and Wheat Products, 2007/08F .............................. 10 Figure 8. Shares of World Exports of Rice, 2007/08F .................................................................. 12 Figure 9. Shares of World Exports of Corn, 2007/08F.................................................................. 13 Figure 10. Shares of World Exports of Soybeans, 2007/08F......................................................... 14 Figure 11. Shares of World Exports of Cotton, 2007/08F ............................................................. 15 Figure 12. Shares of World Exports of Beef and Veal, 2008F....................................................... 17 Figure 13. Shares of World Pork Exports, 2008F.......................................................................... 18 Figure 14. Shares of World Poultry Meat Exports, 2008F ............................................................ 19 Figure 15. Shares of World Nonfat Dry Milk Exports, 2008F ...................................................... 21 ¢ Figure 16. Shares of World Cheese Exports, 2008F...................................................................... 22 Figure 17. Shares of World Butter Exports, 2008F ....................................................................... 23 Figure 18. Shares of World Centrifugal Sugar Exports, 2007/08F................................................ 25 Figure 19. Major Agricultural Imports by Commodity, FY2007 .................................................. 26 Figure 20. U.S. Agricultural Imports by Country of Origin, FY2006-FY2008F .......................... 28 Figure 21. Growth in U.S. Agricultural Exports, FY1992-FY2008F............................................ 29 Figure 22. Growth in Agricultural Exports to Asian Markets, FY1992-FY2008F........................ 31 Figure 23. Growth in the Agricultural Exports to North and South America, FY1992- FY2008F .................................................................................................................................... 32 Figure 24. Producer Support Estimates (PSEs) in Selected OECD Countries .............................. 34 Figure 25. Producer Support Estimates (PSEs): Selected Commodities in the United States .......................................................................................................................................... 35 Figure 26. Producer Support Estimate (PSEs) in the European Union ......................................... 36 Table 1. U.S. Agricultural Exports and Imports, FY1988-FY2008F............................................... 1 Table 2. U.S. Agricultural Exports: Shares of U.S. Production Exported, 1990/91- 2007/08F....................................................................................................................................... 3 Table 3. U.S. Agricultural Exports: Shares of U.S. Production of Livestock Exported, 1990-2008F .................................................................................................................................. 5 Table 4. U.S. Agricultural Exports of Major Commodities, FY2007.............................................. 6 Table 5. U.S. Agricultural Exports, FY1990-FY2007: Total, Bulk, Consumer-Ready, and Intermediate Product Exports....................................................................................................... 7 Table 6. Major Country Markets for U.S. Agricultural Exports, FY2006-FY2008F ...................... 9 Table 7. Shares of World Exports of Wheat and Wheat Products, 1995/96-2007/08F...................11 Table 8. Shares of World Exports of Rice, 1994/95-2007/08F...................................................... 12 Table 9. Shares of World Exports of Corn, 1995/96-2007/08F ..................................................... 13 Table 10. Shares of World Exports of Soybeans, 1995/96-2007/08F............................................ 14 Table 11. Shares of World Exports of Cotton, 1995/96-2007/08F ................................................ 16 Table 12. Shares of World Exports of Beef and Veal, 1995-2008F ............................................... 17 Table 13. Shares of World Pork Exports, 1994-2008F .................................................................. 18 Table 14. Shares of World Total Poultry Meat Exports, 1994-2008F............................................ 20 Table 15. Shares of World Nonfat Dry Milk Exports, 1995-2008F............................................... 21 Table 16. Shares of World Cheese Exports, 1994-2008F .............................................................. 22 Table 17. Shares of World Butter Exports, 1994-2008F................................................................ 24 Table 18. Shares of World Centrifugal Sugar Exports, 1995/96-2007/08F................................... 25 Table 19. Major U.S. Agricultural Imports, FY2007..................................................................... 27 ¢ Table 20. U.S. Agricultural Imports by Country of Origin, FY2006-FY2008F ............................ 28 Table 21. Change in U.S. Agricultural Exports to Selected Markets, FY1992-FY2008F............. 29 Table 22. Change in U.S. Agricultural Exports to Asian Markets, FY1992-FY2008F ................. 31 Table 23. Change in Agricultural Exports to North and South America, FY1992-FY2008F........ 33 Table 24. Producer Support Estimates (PSEs) in Selected OECD Countries................................ 34 Table 25. Producer Support Estimates (PSE) in the United States by Commodity....................... 36 Table 26. Producer Support Estimates (PSEs) in the European Union ......................................... 37 Table 27. U.S. and EU Government Spending on Agricultural Support, 2005-2007E ................. 37 Table 28. Agricultural and Trade Policies in the United States and the European Union ............. 38 Table 29. Agricultural and Trade Policies in Canada and Australia .............................................. 40 Author Contact Information .......................................................................................................... 41 ¢ ¡ · The value of U.S. agricultural exports, supported by a weak dollar, strong foreign demand, and high prices for many products, is forecast by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) to reach $91 billion in FY2008, a record high. · U.S. agricultural imports, forecast to reach a record $75.5 billion in FY2008, reflect strong U.S. demand for imported foods, despite a weak dollar and negative effects on disposable income from high fuel prices and the housing slump. · The $15.5 billion U.S. agricultural trade surplus forecast for FY2008 is more than half of its all-time high--$27 billion--reached in FY1996. F8002YF-8991YF ,ecnalaB edarT eht dna ,stropmI ,stropxE larutlucirgA .S.U .1 erugiF F8002YF-8891YF ,stropmI dna stropxE larutlucirgA .S.U .1 elbaT )noillib $( raeY stropxE stropmI ecnalaB 8891 3.53 0.12 3.41 9891 6.93 5.12 1.81 0991 2.04 6.22 7.71 1991 6.73 6.22 0.51 2991 4.24 3.42 1.81 3991 6.24 4.42 1.81 4991 9.34 6.62 3.71 88%, respectively. · The export shares of soybeans and cotton in FY2008 are forecast to reach 38% and and for ethanol production. production reflects competition from strong domestic demand for corn for livestock feed U.S. corn crop would move into world markets. Corn's slightly declining export share of · In FY2008, a forecast 58% of the U.S. wheat crop will be exported, while 18% of the USDA estimates that production from one-third of harvested acreage is exported. · ¡ tsaceroF =F :etoN .fdp.7002-03-11-SEA/SEA/tnerruc/adsu/ude.llenroc.bilnnam.adsu//:ptth ta elbaliava ,7002 ,03 rebmevoN ,65 -SEA ,edarT larutlucirgA .S.U rof kooltuO ,ecivreS hcraeseR cimonocE .erutlucirgA fo tnemtrapeD .S.U :ecruoS 5.51 5.57 0.19 F8002 9.11 0.07 9.18 7002 6.4 0.46 6.86 6002 8.4 7.75 5.26 5002 7.9 7.25 4.26 4002 3.01 7.54 0.65 3002 3.21 0.14 3.35 2002 7.31 0.93 7.25 1002 9.11 9.83 7.05 0002 8.11 3.73 1.94 9991 8.61 8.63 6.35 8991 5.12 8.53 3.75 7991 2.72 6.23 8.95 6991 7.42 9.92 6.45 5991 ecnalaB stropmI stropxE raeY ¢ 1.63 3.57 0.91 6.05 40/3002 9.73 1.96 0.81 2.25 30/2002 8.63 1.45 6.91 6.94 20/1002 1.63 2.93 2.91 2.64 10/0002 7.63 8.93 7.02 1.74 00/9991 4.92 9.03 0.12 8.14 99/8991 5.23 9.93 2.61 9.14 89/7991 2.73 2.63 9.91 0.44 79/6991 1.93 8.24 1.82 9.65 69/5991 4.33 8.74 0.32 5.15 59/4991 5.13 5.24 6.02 8.05 49/3991 2.53 0.23 7.71 5.55 39/2991 4.43 7.73 4.12 5.56 29/1991 9.82 2.05 1.22 4.83 19/0991 snaebyoS nottoC nroC taehW raeY )tnecrep( F80/7002 -19/0991 ,detropxE noitcudorP .S.U fo serahS :stropxE larutlucirgA .S.U .2 elbaT F80/7002 2 erugiF -19/0991 ,detropxE noitcudorP .S.U fo erahS :stropxE larutlucirgA .S.U . ¢ ¢ raeY taehW nroC nottoC snaebyoS 50/4002 5.84 1.51 0.26 1.53 60/5002 9.74 9.91 5.37 7.03 70/6002 7.05 2.02 3.06 1.53 F80/7002 8.75 5.81 3.58 4.83 ecivreS larutlucirgA ngieroF s'erutlucirgA fo tnemtrapeD .S.U eht morf atad gnisu SRC yb detaluclaC :ecruoS .xpsa.emoHdsp/enilnodsp/vog.adsu.saf.www//:ptth ,esabatad enilnO noitubirtsiD dna ylppuS ,noitcudorP ¡ · Beef exports, which grew from around 4% of production in 1990 to almost 10% in 2003, have slowly recovered from export bans on U.S. beef following the 2003 discovery of a BSE-infected cow in the United States. The beef export share of production in 2008 is forecast to be 6.5%. · Pork exports as a share of production have grown substantially, from less that 2% in 1990 to a forecast 14% in 2008. · Poultry's export share of production has more than doubled since 1990, from 6.2% to a forecast 15.3% in 2008. ,detropxE kcotseviL fo noitcudorP .S.U fo serahS :stropxE larutlucirgA .S.U .3 erugiF F8002-0991 ¢ rgA .S.U .3 elbaT ,det ropxE kcotseviL fo noitcudorP .S.U fo serahS :st ropxE larutluci F8002-0991 )tnecrep( raeY feeB kroP yrtluoP 0991 4.4 6.1 2.6 1991 1.5 8.1 4.6 2991 7.5 4.2 1.7 3991 5.5 6.2 9.8 4991 5.6 1.3 1.21 5991 1.7 4.4 7.51 6991 2.7 7.5 9.61 7991 3.8 0.6 3.61 8991 3.8 5.6 8.51 9991 0.9 6.6 6.51 0002 1.9 8.6 3.61 1002 6.8 1.8 0.81 2002 9.8 2.8 1.51 3002 5.9 6.8 2.51 4002 9.1 6.01 2.41 5002 8.2 9.21 9.41 6002 3.4 2.41 7.41 7002 4.5 9.31 4.51 F8002 5.6 3.41 3.51 ecivreS larutlucirgA ngieroF s'erutlucirgA fo tnemtrapeD .S.U eht morf atad gnisu SRC yb detaluclaC :ecruoS .xpsa.emoHdsp/enilnodsp/vog.adsu.saf.www//:ptth ,esabatad enilnO noitubirtsiD dna ylppuS ,noitcudorP ¡ ¢ · The United States exports a wide range of agricultural products, including horticultural products, livestock products and poultry, and field crops. · Horticultural product exports (fruits, vegetables, tree nuts, and their preparations)-- valued at $17.9 billion in FY2007--are the leading commodity components of U.S. agricultural exports. · Oilseeds (mainly soybeans) and oilseed products (mainly meal and oil)--valued at $14 billion in FY2007--comprise the second largest category of U.S. agricultural exports. · Livestock and poultry products together amounted to $13.9 billion in FY2007. · Field crop exports (feed grains, wheat, cotton, and tobacco) accounted for just under $22 billion of U.S. agricultural exports in FY2007. wheat flour, soybean oil, and feeds. · Intermediate products have been processed to some extent and include products like soybeans. · Bulk agricultural exports include products like wheat, coarse grains, cotton, and ¡ ¢ ¡ .fdp.7002-03-11-SEA/SEA/tnerruc/adsu/ude.llenroc.bilnnam.adsu//:ptth ta elbaliava ,7002 ,03 rebmevoN ,65 -SEA ,edarT larutlucirgA .S.U rof kooltuO ,ecivreS hcraeseR cimonocE .erutlucirgA fo tnemtrapeD .S.U :ecruoS 1.1 occaboT 8.3 .sdorP/yrtluoP 4.6 taehW 3.4 nottoC 8.9 sniarG deeF 1.01 stcudorP kcotseviL 7.31 stcudorP dna sdeesliO 9.71 stcudorP larutlucitroH )noilliB $( ytidommoC 7002YF ,seitidommoC rojaM fo stropxE larutlucirgA .S.U .4 elbaT 7002YF ,seitidommoC rojaM fo stropxE larutlucirgA .S.U . 4 erugiF ¢ 6.12 979,194,9 5.73 364,064,61 9.04 875,049,71 020,398,34 4991 1.12 774,380,9 6.43 627,988,41 3.44 055,480,91 357,750,34 3991 0.22 115,243,9 2.23 920,986,31 9.54 042,325,91 087,455,24 2991 7.22 470,885,8 6.03 646,475,11 7.64 784,107,71 702,468,73 1991 5.12 467,266,8 5.42 537,198,9 0.45 164,397,12 069,743,04 0991 latoT etaidemretnI latoT detneirO latoT kluB latoT raeY fo % fo % -remusnoC fo % )sdnasuoht $( stropxE tcudorP etaidemretnI dna ,ydaeR-remusnoC ,kluB ,latoT:7002YF-0991YF ,stropxE larutlucirgA .S.U .5 elbaT stropxE tcudorP etaidemretnI dna ,detneirO-remusnoC ,kluB :7002YF-0991YF ,stropxE larutlucirgA .S.U . 5 erugiF largely to increased exports of bulk commodities. and bulk exports for 40%. The growth in U.S. agricultural exports in FY2007 is due · In FY2007, high-value exports accounted for 60% of total U.S. agricultural exports exceeded the value of bulk agricultural exports. Since FY1991, the total of high-value (intermediate and consumer-ready) products has · Until 1990, bulk agricultural exports were the mainstay of U.S. farm export trade. products such as fresh fruits and vegetables. · Consumer-ready includes both processed products such as breakfast cereals and ¢ agricultural exports with forecast values of $3.5 billion and $3.1 billion, respectively. · Other Asian markets--South Korea and Taiwan--also are major markets for U.S. FY2008.) would occupy the fourth place as an overseas market for U.S. agricultural exports for export market with $7.8 billion. (China-Hong Kong combined--a forecast $9.1 billion-- FY2008, is followed closely by China, which has become the fifth largest U.S. farm · The EU-27, forecast to be the fourth largest U.S. export market with $8.9 billion in products for many years, is the third-largest export destination. · Japan ($10.8 billion), which was the number one U.S. destination for agricultural billion. U.S. agricultural exports to these two countries in FY2008 are forecast to exceed $28 (NAFTA), are the first- and second-largest markets for U.S. agricultural exports. Total · Canada and Mexico, both U.S. partners in the North American Free Trade Agreement ¡ ¢ .psa.mrf_ocib/ocib/wstpircs/vog.adsu.saf.www//:ptth ta elbaliava ,sesabatad ecivreS larutlucirgA ngieroF ,erutlucirgA fo tnemtrapeD .S.U morf delipmoc era elbat siht ni ataD :ecruoS 7.91 714,621,61 4.04 606,931,33 9.93 411,186,23 731,749,18 7002 8.91 172,906,31 8.24 784,363,92 4.73 209,916,52 956,295,86 6002 2.02 329,416,21 0.24 029,782,62 8.73 654,316,32 992,615,26 5002 5.91 459,241,21 4.73 769,163,32 1.34 119,309,62 138,804,26 4002 3.12 236,049,11 8.04 238,848,22 9.73 325,422,12 689,310,65 3002 2.32 140,093,21 9.04 200,708,12 9.53 572,221,91 813,913,35 2002 0.22 986,606,11 0.34 467,376,22 0.53 854,634,81 119,617,25 1002 9.02 472,216,01 5.24 835,865,12 6.63 559,085,81 767,167,05 0002 5.12 318,155,01 7.04 055,969,91 9.73 798,695,81 062,811,94 9991 4.22 430,910,21 6.83 276,617,02 0.93 759,529,02 366,166,35 8991 2.12 968,521,21 5.63 376,829,02 3.24 508,052,42 743,503,75 7991 1.81 659,638,01 7.33 264,761,02 1.84 532,187,82 356,587,95 6991 7.02 102,913,11 5.43 043,748,81 8.44 116,644,42 251,316,45 5991 latoT etaidemretnI latoT detneirO latoT kluB latoT raeY fo % fo % -remusnoC fo % ¢ tsaceroF=F :etoN .fdp.7002-03-11-SEA/SEA/tnerruc/adsu/ude.llenroc.bilnnam.adsu//:ptth ta elbaliava ,7002 ,03 rebmevoN ,65 -SEA ,edarT larutlucirgA .S.U rof kooltuO ,ecivreS hcraeseR cimonocE .erutlucirgA fo tnemtrapeD .S.U :ecruoS 3.1 1.1 9.0 gnoK gnoH 5.1 4.1 0.1 yekruT 3.1 1.1 9.0 aissuR 3.3 9.2 4.2 nawiaT 5.3 2.3 7.2 aeroK htuoS 8.7 0.7 6.6 anihC 9.8 1.8 2.7 72-UE 4.01 7.9 2.8 napaJ 7.31 3.21 4.01 ocixeM 7.41 2.31 6.11 adanaC F8002 7002 6002 yrtnuoC )noillib $( F8002YF-6002YF ,stropxE larutlucirgA .S.U rof stekraM yrtnuoC rojaM .6 elbaT F8002YF-6002YF ,stropxE .S.U rof stekraM yrtnuoC rojaM . 6 erugiF ¢ ¢ ¡ · Wheat: Although it has lost export market share over the last decade, the United States remains the major supplier of wheat and wheat products to the world market, with a forecast share of 30% in marketing year 2007/2008. Argentina, Canada, and the EU are major competitors in this market (see Figure 7 and Table 7). · Rice: Thailand (30% forecast for 2008) is the world's dominant rice exporter; but Vietnam (17%) has emerged as a major competitor. India's export market share in 2007 is forecast to be 11% (see Figure 8 and Table 8). · Corn: The United States dominates the world market for corn with a 2007 forecast export share of 67% (see Figure 9 and Table 9). · Soybeans: Brazil has overtaken the United States as the world's main supplier of soybeans with a 2008 forecast share of 41%. The U.S. share has declined from 73% in 1995/1996 to a forecast of 41% in 2007/2008, while over the same period, Brazil's share grew from 11% to 41%. (see Figure 10 and Table 10). · Cotton: U.S. cotton exports are estimated to be 39% of the world total in 2007/2008. Competitors include Uzbekistan (11%) and West/Central African countries (7%) (see Figure 11 and Table 11). F80/7002 ,stcudorP taehW dna taehW fo st ropxE dlroW fo serahS .7 erugiF .72-UE era tneserp ot 00/0991 dna 51-UE era atad 99/8991-69/5991 .a tsaceroF = F etamitsE = E .raey gnitekram enuJ-yluJ :setoN .xpsa.emoHdsp/enilnodsp/vog.adsu.saf.www//:ptth ,esabatad enilnO noitubirtsiD dna ylppuS ,noitcudorP ecivreS larutlucirgA ngieroF .erutlucirgA fo tnemtrapeD .S.U :ecruoS 3.22 9.12 0.42 5.91 5.81 1.13 dlroW fo tseR 4.03 8.12 2.42 3.52 2.13 3.12 setatS detinU 5.7 0.7 4.3 7.2 1.4 8.5 .peR ,natshkazaK 4.8 1.21 9.31 4.31 5.9 9.61 anoinU naeporuE 6.31 9.61 8.31 5.31 0.51 8.8 adanaC 5.7 8.9 4.31 0.41 6.41 2.01 ailartsuA 3.01 6.01 3.7 0.21 1.7 9.5 anitnegrA F80/7002 E70/6002 60/5002 50/4002 40/3002 30/2002 yrtnuoC 6.81 0.9 2.7 1.61 4.11 8.9 4.41 dlroW fo tseR 3.42 4.72 3.62 4.82 1.72 2.62 1.43 setatS detinU 7.3 9.3 8.5 3.2 4.3 2.2 3.4 .peR ,natshkazaK 8.11 3.51 2.81 3.41 6.31 1.71 3.31 anoinU naeporuE 5.51 0.71 3.71 1.41 4.02 4.71 2.71 adanaC 3.51 3.61 3.51 8.51 7.41 5.71 2.21 ailartsuA 8.01 1.11 9.9 0.9 4.9 7.9 5.4 anitnegrA 20/1002 10/0002 0002/9991 99/8991 89/7991 79/6991 69/5991 yrtnuoC )tnecrep( F80/7002-69/5991 ,stcudorP taehW dna taehW fo st ropxE dlroW fo serahS .7 elbaT ¢ 7.11 7.01 4.31 3.31 4.11 9.31 8.11 setatS detinU 2.03 5.23 5.52 1.52 3.73 4.72 0.62 dnaliahT 7.01 0.9 4.21 5.01 3.7 1.7 8.5 natsikaP 4.11 1.31 7.51 2.61 7.11 0.61 9.32 aidnI 4.5 5.4 2.4 3.2 2.3 4.9 0.7 anihC F80/7002 E70/6002 60/5002 50/4002 40/3002 30/2002 20/1002 yrtnuoC 1.91 7.51 7.41 2.41 0.71 1.61 1.71 dlroW fo tseR 4.41 8.41 4.81 7.31 6.71 4.51 1.11 manteiV 4.01 5.21 7.01 5.11 2.21 3.31 6.41 setatS detinU 8.03 8.82 9.62 0.32 7.72 8.62 6.82 dnaliahT 9.9 9.8 4.7 2.7 4.9 5.8 5.8 natsikaP 9.7 4.6 1.11 9.61 1.11 6.81 0.02 aidnI 6.7 0.31 9.01 5.31 0.5 3.1 2.0 anihC 10/0002 00/9991 99/8991 89/7991 79/6991 69/5991 59/4991 yrtnuoC )tnecrep( F80/7002-59/4991 , eciR fo st ropxE dlroW fo serahS .8 elbaT F80/7002 , eciR fo st ropxE dlroW fo serahS .8 erugiF ¢ 6.1 8.5 5.4 0.01 6.9 8.91 anihC 1.61 3.71 0.31 1.81 2.31 1.61 anitnegrA F80/7002 E70/6002 60/5002 50/4002 40/3002 30/2002 yrtnuoC 9.9 8.8 4.4 8.6 4.8 5.6 9.4 dlroW fo tseR 9.46 7.36 4.86 7.57 9.95 0.07 4.18 setatS detinU 6.1 9.1 2.1 2.1 7.1 4.2 7.2 .peR ,acirfA htuoS 8.11 6.9 7.31 9.4 8.9 8.5 2.0 anihC 8.11 1.61 3.21 4.11 2.02 3.51 7.01 anitnegrA 20/1002 10/0002 0002/9991 99/8991 89/7991 79/6991 69/5991 yrtnuoC )tnecrep( F80/7002-69/5991 ,nroC fo st ropxE dlroW fo serahS .9 elbaT F80/7002 ,nroC fo st ropxE dlroW fo serahS .9 erugiF tsaceroF = F etamitsE = E .raey gnitekram enuJ-yluJ :setoN .xpsa.emoHdsp/enilnodsp/vog.adsu.saf.www//:ptth ,esabatad enilnO noitubirtsiD dna ylppuS ,noitcudorP ecivreS larutlucirgA ngieroF .erutlucirgA fo tnemtrapeD .S.U :ecruoS 8.31 2.41 5.21 9.41 3.31 4.21 8.31 dlroW fo tseR 8.61 9.51 3.61 8.71 8.51 8.31 6.11 manteiV ¢ 3.1 2.1 9.1 2.2 2.2 3.2 5.2 dlroW fo tseR 7.45 3.05 2.85 2.75 0.06 6.56 0.37 setatS detinU 3.4 7.4 4.4 0.6 8.5 8.5 0.5 yaugaraP 9.0 4.1 1.2 3.2 9.1 3.1 9.1 adanaC 4.72 7.82 3.42 3.32 1.22 9.22 9.01 lizarB 3.11 8.31 0.9 9.8 0.8 1.2 6.6 anitnegrA 20/1002 10/0002 0002/9991 99/8991 89/7991 79/6991 69/5991 yrtnuoC )tnecrep( F80/7002-69/5991 ,snaebyoS fo st ropxE dlroW fo serahS .01 elbaT F80/7002 ,snaebyoS fo st ropxE dlroW fo serahS .01 erugiF tsaceroF = F etamitsE = E .raey gnitekram rebmetpeS-rebotcO :setoN .xpsa.emoHdsp/enilnodsp/vog.adsu.saf.www//:ptth ,esabatad enilnO noitubirtsiD dna ylppuS ,noitcudorP ecivreS larutlucirgA ngieroF .erutlucirgA fo tnemtrapeD .S.U :ecruoS 6.41 7.61 9.21 2.01 5.41 2.01 dlroW fo tseR 7.66 7.95 9.76 7.95 7.16 4.25 setatS detinU 9.0 5.0 7.1 0.2 0.1 5.1 .peR ,acirfA htuoS ¢ F80/7002 ,nottoC fo st ropxE dlroW fo serahS .11 erugiF tsaceroF = F etamitsE = E .raey gnitekraM :setoN .xpsa.emoHdsp/enilnodsp/vog.adsu.saf.www//:ptth ,esabatad enilnO noitubirtsiD dna ylppuS ,noitcudorP ecivreS larutlucirgA ngieroF .erutlucirgA fo tnemtrapeD .S.U :ecruoS 1.2 6.2 3.2 8.1 2.2 3.1 dlroW fo tseR 9.53 8.24 0.04 1.64 9.24 5.64 setatS detinU 7.5 8.5 9.3 5.4 9.4 6.4 yaugaraP 7.1 4.2 1.2 7.1 6.1 2.1 adanaC 7.04 0.33 5.04 1.13 3.63 1.23 lizarB 9.31 4.31 3.11 8.41 0.21 3.41 anitnegrA F80/7002 E70/6002 60/5002 50/4002 40/3002 30/2002 yrtnuoC ¢ ¢ F80/7002-69/5991 ,nottoC fo st ropxE dlroW fo serahS .11 elbaT )tnecrep( yrtnuoC 69/5991 79/6991 89/7991 99/8991 0002/9991 10/0002 20/1002 ailartsuA 3.5 9.8 1.01 9.21 8.11 9.41 8.01 aacirfA lartneC/tseW 2.01 3.21 5.31 3.51 7.31 4.21 2.21 setatS detinU 1.82 6.52 1.82 3.81 8.42 7.52 9.73 natsikebzU 5.61 0.71 1.71 2.61 4.51 1.31 0.21 dlroW fo tseR 8.93 3.63 0.13 3.73 2.43 9.33 1.72 yrtnuoC 30/2002 40/3002 50/4002 60/5002 E70/6002 F80/7002 ailartsuA 8.8 5.6 7.5 5.6 7.5 4.3 acirfA lartneC/tseW a 5.21 3.31 8.11 0.01 1.01 4.7 setatS detinU 2.93 4.14 2.14 4.93 6.43 2.93 natsikebzU 2.11 3.9 3.11 8.01 0.21 0.11 dlroW fo tseR 3.82 4.92 0.03 4.33 6.73 1.93 noitubirtsiD dna ylppuS ,noitcudorP ecivreS larutlucirgA ngieroF .erutlucirgA fo tnemtrapeD .S.U :ecruoS .xpsa.emoHdsp/enilnodsp/vog.adsu.saf.www//:ptth ,esabatad enilnO .raey gnitekraM :setoN etamitsE = E tsaceroF = F .ogoT dna lageneS ,regiN ,ilaM ,eriovI'd etoC ,dahC ,RAC ,nooremaC ,anikruB ,nineB sedulcnI .a ¢ · Beef: Brazil, with 33% (forecast) of world exports in 2008, has emerged as the world's largest supplier of beef to world markets. The U.S. share of world beef exports, 18% in 2003, has declined to a forecast 10% for 2008, due to continuing effects of mad cow disease on global beef trade and U.S. (See Figure 12 and Table 12). · Pork: The United States (28%) and the EU (22%) are forecast to be the world's largest exporters of pork in 2008 (Figure 13 and Table 13). · Poultry: Brazil is the world's leading supplier of poultry meat (41% forecast for 2008). The United States, with 34% of world exports, and the EU (9%) have lost market share to Brazil in recent years (Figure 14 and Table 14). · Dairy Products: In 2008, New Zealand (28%), the United States (25%), and Australia (15%) are forecast to be the leading suppliers of nonfat dry milk to world markets. The EU (46%) dominates the world market for cheese, while New Zealand (50%) is the world's largest exporter of butter. 3.71 3.91 1.02 9.91 3.12 7.91 8.12 ailartsuA 1.33 9.13 3.92 5.62 1.52 4.81 0.41 lizarB 7.9 6.8 3.7 5.4 3.3 1.81 7.71 setatS detinU 2.2 3.2 0.3 6.3 7.5 9.6 2.9 anoinU naeporuE 7.6 0.7 8.7 8.01 6.9 0.6 5.5 anitnegrA F8002 7002 6002 5002 4002 3002 2002 yrtnuoC 5.12 5.22 8.81 1.42 3.32 9.81 4.91 dlroW fo tseR 7.8 4.8 7.7 0.9 8.8 7.9 1.9 dnalaeZ weN 7.42 3.32 2.22 3.32 4.02 8.91 3.02 ailartsuA 2.31 6.8 1.8 6.5 0.4 3.4 2.4 lizarB 1.81 5.91 1.91 1.81 7.61 4.61 1.51 setatS detinU 8.01 5.11 8.71 3.41 8.81 3.12 0.22 anoinU naeporuE 0.3 2.6 3.6 6.5 9.7 6.9 8.9 anitnegrA 1002 0002 9991 8991 7991 6991 5991 yrtnuoC )tnecrep( F8002-5991 ,laeV dna feeB fo st ropxE dlroW fo serahS .21 elbaT F8002 ,laeV dna feeB fo st ropxE dlroW fo serahS .21 erugiF ¢ 2.22 9.51 8.34 1.32 4.62 7.02 1.61 dlroW fo tseR -- -- -- 1.0 4.2 9.31 1.61 nawiaT 6.6 4.4 8.2 0.7 0.7 9.4 4.4 fo cilbupeR s'elpoeP ,anihC 7.82 2.14 1.13 7.53 1.33 9.03 7.23 anoinU naeporuE 9.02 0.81 3.11 2.91 5.61 8.51 1.51 setatS detinU 5.12 4.02 8.01 9.41 6.41 8.31 5.51 adanaC 1002 0002 9991 8991 7991 6991 5991 yrtnuoC )tnecrep( F8002-4991 ,st ropxE kroP dlroW fo serahS .31 elbaT F8002 ,st ropxE kroP dlroW fo serahS .31 erugiF .72-UE era tneserp ot 9991 dna 51-UE era atad 8991-5991 .a tsaceroF = F yranimilerP = P :setoN .xpsa.emoHdsp/enilnodsp/vog.adsu.saf.www//:ptth ,esabatad enilnO noitubirtsiD dna ylppuS ,noitcudorP ecivreS larutlucirgA ngieroF .erutlucirgA fo tnemtrapeD .S.U :ecruoS 4.42 0.42 0.52 4.62 8.52 2.22 0.42 dlroW fo tseR 6.6 9.6 5.7 3.8 3.9 7.8 7.7 dnalaeZ weN ¢ F8002 ,stropxE taeM y rtluoP dlroW fo serahS .41 erugiF .72-UE era tneserp ot 9991 dna 51-UE era atad 8991-5991 .a %1.0 naht sseL = -- tsaceroF = F yranimilerP = P :setoN .xpsa.emoHdsp/enilnodsp/vog.adsu.saf.www//:ptth ,esabatad enilnO noitubirtsiD dna ylppuS ,noitcudorP ecivreS larutlucirgA ngieroF .erutlucirgA fo tnemtrapeD .S.U :ecruoS 5.12 0.02 7.71 4.02 1.91 0.12 7.52 dlroW fo tseR -- -- -- -- -- -- -- nawiaT 7.8 5.8 3.11 8.01 4.11 5.9 9.7 fo cilbupeR s'elpoeP ,anihC 9.12 6.42 4.42 9.22 7.72 3.72 5.52 anoinU naeporuE 0.82 6.62 9.52 2.42 1.12 7.81 8.81 setatS detinU 9.91 2.02 6.02 7.12 7.02 4.32 2.22 adanaC F8002 7002 6002 5002 4002 3002 2002 yrtnuoC ¢ .72-UE era tneserp ot 9991 dna 51-UE era atad 8991-7991 .a tsaceroF =F yranimilerP =P elbaliavA toN =AN :setoN .xpsa.emoHdsp/enilnodsp/vog.adsu.saf.www//:ptth ,esabatad enilnO noitubirtsiD dna ylppuS ,noitcudorP ecivreS larutlucirgA ngieroF .erutlucirgA fo tnemtrapeD .S.U :ecruoS 2.01 3.01 6.8 9.8 2.7 9.11 5.42 dlroW fo tseR 2.5 9.4 0.5 9.4 0.4 5.6 7.6 )CRP( anihC 4.9 8.9 7.01 3.01 2.21 1.21 6.11 anoinU naeporuE 4.14 5.04 9.83 7.04 4.04 0.23 0.42 lizarB 7.33 4.63 7.63 1.53 3.63 5.73 2.33 setatS detinU F8002 7002 6002 5002 4002 3002 2002 yrtnuoC 9.12 5.22 6.32 1.21 4.9 8.93 5.24 dlroW fo tseR 8.7 4.8 2.7 7.7 2.8 6.6 2.6 )CRP( anihC 3.01 1.31 9.41 1.91 0.81 AN AN anoinU naeporuE 6.91 7.51 2.41 9.31 3.51 7.11 0.01 lizarB 3.04 3.04 1.04 1.74 2.94 9.14 3.14 setatS detinU 1002 0002 9991 8991 7991 6991 5991 yrtnuoC )tnecrep( F8002-4991 ,st ropxE taeM y rtluoP lato dlroW fo serahS .41 elba T T ¢ .xpsa.emoHdsp/enilnodsp/vog.adsu.saf.www//:ptth ,esabatad enilnO noitubirtsiD dna ylppuS ,noitcudorP ecivreS larutlucirgA ngieroF .erutlucirgA fo tnemtrapeD .S.U :ecruoS 8.61 0.32 9.42 1.03 5.92 3.23 0.03 dlroW fo tseR 3.82 9.62 3.22 5.81 2.12 8.02 0.91 dnalaeZ weN 2.51 4.41 3.71 8.11 0.31 8.21 7.71 ailartsuA 1.41 0.41 1.8 9.51 2.91 3.22 0.02 anoinU naeporuE 9.42 0.12 3.62 2.32 0.61 3.9 6.9 setatS detinU 7.0 7.0 2.1 5.0 1.1 4.2 7.3 adanaC F8002 7002 6002 5002 4002 3002 2002 yrtnuoC 1.33 7.63 0.92 4.12 0.81 8.07 4.76 dlroW fo tseR 7.51 5.01 6.31 8.12 8.02 5.11 7.9 dnalaeZ weN 5.71 2.51 9.51 1.22 8.91 8.21 9.01 ailartsuA 3.22 1.72 5.42 4.91 3.72 AN AN anoinU naeporuE 7.7 5.8 4.41 5.11 3.11 4.2 5.9 setatS detinU 7.3 9.1 7.2 8.3 9.2 5.2 5.2 adanaC 1002 0002 9991 8991 7991 6991 5991 yrtnuoC )tnecrep( F8002-5991 ,st ropxE kliM y rD tafnoN dlroW fo serahS .51 elbaT F8002 ,st ropxE kliM y rD tafnoN dlroW fo serahS .51 erugiF ¢ 9.12 1.61 1.51 2.51 4.61 9.61 7.61 bdnalaeZ weN 6.54 3.13 7.13 7.82 7.92 3.13 3.03 anoinU naeporuE F8002 7002 6002 5002 4002 3002 2002 yrtnuoC 5.13 8.13 3.0 2.2 0.2 6.68 2.68 8.78 dlroW fo tseR 2.1 2.1 7.2 0.3 4.2 6.0 6.0 3.0 adanaC 1.1 4.1 2.2 9.1 0.2 4.0 5.0 6.0 anitnegrA 4.3 0.3 1.4 1.4 0.4 2.1 1.1 1.1 setatS detinU 0.2 8.0 7.0 4.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 eniarkU 9.31 4.41 7.81 6.61 3.31 3.4 5.4 1.4 cailartsuA 0.61 3.61 1.62 6.52 0.52 7.6 9.6 9.5 bdnalaeZ weN 8.03 1.13 2.54 2.64 0.15 AN AN AN a noinU naeporuE 1002 0002 9991 8991 7991 6991 5991 4991 yrtnuoC )tnecrep( F8002-4991 ,st ropxE eseehC dlroW fo serahS .61 elbaT F8002 ,st ropxE eseehC dlroW fo serahS .61 erugiF .72-UE era tneserp ot 9991 dna 51-UE era atad 8991-7991 .a tsaceroF =F yranimilerP =P elbaliavA toN =AN :setoN ¢ F8002 ,st ropxE rettuB dlroW fo serahS .71 erugiF .nwohs raey eht fo 03 enuJ gnidne raeY .c .nwohs raey eht fo 13 yaM gnidne raeY .b .72-UE era tneserp ot 9991 dna 51-UE era atad 8991-7991 .a tsaceroF =F yranimilerP =P elbaliavA toN =AN :setoN .xpsa.emoHdsp/enilnodsp/vog.adsu.saf.www//:ptth ,esabatad enilnO noitubirtsiD dna ylppuS ,noitcudorP ecivreS larutlucirgA ngieroF .erutlucirgA fo tnemtrapeD .S.U :ecruoS 6.1 3.03 9.92 1.92 8.03 2.13 8.13 dlroW fo tseR 6.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 6.0 6.0 0.1 adanaC 9.3 4.2 3.3 6.2 8.1 3.1 6.1 anitnegrA 2.7 0.5 4.5 1.4 5.3 0.3 3.3 setatS detinU 0.5 4.3 8.2 7.6 3.5 5.3 2.2 eniarkU 2.41 1.11 4.11 1.31 0.21 0.21 1.31 cailartsuA ¢ forecast for 2007/08). · Sugar exports from the United States, a sugar importer, are negligible (only 0.4% sugar. · Australia, with 7% of global sugar exports, is the world's second-largest exporter of 41% for 2007/2008. · Brazil dominates the world market for sugar with an export market share forecast at .nwohs raey eht fo 03 enuJ gnidne raeY .c .72-UE era tneserp ot 9991 dna 51-UE era atad 8991-7991 .b .nwohs raey eht fo 13 yaM gnidne raeY .a tsaceroF =F yranimilerP =P elbaliavA toN =AN :setoN .xpsa.emoHdsp/enilnodsp/vog.adsu.saf.www//:ptth ,esabatad enilnO noitubirtsiD dna ylppuS ,noitcudorP ecivreS larutlucirgA ngieroF .erutlucirgA fo tnemtrapeD .S.U :ecruoS 2.2 7.52 4.62 5.13 8.82 6.62 0.42 dlroW fo tseR 1.5 3.3 1.1 8.0 7.0 0.1 3.0 setatS detinU 0.2 5.1 8.1 8.1 4.1 0.1 7.1 adanaC 8.0 7.0 3.1 1.2 3.3 5.1 5.1 eniarkU 0.9 4.7 2.8 2.6 0.6 3.9 8.21 cailartsuA 7.03 2.42 7.42 9.92 1.82 0.72 5.32 b noinU naeporuE 3.05 2.73 5.63 8.72 8.13 6.33 1.63 adnalaeZ weN F8002 7002 6002 5002 4002 3002 2002 yrtnuoC 6.12 5.12 5.42 2.2 0.2 1.16 5.26 7.36 dlroW fo tseR 0.0 4.0 2.0 5.0 4.2 7.1 2.5 1.7 setatS detinU 7.1 1.1 3.1 9.1 6.1 1.1 5.0 2.0 adanaC 6.5 4.3 0.1 6.1 9.7 4.8 6.5 7.1 eniarkU 9.21 2.51 3.41 7.61 8.41 6.6 9.6 1.7 cailartsuA 7.12 4.12 5.42 8.62 2.92 AN AN AN b noinU naeporuE 4.63 0.73 1.43 2.05 1.24 0.12 3.91 2.02 adnalaeZ weN 1002 0002 9991 8991 7991 6991 5991 4991 yrtnuoC )tnecrep( F8002-4991 ,st ropxE rettuB dlroW fo serahS .71 elbaT ¢ 7.2 8.2 8.61 8.21 5.01 9.11 bnoinU naeporuE 5.04 9.14 4.43 4.83 7.23 7.92 lizarB 4.5 8.5 0.5 8.5 3.5 0.5 aATFAC-RD 0.2 3.2 6.2 5.2 2.5 8.4 naebbiraC latoT 9.0 3.0 7.1 3.0 0.0 1.0 ocixeM 4.0 8.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 3.0 setatS detinU F80/7002 P70/6002 60/5002 50/4002 40/3002 30/2002 yrtnuoC 8.73 0.93 6.23 0.53 4.43 0.83 8.73 dlroW fo tseR 5.8 0.8 9.9 8.01 1.21 2.21 0.21 ailartsuA 3.11 2.71 7.41 2.41 9.61 0.41 1.31 bnoinU naeporuE 4.72 1.02 1.72 2.32 1.91 5.51 4.61 lizarB 3.5 0.6 2.5 2.5 3.6 7.5 2.5 aATFAC-RD 4.8 0.9 5.9 7.9 0.8 5.11 8.21 naebbiraC latoT 0.1 4.0 8.0 4.1 9.2 6.2 8.1 ocixeM 3.0 3.0 3.0 6.0 4.0 5.0 9.0 setatS detinU 20/1002 10/0002 0002/9991 99/8991 89/7991 79/6991 69/5991 yrtnuoC )tnecrep( F80/7002-69/5991 ,st ropxE raguS lagufirtneC dlroW fo serahS .81 elbaT F80/7002 ,st ropxE raguS lagufirtneC dlroW fo serahS .81 erugiF ¢ Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Economic Research Service. $ Billions 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1.5 Nursery and cut flowers 2.4 Livestock and Products 2.4 Essential Oils 2.6 Sugar and Products 2 Dairy Products 2.7 Cocoa and Products 3.7 Coffee and Products 4 Oilseeds and Products 4.6 Red Meats 6 Grains and Feeds 7.3 Vegetables & Preps. 8.2 Wine & Malt Beverage 9.9 Fruits, Nuts & Preps. 7002YF ,ytidommoC yb stropmI larutlucirgA rojaM . 91 erugiF in FY2006. · Imports of tropical products such as coffee, cocoa, and sugar amounted to $8.4 billion billion), and oilseeds and products ($4.0 billion). · Other high-value imports include grains and feeds ($6.0 billion), red meats ($4.6 $25 billion--in FY2007. and flowers, and others) are the largest category of U.S. agricultural imports--more than · High-value horticultural products (fruits, vegetables, nuts, wine, beer, nursery stock .72-UE era tneserp ot 70/6002 dna ,52-UE era 60/5002 -50/4002 ,51-UE era atad 40/3002-69/5991 .aciremA lartneC dna cilbupeR nacinimoD sedulcni ATFAC-RD .b .stcudorp gniniatnoc-ragus edulcni stropxe UE .seirtnuoc net fo noissecca yb tnemegralne UE eht stcelfer atad eht ,50/4002 gninnigeB .edart artni edulcnI ton seod atad edart UE .euqinitraM dna ,epuoledauG ,noinueR fo stnemtraped saesrevo hcnerF sedulcnI UE ehT .a tsaceroF =F yranimilerP =P :setoN .xpsa.emoHdsp/enilnodsp/vog.adsu.saf.www//:ptth ,esabatad enilnO noitubirtsiD dna ylppuS ,noitcudorP ecivreS larutlucirgA ngieroF .erutlucirgA fo tnemtrapeD .S.U :ecruoS 9.04 5.83 7.03 2.03 8.63 4.93 dlroW fo tseR 2.7 7.7 5.8 5.9 9.8 7.8 ailartsuA ¢ Agricultural imports from Brazil also are expected to reach $2.7 billion in FY2007. · agreement (FTA) in 2005, is forecast to be the fourth-largest supplier in FY2008. · Australia (at $2.7 billion), with whom the United States entered a free trade imports in FY2008. ($10.3 billion) are forecast to be the source of more than 55% of total U.S. agricultural · The EU-27 ($15.7 billion) and NAFTA partners Canada ($15.7 billion) and Mexico ¢ ¢ .fdp.7002-03-11-SEA/SEA/tnerruc/adsu/ude.llenroc.bilnnam.adsu//:ptth ta elbaliava ,7002 ,03 rebmevoN ,65 -SEA ,edarT larutlucirgA .S.U rof kooltuO ,ecivreS hcraeseR cimonocE .erutlucirgA fo tnemtrapeD .S.U :ecruoS 5.1 srewolf tuc dna yresruN 4.2 stcudorP dna kcotseviL 4.2 sliO laitnessE 6.2 stcudorP dna aocoC 0.2 stcudorP dna raguS 7.2 stcudorP yriaD 7.3 stcudorP dna eeffoC 0.4 stcudorP dna sdeesliO 6.4 staeM deR 0.6 sdeeF dna sniarG 3.7 .sperP & selbategeV 2.8 egareveB tlaM & eniW 9.9 .sperP & stuN ,stiurF stropmI 7002YF ytidommoC )snoillib $( 7002YF ,stropmI larutlucirgA .S.U rojaM . 91 elbaT ¢ U.S. agricultural exports to the region. · Economic growth in Asia has contributed to relatively consistent long-term growth in ¡ tsaceroF =F :setoN .fdp.7002-03-11-SEA/SEA/tnerruc/adsu/ude.llenroc.bilnnam.adsu//:ptth ta elbaliava ,7002 ,03 rebmevoN ,65 -SEA ,edarT larutlucirgA .S.U rof kooltuO ,ecivreS hcraeseR cimonocE .erutlucirgA fo tnemtrapeD .S.U :ecruoS 3.2 9.1 0.2 aisenodnI 6.1 5.1 5.1 aibmoloC 7.1 7.1 7.1 dnalaeZ weN 7.2 5.2 2.2 lizarB 7.2 6.2 4.2 ailartsuA 3.01 9.9 3.9 ocixeM 7.51 7.41 2.31 adanaC 7.51 0.51 1.41 noinU naeporuE F8002YF 7002YF 6002YF yrtnuoC )noillib $( F8002YF-6002YF ,nigirO fo yrtnuoC yb stropmI larutlucirgA .S.U .02 elbaT F = Forecast Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Economic Research Service . 2006 2007 2008F $ Billions 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1.5 1.5 Colombia 1.6 1.7 1.7 New Zealand 1.7 2 1.9 Indonesia 2.3 2.2 2.5 Brazil 2.7 2.4 2.6 Australia 2.7 9.3 9.9 Mexico 10.3 13.2 14.7 Canada 15.7 14.1 15 European Union 15.7 F8002YF-6002YF ,nigirO fo yrtnuoC yb stropmI larutlucirgA .S.U . 02 erugiF ¢ ¢ · Despite some year-to-year variation, the EU, the United States' fifth-largest export market, has been a relatively stable market for U.S. agricultural exports. · Agricultural exports to countries in the former Soviet Union have declined in value since the 1992 break-up of the USSR. · Agricultural exports to Latin America, including Mexico, and to Canada have grown rapidly since the early 1990s because of geographic proximity, NAFTA, and other factors. 12 erugiF F8002YF-2991YF ,stropxE larutlucirgA .S.U ni htworG . F8002YF-2991YF ,stekraM detceleS ot stropxE larutlucirgA .S.U ni egnahC .12 elbaT )noillib $( naeporuE nitaL remroF raeY aisA noinU aciremA a teivoS adanaC noinU 2991 8.71 2.7 5.6 7.2 8.4 3991 8.71 2.7 9.6 6.1 2.5 4991 9.91 6.6 4.7 5.1 3.5 5991 0.42 4.8 2.8 1.2 8.5 6991 0.62 2.9 9.9 7.1 0.6 7991 9.32 0.9 0.01 9.2 6.6 8991 7.91 5.8 3.11 6.2 0.7 Agricultural exports to South Asia have shown slow but steady growth since 1992. · agricultural exports since 1992. · Rapid income growth in Southeast Asia also has stimulated demand for U.S. a member of the World Trade Organization. China are forecast to be more than four times their value in FY2001, when China became have grown rapidly since the early 1990s (15.2%). In FY2008 U.S. agricultural exports to · U.S. agricultural exports to China, fueled by rates of GDP growth in excess of 9%, agricultural exports. · Like the EU, Japan also has been a relatively stable export market for U.S. ¡ .rotaluclac htworg fo etar dnuopmoc a gnisu SRC yb edam erew snoitaluclaC .F8002 ot 2991 morf stropxe .S.U ni egnahc eht si htworg fo etar ehT .b .ocixeM gnidulcnI .a tsaceroF =F :setoN .fdp.7002-03-11-SEA/SEA/tnerruc/adsu/ude.llenroc.bilnnam.adsu//:ptth ta elbaliava ,7002 ,03 rebmevoN ,65 -SEA ,edarT larutlucirgA .S.U rof kooltuO ,ecivreS hcraeseR cimonocE .erutlucirgA fo tnemtrapeD .S .U :ecruoS %18.6 %12.4- %55.7 %52.1 %55.3 bhtworG fo etaR 7.41 3.1 4.22 9.8 2.23 F8002 2.31 1.1 9.91 1.8 3.92 7002 6.11 9.0 5.61 2.7 9.42 6002 4.01 9.0 4.41 2.7 5.22 5002 6.9 7.0 6.31 0.7 3.42 4002 1.9 7.0 4.21 3.6 7.12 3002 6.8 9.0 5.11 5.6 5.91 2002 0.8 8.1 6.11 5.6 1.02 1002 5.7 6.1 6.01 4.6 7.91 0002 0.7 4.1 4.01 0.7 5.81 9991 noinU adanaC teivoS a aciremA noinU aisA raeY remroF nitaL naeporuE ¢ 6.6 7.0 4.3 2.8 6002 3.5 7.0 4.3 8.7 5002 1.6 7.0 1.3 5.8 4002 5.3 6.0 9.2 8.8 3002 8.1 8.0 9.2 3.8 2002 9.1 6.0 9.2 9.8 1002 5.1 4.0 6.2 4.9 0002 0.1 5.0 2.2 9.8 9991 5.1 6.0 3.2 5.9 8991 8.1 7.0 1.3 7.01 7991 8.1 7.0 4.3 9.11 6991 4.2 0.1 6.2 5.01 5991 9.0 6.0 8.1 2.9 4991 3.0 6.0 6.1 5.8 3991 7.0 5.0 5.1 4.8 2991 anihC aisA htuoS aisA napaJ raeY tsaehtuoS )noillib $( F8002YF-2991YF ,stekraM naisA ot stropxE larutlucirgA .S.U ni egnahC .22 elbaT 22 erugiF F8002YF-2991YF ,stekraM naisA ot stropxE larutlucirgA ni htworG . ¢ F8002YF -2991YF ,aciremA htuoS dna htroN ot stropxE larutlucirgA eht ni htworG . 32 erugiF $8.7 billion in FY2008. · U.S. agricultural exports to Latin America (excluding Mexico) are expected to reach U.S. agricultural exports to Mexico are expected to be $13.7 billion in FY2007. · U.S. agricultural exports to Canada are forecast to reach $14.7 billion in FY2007. · partners, and with Latin America has been particularly strong since 1992. · Growth in U.S. agricultural trade with Canada and Mexico, both NAFTA trading ¡ .rotaluclac htworg fo etar dnuopmoc a gnisu SRC yb edam erew snoitaluclaC .F8002 ot 2991 morf stropxe .S.U ni egnahc eht si htworg fo etar ehT .a tsaceroF = F :setoN .fdp.7002-03-11-SEA/SEA/tnerruc/adsu/ude.llenroc.bilnnam.adsu//:ptth ta elbaliava ,7002 ,03 rebmevoN ,65 -SEA ,edarT larutlucirgA .S.U rof kooltuO ,ecivreS hcraeseR cimonocE .erutlucirgA fo tnemtrapeD .S.U :ecruoS %42.51 %57.4 %80.7 %62.1 ahtworG fo etaR 8.7 1.1 8.4 4.01 F8002 1.7 0.1 3.4 7.9 7002 anihC aisA htuoS aisA napaJ raeY tsaehtuoS ¢ Agricultural policies in OECD Countries Monitoring and Evaluation, Paris, OECD, 2007. 1 (subsidizes) agricultural producers. · PSEs are an indication of the extent to which government policy supports The percentage PSE measures support in relation to the total value of production. measure of support than direct government subsidies alone (which are discussed below). in the form of market price support, direct payments, or other support. They are a broader generated by agricultural policy. Transfers are paid either by consumers or by taxpayers · PSEs measure assistance to producers in terms of the value of monetary transfers .rotaluclac htworg fo etar dnuopmoc a gnisu SRC yb edam erew snoitaluclaC .F8002 ot 2991 morf stropxe .S.U ni egnahc eht si htworg fo etar ehT .a tsaceroF = F :setoN .fdp.7002-03-11-SEA/SEA/tnerruc/adsu/ude.llenroc.bilnnam.adsu//:ptth ta elbaliava ,7002 ,03 rebmevoN ,65 -SEA ,edarT larutlucirgA .S.U rof kooltuO ,ecivreS hcraeseR cimonocE .erutlucirgA fo tnemtrapeD .S.U :ecruoS %53.7 %00.8 %18.6 %09.6 ahtworG fo etaR 4.82 7.31 7.41 7.8 F8002 5.52 3.21 2.31 6.7 7002 0.22 4.01 6.11 1.6 6002 7.91 3.9 4.01 2.5 5002 0.81 4.8 6.9 2.5 4002 7.61 6.7 1.9 8.4 3002 7.51 1.7 6.8 5.4 2002 3.51 3.7 0.8 3.4 1002 8.31 3.6 5.7 3.4 0002 7.21 7.5 0.7 7.4 9991 0.31 0.6 0.7 3.5 8991 7.11 1.5 6.6 9.4 7991 7.11 1.5 6.6 9.4 6991 5.9 7.3 8.5 5.4 5991 4.9 1.4 3.5 2.3 4991 9.8 7.3 2.5 3.3 3991 5.8 7.3 8.4 8.2 2991 ATFAN ocixeM adanaC ocixeM .xe raeY aciremA nitaL )noillib $( F8002YF -2991YF ,aciremA htuoS dna htroN ot stropxE larutlucirgA ni egnahC . 32 elbaT ¢ lanoisivorP = P :etoN .7002 ,noitaulavE dna gnirotinoM :seirtnuoC DCEO ni seiciloP larutlucirgA ,)DCEO( tnempoleveD dna noitarepo-oC cimonocE rof noitazinagrO :ecruoS 11 61 61 41 22 .S.U 36 36 36 36 07 aeroK 35 55 65 55 46 napaJ 23 33 63 43 14 UE 6 4 4 4 8 ailartsuA p6002 5002 4002 6002-4002 88-6891 yrtnuoC )tnecrep( seirtnuoC DCEO detceleS ni )sESP( setamitsE troppuS recudorP .42 elbaT seirtnuoC DCEO detceleS ni )sESP( setamitsE troppuS recudorP . 42 erugiF The EU's PSE (32%) is almost three times that of the United States' (11%). · among the lowest, while Korea at 63% and Japan at 53% are among the highest. · PSEs vary considerably among OECD countries. Australia, with 6% in 2006, is ¢ ¢ · The PSE for all agricultural products in the EU declined from 41% in 1986-88 to32% in 2006. · The PSE for all agricultural products in the United States declined from 22% in 1986- 88 to 11% in 2006. · EU policy changes to greater income support and away from commodity support have reduced the level of subsidies to wheat, corn, and oilseeds (soybeans). Products still heavily subsidized in the EU are rice, sugar, milk, and beef and veal. · In the United States, high commodity prices more than policy changes have reduced the level of individual commodity support for grains. Milk and sugar, however, are still highly subsidized. (OECD does not calculate PSEs for non-food crops, such as cotton, which also is heavily subsidized in the United States). 52 erugiF detinU eht ni seitidommoC detceleS :)sESP( setamitsE troppuS recudorP . setatS 60 000000000000000 00000000000000 000000000000000 00000 50 000000000000000 00000000000000 00000000000000000000 00000000000000 000000000000000000 000000000000000000 000000000000000 00000000000000 00000000000000 40 000000000 000000000000000 00000000000000 00000000000000 00000000000000 000000000000000 00000000000000 00000000000000 00000000000000 30 00000000000000000000 000000000000000000 00000000000000 00000000000000 000000000000000000 0000000000 00000000000000 000000000 00000000000000 000000000000000 00000000000000 00000000000000 00000000000000 00000000000000 20 000000000000000 00000000000000 00000000000000 00000000000000 00000000000000 00000 00000000000000 00000000000000 00000000000000000000 000000000 00000000000000 00000000000000 000000000 00000000000000 00000000000000 10 000000000000000 00000000000000 00000000000000 00000000000000 00000000000000 000000000000000 00000000000000 00000000000000 000000000 00000000000000 00000 00000 0 -10 1986-88 2004-2006 2004 2005 2006P Wheat 00000000000000000000 Corn Rice Soybeans 0000000000000 Sugar Milk Beef and Veal Source: OECD 2007 P = Provisional 2 PSEs for individual commodities are from Agricultural Policies in OECD Countries: Monitoring and Evaluation, Paris, OECD, 2007. OECD will produce commodity-specific PSEs in 2007. noinU naeporuE eht ni )sESP( etamitsE troppuS recudorP .62 erugiF lanoisivorP = P :etoN .noitide 7002 ,noitaulavE dna gnirotinoM :seirtnuoC DCEO ni seiciloP larutlucirgA ,)DCEO( tnempoleveD dna noitarepooC cimonocE rof noitazinagrO :ecruoS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 laeV dna feeB 8.21 2.91 6.72 9.91 1.63 kliM 2.62 4.44 2.45 6.14 9.55 raguS 5.0- 6.0- 8.2 6.0 7.1 snaebyoS 0.1 5.7 4.7 3.5 05 eciR 7.0 6.71 8.01 7.9 8.43 nroC 0.8 8.1 6.4 8.4 74 taehW P6002 5002 4002 6002-4002 )egarevA( stcudorP 88-6891 )tnecrep( ytidommoC yb setatS detinU eht ni )ESP( setamitsE troppuS recudorP . 52 elbaT ¢ ¢ 62 elbaT noinU naeporuE eht ni )sESP( setamitsE troppuS recudorP . )tnecrep( stcudorP 88-6891 6002-4002 4002 5002 P6002 )egarevA( taehW 7.94 0.4 3.6 5.4 1.1 nroC 0.15 8.11 3.71 0.51 0.3 eciR 9.85 3.33 2.04 5.63 2.32 snaebyoS 9.06 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.1 raguS 4.16 9.15 4.46 8.35 5.73 kliM 8.96 8.72 9.53 5.32 8.32 laeV dna feeB 9.25 7.75 7.66 7.75 8.84 DCEO ni seiciloP larutlucirgA ,)DCEO( tnempoleveD dna noitarepooC cimonocE rof noitazinagrO :ecruoS .noitide 7002 ,noitaulavE dna gnirotinoM :seirtnuoC lanoisivorP = P :etoN ¡ ¢ ¢ · The governments of both the United States and the European Union provide income support to farmers and subsidize agricultural exports. At current exchange rates, the EU sends about five times as much as the United States in support of agriculture. · In the United States, domestic support and export subsidies are concentrated on wheat, rice, feed grains, and cotton. Domestic support in the United States has declined in recent years as prices for supported agricultural commodities have increased. · The European Union provides domestic support and export subsidies to a broader range of products including grains, sugar, oils and fats, dairy products, meat, poultry and eggs, and fruits and vegetables. · EU support remains large, but the nature of its support has changed. In 2007, the EU estimates that 55% of its support will be provided as decoupled (not linked to production) direct aid to farmers. An additional 22% of EU aid will go to promote rural development in the countryside. 72 elbaT E7002-5002 ,troppuS larutlucirgA no gnidnepS tnemnrevoG UE dna .S.U . )noillib $( noinU naeporuE 5002 6002 E7002 aseidisbuS tropxE 907.3 673.3 188.1 troppuS citsemoD b 113.06 651.66 460.96 latoT 020.46 235.96 549.07 setatS detinU 5002 6002 E7002 cseidisbuS tropxE )-( )-( 722.0 troppuS citsemoD d 781.02 112.02 855.31 .llib mraf 2002 eht rednu stnemyap tcartnoC ssoL emocnI kliM hguorht troppus lacilcyc -retnuoc fo mrof a eviecer osla sremraf yriaD .llib mraf .secitcarp "gnimraf 2002 eht ni dedulcni saw srecudorp deeslio dna ,nottoc doog" dna latnemnorivne detaremune gnivresbo 'sremraf ,niarg rof margorp troppus emocni lacilcyc-retnuoc A no denoitidnoc si PFS eht rof ytilibigilE .noitcudorp morf delpuoced si dna eno otni stnemyap tcerid .atouq tropmi suoiverp eht spuorg yllareneg hcihw )PFS( tnemyaP mraF ffirat a hguorht ylppus gnillortnoc yb ecirp muminim elgniS delpuoced a eviecer sremraf UE ,5002 ni gninnigeB deretsinimda na evoba detroppus si ragus fo ecirp ehT .stnemyap tcerid ni sesaercni .secirp deretsinimda yb detroppus ton era stcudorp yb detasnepmoc yllaitrap ylno eb lliw dna secirp taem kcotsevil rehtO .satouq tropmi dna ,sffirat ,stcudorp yriad dna niarg decuder rehtruf smrofer 0002 adnegA fo trap fo esahcrup CCC ,klim rof ecirp muminim deretsinimda ,snoitcuder ecirp rehtruF .ytisned gnikcots no snoitatimil na yb detroppus era stcudorp yriad dna klim fo secirP ot tcejbus era yeht feeb rof dna srebmun ecnerefer dexif no desab erew stnemyap tcerid ,stcudorp kcotsevil roF .sretsasid larutan dna secirp ytidommoc gninilced fo stceffe .stnemyap aera no desab eht retnuoc ot 1002 dna ,0002 ,9991 ,8991 ni sremraf si troppus sdeesliO .tnemeriuqer edisa-tes dnal a htiw .S.U ot dedivorp saw ecnatsissa ycnegreme laitnatsbuS noitcnujnoc ni detarepo dna sdleiy dna saera lacirotsih no desab erew stnemyap tcerid ,sporc detroppus roF .stnemyap ycneicifed naol dna snaol ecnatsissa gnitekram esruocernon dna stnemyap .stnemyap tcerid yb troppus ecirp tekram rof noitutitsbus tcartnoc rof elbigile era osla sdeeslio rehto dna snaebyos emos neeb sah ereht ,)PAC( yciloP larutlucirgA nommoC fo srecudorP .stnemyap ycneicifed naol dna snaol eht fo mrofer 2991 yaM eht fo trap sa ,no 4991/3991 ecnatsissa gnitekram esruocernon rof yfilauq stcartnoc fo morF .seilppa troppus ecirp eht hcihw ot noitcudorp sredloH .devresbo eb tsum selur noitavresnoc dna ylppa fo emulov eht timil ot serusaem htiw rehtegot detarepo snoitcirtser gnitnalp wef A .sdleiy dna egaerca dehsilbatse neeb evah seicilop eseht ,seitidommoc ynam roF .secirp no desab era stnemyaP .7002 litnu stnemyap launna dexif lanoitutitsni hguorht dedivorp troppus ecirp tekram no ot meht gniltitne stnemyap tcerid rof elbigile era sdeeslio yliramirp desab neeb sah troppus larutlucirga ,yllacirotsiH dna ,ecir ,nottoc dnalpu ,sniarg deef ,taehw fo srecudorP troppuS citsemoD noinU naeporuE setatS detinU noinU naeporuE eht dna setatS detinU eht ni seiciloP edarT dna larutlucirgA .82 elbaT .dedulcni si gnidneps noitavresnoc rehto dna margorP evreseR noitavresnoC .dedulcni era ecnarusni porc fo stsoc teN .syaltuo tropxe CCC sunim ,sesnepxe gnitarepo dna stnemyap tseretni gnidulcni ,syaltuo CCC ten sedulcni troppus citsemod .S.U .d .)sdnuf fo syaltuo ssorg revo stpiecer rehto ro stnemyaper fo ssecxe( tpiecer ten a setacidni )-( suniM .dedulcxe si dia doof ngieroF .margorP selpmaS ytilauQ dna ,margorP evitarepooC tnempoleveD tekraM ngieroF ,stekraM gnigremE ot ecnatsissA lacinhceT ,margorP sseccA tekraM ,smargorP eetnarauG tiderC tropxE ,margorP evitnecnI tropxE yriaD ,margorP tnemecnahnE tropxE eht rof noitaroproC tiderC ytinummoC eht fo syaltuo ten edulcni seidisbus tropxe .S.U .c .noitaicerped kcots dna ,stnuoma yrotasnepmoc yratenom ,troppus emocni dna edisa-tes ,seidisbus gnissecorp dna noitcudorp ,serusaem troppus ecirp rehto dna gnisahcrup noitnevretni rof serutidnepxe sedulcni troppus citsemod UE .b .dia doof ngierof edulcxe tub ,sdnufer tropxe edulcni seidisbus tropxe UE .a etamitsE = E :setoN .SRC yb detaluclac snoisrevnoc ycnerruC .mth.xedni/ne_elbat/6002/atsirga/erutlucirga/ue.aporue.ce//:ptth ta elbaliava ,6002 noitamrofnI cimonocE dna lacitsitatS ,noinU naeporuE eht ni erutlucirgA ,noinU naeporuE eht fo noissimmoC dna ;/selbaTOA/kooltuOgA/snoitacilbuP/vog.adsu.sre.www//:ptth ta elbaliava ,noitcnuF dna ytidommoC yb syaltuO teN CCC--53 elbaT ecivreS hcraeseR cimonocE ,erutlucirgA fO tnemtrapeD .S.U :ecruoS 587.31 112.02 781.02 latoT ¢ .seirtnuoc roop ni stcejorp noitirtun dlihc dna gnideef loohcs secnanif ,margorp noitacudE rof dooF loohcS eloD-nrevoGcM eht ,margorp dia doof detcane yltnecer A .smrofer cimonoce tekram eerf gnikam seirtnuoc ro seicarcomed gnigreme troppus ot snoitanod ytidommoc ro smret tiderc lanoissecnoc sedivorp rettal eht ;snoitanod sa seirotnevni CCC sulprus sedivorp remrof ehT .5891 fo tcA ssergorP rof dooF eht dna 9491 fo tcA larutlucirgA eht fo )b(614 noitceS rednu detcudnoc era smargorp dia doof rehto owT .sesoprup latnempoleved ro nairatinamuh rof era III dna II seltiT ;stekram saesrevo poleved pleh ot dednetni si dia doof I eltiT .)III dna II seltiT( snoitanod sa dna )I eltiT( smret lanoissecnoc no dedivorp si dia doof 084 .L.P .dedivorp era seslup dna ,ragus ,slio elbategev ,redwop klim miks fo stnuoma ressel .)DIA( tnempoleveD lanoitanretnI rof ycnegA .S.U eht ;dia doof UE ni ytidommoc tnanimoderp eht si taehW dna ADSU yb derahs si smargorp dia doof gnitnemelpmi rof ytilibisnopseR .smargorp gnideef laiceps ni elbaliava .snoitanod sa dedivorp si dia doof UE llA .dia doof edam era stcudorp eulav-rehgiH .smargorp 084 .L.P UE fo latot eht fo %07 tuoba setutitsnoc dia doof laretaliB ni tnatropmi osla era slio elbategev dna ecir tub ,dia doof .seirtnuoc gniviecer ot yltcerid detubirtsid si dia laretalib sa dedivorp seitidommoc niam eht era ruolf taehw dna ;margorP dooF dlroW 'snoitaN detinU eht hguorht taehW .margorp ecaeP rof dooF eht sa nwonk osla 084 ylniam detubirtsid si dia UE .smargorp laretalib yrtnuoc .L.P hguorht ylniam dia doof sedivorp setatS detinU ehT laudividni dna dia UE ,strap owt fo stsisnoc dia doof UE .latot labolg eht fo flah naht erom sedivorp tI .dia .dia doof dlrow fo 3/1 tuoba sedivorp UE ehT doof fo reilppus gnidael s'dlrow eht si setatS detinU ehT diA dooF .cificaP eht dna ,naebbiraC eht ,acirfA ni seinoloc naeporuE remrof htiw dedulcnoc neeb evah stnemegnarra edart laitnereferp lareveS .sesac niatrec ni elbaliava era smret regnol tub ,sraey eerht .srehto naht ssel yllausu si egarevoc ksir laicremmoc ECAFOC gnoma ,aeroK htuoS dna dnaliahT htiw sATF laretalib .yltnednepedni dleh ytirojam si hcihw ,)ECAFOC( rehto gnitaitogen ni devlovni si dna seirtnuoc naciremA ecnarusnI edarT lanoitanretnI rof ynapmoC eht lartneC dna elihC htiw SATF detaitogen sah setatS hguorht gnicnanif tropxe htiw stsissa ,elpmaxe rof ,ecnarF detinU ehT .seirotangis ATF gnoma edart larutlucirga lla .stcudorp eulav yllaitnatsbus revoc hcihw ocixeM dna adanaC htiw )sATF( -hgih fo stropxe ylniam gnitomorp ot detoved smargorp stnemeerga edart eerf detaitogen sah setatS detinU ehT tsegral eht evah ynamreG dna ,sdnalrehteN ,ecnarF .stropxe larutlucirga .S.U esahcrup .seivel recudorp yrotadnam dna syaltuo tnemnrevoG eht ecnanif ohw snoitutitsni laicnanif etavirp ot elbaliava yb dednuf smargorp noitomorp tropxe dna tnempoleved seetnaraug tiderc sekam ,)CCC( noitaroproC tiderC tekram etarepo )flesti UE eht ton tub( seirtnuoc UE ytidommoC eht ,noitaroproc cilbup deretrahc yllaredef A .erutlucirgA .seitivitca rehto dna lanoitomorp htiw smrif no tnemeergA dnuoR yaugurU eht ni detaitogen dna ,snoitaicossa ,spuorg recudorp tsissa )PDMF( margorP stnemtimmoc noitcuder ot tcejbus era snoitutitser tropxE tnempoleveD tekraM ngieroF eht dna ),PAM( margorP .secirp tekram dlrow dna secirp ytidommoc UE lanretni sseccA tekraM eht ,smargorp tnempoleved tekram tropxE neewteb ecnereffid eht revoc ot sredart ot dedivorp era )sdnufer ro snoitutitser dellac( seidisbus tropxE .tnemeergA RU eht rednu noitcuder ot tcejbus era seidisbus cificeps ytidommoc rehto dna )PEE( margorP .erutlucirgA no tnemeergA tnemecnahnE tropxE eht rednu dedivorp seidisbus tropxE dnuoR yaugurU 4991 eht detnemelpmi UE eht sa satouq ffirat ot detrevnoc erew secirp lanretni UE sa hgih sa era .erutlucirgA no tnemeergA )RU( dnuoR taht secirp ta stcudorp larutlucirga detropmi tpek hcihw yaugurU 4991 eht rednu satouq ffirat ot noisrevnoc seivel tropmi elbairav fo mrof eht ni snoitcirtser edarT ot tcejbus era ragus dna yriad rof satouq tropmI serusaeM edarT noinU naeporuE setatS detinU ¢ diA dooF .smargorp noitomorp tropxe tsedom evah stnemnrevoG laicnivorP .stropxe larutlucirga etomorp ot ecnatsissa .seitivitca tnempoleved tekram tropxe nwo rieht fo trap era tsedom ylno sedivorp tnemnrevoG htlaewnommoC lla dnuf snoitaicossa dna spuorg ytidommoc tnatropmi emoS eht ;snoitaicossa dna sdraob gnitekram .snoitaicossa ytidommoc ot elbaliava edam si ecnatsissA ytidommoc yb yliramirp dedivorp si noitomorp tropxE .tnempoleveD tekraM tropxE rof margorP eht hguorht ,stropxe larutlucirga gnidulcni ,stropxe setomorp adanaC .draoB taehW nailartsuA eht yb selas tiderc serusni dna ecnarusni tropxe sedivorp noitaroproC .selas taehw ecnanif ot yenom worrob nac ecnarusnI dna ecnaniF tropxE s'tnemnrevoG hcihw ,draoB taehW naidanaC eht fo tbed rof elbisnopser ehT .smret tiderc no selas sekam draoB taehW osla si tI .ssel ro sraey eerht rof yllausu ,stropxe taehw nailartsuA ehT .ecnarusni tiderc sdnetxe dna stropxe rof tiderc tropxe seetnaraug tnemnrevoG laredeF ehT taehw rof tiderc tropxe sedivorp htlaewnommoC ehT .stcudorp larutlucirga tsom no sffirat fo noitanimile .etats gnicudorp deludehcs a seriuqer osla hcihw ,tnemeergA edarT eerF ragus niam eht ,dnalsneeuQ ni ragus rof ytirohtua naciremA htroN eht rednu ocixeM htiw tnemeerga laretalib gnitropxe elos eht si noitaroproc nworC A .stropxe etarapes a dehcaer tI .setatS detinU eht htiw tnemeerga taehw fo lortnoc yloponom sah ,draoB taehW edart eerf laretalib eht rednu stcudorp larutlucirga nailartsuA eht fo noisrev dezitavirp eht ,.dtL BWA .S.U tsom no sffirat sti etanimile yllaudarg ot deerga adanaC .noitcudorp klim citsemod lla no seivel yb decnanif .ATFAN ni srentrap s'adanaC ,ocixeM seidisbus tropxe hguorht detroppus si )stcudorp yriad dna setatS detinU eht tpecxe seirtnuoc lla morf stropmi fo gnirutcafunam eht ni desu klim( klim gnirutcafunaM ot seilppa feeb sselenob fo stropmi no atouq etar ffirat A .occabot .dedivorp stropmi rof ssecca dna seciuj tiurf ot ylppa snoitcirtser tnetnoc lacoL muminim emos htiw sffirat ot detrevnoc eb satouq eseht taht deriuqer tnemeergA dnuoR yaugurU ehT .stcudorp dnalaeZ weN tpecxe seirtnuoc lla morf stropmi esoht rof semehcs tnemeganam ylppus htiw noitcnujnoc eseehc ot seilppa atouq etar-ffirat A .selbategev ni desu era dna--sgge dna ,yrtluop ,yriad ylralucitrap dna tiurf dessecorp dna ,occabot ,ragus tcetorp sffiraT --stcudorp niatrec fo stropmi ot ylppa satouq tropmI serusaeM edarT .occabot dna ,ecir ,nroc ,muhgros ,yelrab rof setatS emos ni etarepo stnemegnarra gnitekraM .ecir dna ,ragus ,sgge no slortnoc ylppus esopmi .stnemnrevoG laicnivorP yb dedivorp si erutlucirga setatS emoS .klim no slortnoc ylppus esopmi setatS naidanaC rof erutidnepxe yrategdub latot fo driht-eno tuobA .sdraob gnitekram laicnivorp hguorht netfo ,smargorp .gnitekram htiw tsissa dna ,secirp ezilibats suomonotua ,rehto etarepo stnemnrevog laicnivorP ,snruter recudorp esaercni ot era sdraob eseht fo sesoprup ehT .slevel etatS dna htlaewnommoC eht .seitidommoc ta tsixe sdraob gnitekram yrotutats fo rebmun egral A emos rof satouq noitcudorp dna secirp recudorp tes sdraob gnitekraM .sgge dna ,yrtluop ,klim gnidulcni .srecudorp taehw ,seitidommoc lareves rof tsixe smetsys tnemeganam ylppuS ot stnemyap ecnavda ecnanif ot desu snaol draoB taehW nailartsuA seetnaraug htlaewnommoC ehT .secirp wol dna rehtaew htiw detaicossa sksir tsniaga remraf stcetorp hcihw margorP noitazilibatS emehcS etabeR emocni larutlucirgA naidanaC eht ni etapicitrap nac sremraF leuF leseiD eht rednu dednufer era yrenihcam dna selcihev daor-ffo ni desu leuf leseid no sexat esicxE .yllacitsemod ti lles ro ti tropxe ot dna ,aibmuloC hsitirB fo yellaV reviR ecaeP eht dna ,atreblA .gnimraf gnivael retfa tnemhsilbatseer ,nawehctaksaS ,abotinaM ni decudorp taehw esahcrup ot ro ,snrutnwod mret-trohs ,stnemevorpmi ytivitcudorp thgir evisulcxe na sah hcihw )BWC( draoB taehW naidanaC rof snaol laicremmoc no seidisbus etar tseretni eht yb detroppus era secirp niarg rehto dna taehW sreffo htlaewnommoC eht ,emehcS tnemtsujdA laruR eht rednU .snoissecnoc xat-emocni dna ,hcraeser .stnemnrevoG dna tnempoleved larur ,gnirutcurtser mraf rof sdnuf laicnivorP dna laredeF eht htob yb detnemelpmi edivorp smargorp etatS dna htlaewnommoC htoB serusaem fo egnar daorb a sevlovni ycilop larutlucirgA troppuS citsemoD ailartsuA adanaC ailartsuA dna adanaC ni seiciloP edarT dna larutlucirgA . 92 elbaT ¢ bbanks@crs.loc.gov, 7-3485 Reference Assistant Beverly A. Banks ccanada@crs.loc.gov, 7-7619 chanrahan@crs.loc.gov, 7-7235 Information Research Specialist Senior Specialist in Agricultural Policy Carol Canada Charles E. Hanrahan .driht a tuoba rof tnuocca hsif dna ,seslup ,lio )deesepar( alonac yllaicepse ,stcudorp niarg-noN .dia doof naidanaC fo noitrop tsegral eht pu ekam ruolf taehw dna taehW .margorP dooF .stiucsib dna dlroW .N.U eht hguorht ylniam ,yllaretalitlum detubirtsid ,saep ,slio elbategev edulcni seitidommoc rehtO .ruolf saw dia doof naidanaC fo %06 ,4991 nI .seicnegreme taehw dna ,ecir ,taehw neeb evah margorp dia doof nairatinamuh teem ot ro seicilop larutlucirga rieht s'ailartsuA rednu dedivorp seitidommoc niam ehT mrofer seirtnuoc tneipicer pleh ot desu dna detanod si dia dooF .margorp eht gnitnemelpmi rof elbisnopser si )ADIC( .margorP dooF ycnegA tnempoleveD lanoitanretnI naidanaC eht ;margorp dlroW .N.U eht hguorht dna yllaretalib htob dedivorp dia ngierof s'adanaC fo trap sa deretsinimda si dia dooF si dia doof nailartsuA .snoitautis ycnegreme ro retsasid teem ot ylniam dedivorp si dia doof nailartsuA .dia doof fo redivorp tsegral driht eht si adanaC ailartsuA adanaC ¢ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ For other versions of this document, see http://wikileaks.org/wiki/CRS-98-253